Este trabalho busca construir dedutivamente o sistema temporal que preside ao procedimento de temporalização no cinema. Para isso, estuda, com base na semiótica francesa, a localização temporal, a programação temporal, a programação textual e a aspectualização do tempo. Partindo da idéia de que o cinema é a arte do presente, mostra que os fatos narrados num filme podem localizar-se no presente do presente, no presente do passado ou no presente do futuro. Em seguida, examina as possibilidades de presentificar anterioridades e posterioridades. A programação temporal é a representação da ordem dos acontecimentos, que podem ser contados concomitantemente, sucessivamente ou de maneira invertida. A programação textual representa a duração dos fatos narrados. A duração da narração pode ser igual, maior ou menor do que a do acontecimento relatado. A aspectualização pode ser quantitativa (andamento) ou qualitativa. Esta é sempre durativa e a duratividade articula-se em aspectos incoativo, cursivo (contínuo ou descontínuo) e terminativo. O andamento pode ser normal, lento, acelerado ou congelado. / This work aims at constructing deductively the temporal system that governrs over to the temporalization procedure in the movies. For this, it studies, on the basis of French Semiotics, temporal localization, temporal programming, textual programming and tense aspectualization. Starting from the idea that movies is the art of the present, it shows that the facts narrated in one movie can be situated in the present of the present, the present of the past or the present of the future. After that, it examines the possibilities of presentifying anteriorities and posteriorities. Temporal programming is the representation of the order of events that can be counted concomitantly, successively or in an inverted way. Textual programming represents the duration of the narrated facts. The duration of the narration can be equal, to bigger or smaller than that of the narrated event. The aspectualization can be quantitative (tempo) or qualitative. This is always durative and the durativeness is articulated in inchoative, cursive (continuous or discontinuous) and terminative aspects. The tempo can be normal, slow, accelerated or frozen.

Our lives are composed of multiple rhythms, but many of us, living in Western industrialised societies, believe that the world is moving ever faster. Many of us also feel the range of negative impacts that this supposed condition of acceleration brings to everyday life, to social interac- tions and to the natural world. From attempting to reconfigure our bodies through caffeine and other stimulants to working longer hours to manage the rush, or wondering how it is damaging our environment, we all eventually experience a sense of powerlessness regarding this supposed rule of acceleration. Acceleration, however, does not correspond to how the world is, but how it is presented for some people, in some situations. The notion of acceleration as a universalised condition is just an expression of dominant narratives of time, which are embedded in accounts of what it means to be modern or postmodern, and which have been recently demystified in the social sciences and the humanities. The world is comprised of multiple temporal expressions, which con- tinue to play important roles in our lives, despite being disregarded within dominant narratives. This thesis analyses the role of these narratives as well as different approaches to time in design. It suggests that the hegemony of such accounts has been restricting design practice in three main ways: 1. by monopolising designers’ understandings of time and precluding the exploration of alternative expressions and more recent theoretical work on time; 2. by locating temporality within technological artefacts and systems and ignoring the breadth of expressions beyond and around these technologies; and 3. by simplifying proposals for a diversification of temporal notions that would otherwise contribute to promoting more varied perceptions of rhythms. This simplification is particularly noticeable in the outcomes of the Slow Technology and Slow Design movements, which have failed to acknowledge such narratives and have become integrated in them rather than challenging them. The research proposes Temporal Design as a new perspective on time in design, one focused not on a particular rhythm or temporal expression, but on the multiplicity of ways in which we all inhabit time, in its contrasts, combinations, changes and superpositions. Temporal Design is based on three principles: 1. identifying dominant narratives and attempting to challenge them so as to reveal more nuanced expressions of time; 2. drawing attention to specific alternative temporalities; and 
3. tactically exposing networks of times so as to illustrate multiplicity and variety. The research invites designers to disturb taken-for-granted notions as a method of approaching principle (1) outlined above. It discusses the limitations of current Speculative and Critical De- sign approaches to tackling more complex issues of time, proposing instead a critical affirmative attitude toward approaching principles (2) and (3) outlined above. Temporal Design is explored in this research via three design interventions, namely the Family Clock, the Printer Clock and the TimeBots, which have been performed in both family homes and schools. The interviews conducted in the context of these interventions showed how domi- nant narratives are deeply embedded in the language used to describe temporal expressions. The interviews, however, also demonstrated how multiple temporalities are manifest beneath these concepts, how practices come together to construct multiple expressions of time and how temporal interpretations are essentially detached from issues of value. Most importantly, the interventions demonstrate how designers can foster temporal empathy, and disclose more nuanced, situated and complex temporalities and rhythms. Many authors have argued that design has the power to change perceptions of the world. By shifting the focus from individual modes to diversity, Temporal Design attempts not only to change the way designers perceive and approach time, but also to change more broadly the way designed artefacts and systems come to affect temporal perceptions among the general public. Perhaps through design, we will all come to recognise that acceleration is not the rule, but just one among many expressions of the rich temporal texture that constitutes time in the world.

