Ammonia has emerged as an attractive potential hydrogen carrier due to its extremely high energy density (hydrogen density), ease of storage and transportation as a liquid, and carbon-free nature. Direct utilization of ammonia in high-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) has been demonstrated over the past decade. Concurrence of in situ endothermic ammonia decomposition and exothermic electrochemical hydrogen oxidation permit efficient heat integration. In this study, the experimental analyses of axial temperature and concentration profiles along the tubular SOFC (t-SOFC) fed directly with ammonia are performed to investigate the coupled ammonia decomposition and hydrogen oxidation reactions as well as the effect of polarization. Fast ammonia decomposition over the Ni catalyst is evident at the inlet of t-SOFC and complete ammonia conversion is confirmed above 600ºC. It is found that direct ammonia-fueled t-SOFC and an equivalent hydrogen-nitrogen fueled t-SOFC provide identical performances. With 100 SCCM of ammonia fuel feed, a maximum power of 12.2 W and fuel utilization of 81% are obtained at 800ºC in a t-SOFC with active area of 32 cm2. The temperature and concentration profiles validate that the efficient heat integration inside ammonia-fueled t-SOFC is feasible if t-SOFC is operated at the temperature of 700ºC and below. The 23-hour performance test and SEM-EDS images of the fresh and used Ni-YSZ cermet surfaces confirm uniform performance and good durability of ammonia t-SOFC.

Pateikiami temperatūrinių gradientų tyrimai: kintant aplinkos temperatūrai lauke, temperatūros pakyčių šaltinių įtaka, mikroskopo ir pavarų įtaka, bazavimo vakuumu įtaka, lazerio spindulio įtaka formuojant brūkšnį. Aprašoma temperatūros matavimo metodika. Apibendrinami temperatūros matavimų rezultatai, padaromos išvados. / The research of temperature gradient: changeable ambient temperature in outside, temperature alteration beginning influence, microscope and speed influence, vacuum base influence, laser ray influence formation in the line. The technique of measurement of the temperature is described. Results of the temperature measurement are generalized, conclusions are made.

A diploma thesis was objected to a figure analyzing and a figure interpretation of ingot processing. The described figures were obtained from samples which were taking from feeder-heads of ingot of lower ram, produced in Vitkovice Machinery Group. The thesis was focused on ingot solidification and segregation processes which were associated with this procedure. The figures obtained from numeric simulation of ingot solidification in defined places were analyzed using statistic method – linear regression, as well as linear regression was used for evaluation of explored samples, their chemical compositions and mechanical properties. In conclusion all acquired results were summarized.

No description available.

No description available.

Geothermal energy is an important source of clean and renewable energy. This project deals with the study of deep geothermal power plants for the generation of electricity. The design involves the extraction of heat from the Earth and its conversion into electricity. This is performed by allowing fluid deep into the Earth where it gets heated due to the surrounding rock. The fluid gets vaporized and returns to the surface in a heat pipe. Finally, the energy of the fluid is converted into electricity using turbine or organic rankine cycle (ORC). The main feature of the system is the employment of side channels to increase the amount of thermal energy extracted. A finite difference computer model is developed to solve the heat transport equation. The numerical model was employed to evaluate the performance of the design. The major goal was to optimize the output power as a function of parameters such as thermal diffusivity of the rock, depth of the main well, number and length of lateral channels. The sustainable lifetime of the system for a target output power of 2 MW has been calculated for deep geothermal systems with drilling depths of 8000 and 10000 meters, and a financial analysis has been performed to evaluate the economic feasibility of the system for a practical range of geothermal parameters. Results show promising an outlook for deep geothermal systems for practical applications.