This experiment investigated the processes underlying similarity-based free categorization. Of particular interest was how temporal distance between similar objects affects the likelihood that people will put them into the same novel category. Participants engaged in a free categorization task referred to as binomial labeling. This task required participants to generate a two-part label (A1, B1, C1, etc.) indicating family (superordinate) and species (subordinate) levels of categorization for each object in a visual display. Participants were shown the objects one at a time in a sequential presentation; after labeling each object, they were asked to describe the similarity between that object and previous objects by selecting one of five choices from a drop down menu. Our main prediction was that temporal distance should affect categorization, specifically, that people should be less likely to give two identical objects the same category label the farther apart they are shown in the display. The primary question being addressed in this study was whether the effects of distance are due to a decreased likelihood of remembering the first object when labeling the second (what we refer to as a stage 1 or sampling effect) or to factors during the actual comparison itself (a stage 2 or decision effect)? Our results showed a significant effect of distance on both the likelihood of giving identical objects the same label as well as on the likelihood of mentioning the first object when labeling the second object in an identical pair. Specifically, as the distance between two identical objects increased, the likelihood of giving them the same label, as well as mentioning their similarity, both decreased. Importantly, the decreased probability of giving the second object the same label seemed entirely due to the decreased probability of remembering (sampling) the first object, as indicated by the menu responses. These results provide strong support for the idea that the effect of temporal distance on free categorization is mainly due to stage 1 factors, specifically to its effect on the availability of the first instance in memory when labeling the second. No strong evidence was found in this experiment supporting a separate distance effect at the comparison-decision stage (i.e., stage 2).

Sabe-se que a epilepsia do lobo temporal associada à esclerose hipocampal (ELT-EH) é uma síndrome epiléptica frequente e de difícil controle medicamentoso. Além disso, esta condição acarreta em uma série de prejuízos cognitivos aos seus portadores antes e após a cirurgia para tratamento das crisesrefratárias. Alguns trabalhos mostram que o prognóstico cognitivo pode mudar dependendo da abordagem cirúrgica realizada. Dessa forma, este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar qual o papel do polo temporal no funcionamento cognitivo. Para isso, foi realizada uma análise retrospectiva dos prontuários médicos de 146 pacientes adultos com ELT-EH esquerda, destros, avaliados no Centro de Cirurgia de Epilepsia (CIREP) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto (HCFMRP) - Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Os resultados mostraram um melhor desempenho na tarefa de nomeação por confronto visual nos pacientes que passaram por lobectomia temporal esquerda sem ressecção do polo (p=0.007). Quando realizada da análise do índicede mudança confiável (RCI) para verificar a relevância clínica dos achados, 39,4% dos pacientes que passaram pela cirurgia com ressecção do polo temporal mostraram uma piora significativa de desempenho no teste de nomeação por confronto visual no Boston Naming Test (BNT), enquanto apenas 16% dos que passaram pela cirurgia sem ressecção do polo mostraram piora significativa no mesmo teste (p=0.015). No entanto, este mesmo grupo mostrou um pior prognóstico de controle de crises quando comparado ao grupo com ressecção do polo (p=0.018). Assim, esses dadosindicam que o polo temporal pode estar envolvido em habilidades de nomeação. Nossos resultados sugerem, portanto, que a cirurgia para o tratamento das crises refratárias nos pacientes com ELT-EH esquerda poderiam considerar as diferenças individuais para decidir a melhor abordagem cirúrgica para cada paciente / It is known that the temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) associated with hippocampal sclerosis (HS) is a frequent epileptic syndrome with difficult medication control. In addition, this condition leads to a series of cognitive impairments to patients before and after surgery for the treatment of refractory crises. Studies shown that cognitive prognosis may change depending on the surgical approach. Thus, this study aimed to verify the role of temporal pole in cognitive functions. A retrospective analysis of medical records from 146 adult patients with left-sided TLE-HS - evaluated at the Center for Epilepsy Surgery (CIREP) of the Clinical Hospital from Ribeirão Preto Medical School was performed. The results showed a higherperformance on visual confrontation namingtests - according to the Boston Naming Test (BNT) - in patients submitted to left temporal lobectomy without pole resection (p=0.007). Reliable change index (RCI)analysis, for clinical relevance,revealed that 39.4% of the patients submitted to temporal pole resectionshowed significantly worse performance on visual confrontation naming and only 16% of the patients without pole resection were significantly worse in the same test (p=0.015). However, this same group showed a worse prognosis of crisis control when compared to the group with pole resection (p=0.018). Altogether, the present study suggest that the temporal pole may be involved in naming skills. Our results suggest that surgery for left TLE-HS should be performed considering individual differences to decide the best surgical approach for each patient