Le frittage micro-ondes est connu pour être une technique de frittage prometteuse. En effet, ce procédé présente comme avantages une réduction de la durée des traitements thermiques et un gain énergétique important par rapport aux procédés conventionnels. D'année en année, le frittage dans un environnement micro-ondes est étudié par un nombre croissant de chercheurs. Cependant, les raisons de l’effet bénéfique de ce type de frittage ne sont pas clairement identifiées.Dans ce contexte, l’objectif de ce travail a été de vérifier l’influence d’un champ électromagnétique à la fréquence de 2,45 GHz sur la densification de matériaux céramiques. Cet objectif passe donc par une étude comparative du frittage dans une enceinte micro-ondes et dans un four conventionnel. Cependant, la présence du champ électromagnétique dans un four micro-ondes ne permet pas l’utilisation des méthodes conventionnelles pour suivre le frittage. Ainsi, pour comparer les résultats, un dispositif expérimental original contenant un dilatomètre sans contact de haute résolution a été spécifiquement développé. Ce dispositif, permet aussi un suivi de la distribution de température à la surface de la pièce.Pour des cycles thermiques identiques, obtenus en frittage conventionnel et par micro-ondes, l’évolution de la densification de matériaux aux propriétés différentes a été comparée. Ces matériaux sont : l’alumine pure et dopée par 800ppm d’oxyde de magnésium, l’oxyde de zinc et l’hydroxyapatite silicatée. Pour chacun de ces matériaux, le couplage avec les micro-ondes et la répartition du chauffage à la surface de l’échantillon sont aussi discutés. Un effet bénéfique des micro-ondes sur l’évolution de la densification a été mis en évidence pour l’alumine avec ajout de MgO et de manière plus prononcée pour l’oxyde de zinc. / Microwave sintering is known to be a promising sintering technology. Indeed, this method has advantages such as reducing the duration of heat treatment and a significant energy saving compared with conventional processes. Year after year, sintering in a microwave environment is studied by a growing number of researchers. However, the reasons for the beneficial effect of this type of sintering are not clearly identified.In this context, the objective of this work was to verify the influence of an electromagnetic field at a frequency of 2.45 GHz on the densification of ceramic materials. This objective therefore involves a comparative study of sintering in a microwave chamber and in a conventional oven. However, the presence of electromagnetic field in a microwave oven does not allow the use of conventional methods to monitor the sintering. Thus, to compare the results, an experimental system containing a high resolution contactless dilatometer has been specifically developed. This system also allows monitoring of the temperature distribution on the sample surface.For identical thermal cycles, obtained by conventional and microwave sintering, the densification evolution of materials with different properties was compared. These materials are: pure alumina and doped with 800ppm magnesium oxide, zinc oxide and silicon-substituted hydroxyapatite. For each material, the coupling with the microwaves and the temperature distribution on the surface sample are also discussed. A beneficial effect of microwaves on the evolution of densification has been identified for alumina with addition of MgO and more pronounced for zinc oxide.

Geothermal energy is an important source of clean and renewable energy. This project deals with the study of deep geothermal power plants for the generation of electricity. The design involves the extraction of heat from the Earth and its conversion into electricity. This is performed by allowing fluid deep into the Earth where it gets heated due to the surrounding rock. The fluid gets vaporized and returns to the surface in a heat pipe. Finally, the energy of the fluid is converted into electricity using turbine or organic rankine cycle (ORC). The main feature of the system is the employment of side channels to increase the amount of thermal energy extracted. A finite difference computer model is developed to solve the heat transport equation. The numerical model was employed to evaluate the performance of the design. The major goal was to optimize the output power as a function of parameters such as thermal diffusivity of the rock, depth of the main well, number and length of lateral channels. The sustainable lifetime of the system for a target output power of 2 MW has been calculated for deep geothermal systems with drilling depths of 8000 and 10000 meters, and a financial analysis has been performed to evaluate the economic feasibility of the system for a practical range of geothermal parameters. Results show promising an outlook for deep geothermal systems for practical applications.

Darbas skirtas precizinių kampo komparatorių išoriniams ir vidiniams temperatūriniams trikdžiams tirti. Jame sudarytas kalibravimo neapibrėžties modelis, identifikuoti ir išnagrinėti pagrindiniai kampo kalibravimo neapibrėžties sandai, apžvelgti precizinių matavimo įrenginių temperatūrinių paklaidų tyrimo metodai ir priemonės, pasirinkta temeratūrinių gradientų tyrimo metodika ir įranga. Remiantis pateiktomis precizinių kampo komparatorių schemomis, identifikuoti pagrindiniai temperatūrinių paklaidų šaltiniai. Atlikti temperatūrinių gradientų komparatoriaus ir atskirų jo šilumos šaltinių aplinkoje eksperimentiniai tyrimai. Tyrimų rezultatai statistiškai apdoroti, apibendrinti ir padarytos reikiamos išvados. Pateikti temperatūrinių komparatoriaus bazinių elementų temperatūrinių laukų ir deformacijų skaičiavimo rezultatai, atlikti remiantis eksperimentiniais tyrimais. Teikiamos rekomendacijos temperatūriniams kalibravimo paklaidoms mažinti. Darbo apimtis – 74 p. teksto be priedų, 44 iliustracijos, 21 bibliografinis šaltinis. Atskirai pridedami darbo priedai. / The research investigates external and internal temperature disturbance in precision angle comparators.The research consists of the model of calibration uncertainty, identification and analysis of the main components of calibration uncertainty, the review of the methods and implements used for the analysis of the measurement errors which occur in precision measurement mechanisms; furthermore, there is indicated choice of methodology and equipment necessary for the analysis of temperature gradient investigation. According to the given schemes of precision angle comparators, there are identified the basic source of temperature errors. The experimental research of temperature gradient comparator and its separate source of warmth has been carried out. The results were produced and summarized as well as some respective conclusions were reached. According to the experimental research, there are produced some computation results concerning the temperature fields of base elements of temperature comparators. Finally, some recommendations are formulated concerning the reduction of the errors of temperature calibration. Thesis consist of: 74 p. text without appendixes, 44 pictures, 21 bibliographical entries. Appendixes included.

La lithographie de nano-impression par déstabilisation spontanée de polymère est unevariante de la technique de nano-impression thermique, et permet de limiter le contact directentre moule et polymère. Le but de cette thèse est d’étudier cette déstabilisation spontanée etde déterminer si elle peut conduire à la formation de nanostructures en dupliquant de façonpositive un moule nano-structuré. Ce procédé est influencé, en particulier, par la température,le champ électrique externe ou interne au niveau des interfaces moule – air – polymère, ainsique par la distance d séparant les structures du moule et la surface du polymère.Les études réalisées au cours de cette thèse se sont concentrées sur l’influence de cesdifférents paramètres. Nous avons montré que la formation de motifs dépend plus de l’effetde charges que de la température, dans la mesure où le polymère peut néanmoins fluer. Nousavons surtout mis en évidence le scénario de structuration suivant : une duplication positiveapparaît dans un premier temps, et est suivie, dans certains cas, d’un remplissage des cavitésdu moule conduisant à une duplication négative. Un modèle théorique a été utilisé pourcalculer la longueur d’onde de déstabilisation la plus favorable, et une comparaison avec nosrésultats expérimentaux a permis d’expliquer pourquoi et dans quels cas la structurationfinale est positive ou négative. Une investigation a été accomplie sur la déstabilisationspontanée de substrats souples, mais la grande épaisseur des films conduit à unedéstabilisation de grande longueur d’onde, et donc à un remplissage complet du moule. / NanoImprint lithography by spontaneous polymer destabilization is an alternative toThermal NanoImprint, which limits physical contact between polymer and mold surfaces.The purpose of this thesis is to investigate this spontaneous destabilization and to work out ifit can lead to the formation of nanostructures by duplicating positively a structured mold.This process is in particular affected by temperature or electric field present at mold - air -polymer interfaces and by the distance d between the structures of the mold and the polymersurface.The studies of this thesis were focused on the influence of these process parameters. Itwas shown that the structuration depends more of charges’ effect than temperature, since thepolymer can creep. We highlighted the following scenario of structuration: a positiveduplication appears first and is followed, in some cases, by the filling of the mold cavitiesleading to a negative duplication. A theoretical model was used to calculate the mostfavorable destabilization wavelength, and a comparison with experimental results helped toexplain why and under which circumstances the final structuration is positive or negative. Aninvestigation was performed on the spontaneous destabilization of flexible substrate but thebigger thickness of flexible films led to a destabilisation with a wide wavelength and so tothe filling of molds’ cavities.