No description available.

This exegesis seeks to explicate the current Masters project Dwelling in Architecture. The design component of the project a House for Two Strangers seeks to design a hypothetical domestic dwelling for two unrelated domestic strangers to inhabit. The site for the House for Two Strangers is located in Central Auckland City, on the corners of Beresford Square and Hopetoun Street.Dwelling in Architecture seeks to explore the possibility of engaging with notions of spatiality or temporality outside of homogeneous demarcation of space and time. Through the project a number of texts have been referred to in regard to questions concerning of the movement of subject-bodies through a spatio-temporal field. In conjunction to this questioning, has been a question concerning the locale of dwelling.

The reason for data mining is to generate rules that can be used as the basis for making decisions. One such area is sequence mining which, in terms of transactional datasets, can be stated as the discovery of inter-transaction associations or associations between different transactions. The data used for sequence mining is not limited to data stored in overtly temporal or longitudinally maintained datasets and in such domains data can be viewed as a series of events, or episodes, occurring at specific times. The problem thus becomes a search for collections of events that occur frequently together. While the mining of frequent episodes is an important capability, the manner in which such episodes interact can provide further useful knowledge in the search for a description of the behaviour of a phenomenon but as yet has received little investigation. Moreover, while many sequences are associated with absolute time values, most sequence mining routines treat time in a relative sense, returning only patterns that can be described in terms of Allen-style relationships (or simpler), ie. nothing about the relative pace of occurrence. They thus produce rules with a more limited expressive power. Up to this point in time temporal interval patterns have been based on the endpoints of the intervals, however in many cases the ‘natural’ point of reference is the midpoint of an interval and it is therefore appropriate to develop a mechanism for reasoning between intervals when midpoint information is known. This thesis presents a method for discovering interacting episodes from temporal sequences and the analysis of them using temporal patterns. The mining can be conducted both with and without the mechanism for handling the pace of events and the analysis is conducted using both the traditional interval algebras and a midpoint algebra presented in this thesis. The visualisation of rules in data mining is a large and dynamic field in its own right and although there has been a great deal of research in the visualisation of associations, there has been little in the area of sequence or episodic mining. Add to this the emerging field of mining stream data and there is a need to pursue methods and structures for such visualisations, and as such this thesis also contributes toward research in this important area of visualisation.

There was few human study evaluated the analgesic effect of acupuncture on central nervous system (CNS). The electrical temporal summation (TS) pain model has been validated and provides the opportunity to study the central inhibition effect of acupuncture in healthy humans. The present study aimed to: 1. systematically review available randomised, controlled trials (RCTs) of acupuncture on experimentally induced pain in healthy humans; 2. conduct a RCT to assess the effect of manual acupuncture (MA) and electro-acupuncture (EA) on TS of pain and the spatial (i.e. the local and remote sites to acupuncture stimulation) and the temporal (i.e. immediately after and 24-hours after the intervention) characteristics of this effect. The systematic review was carried out in accordance with the requirements of a Cochrane Systematic Review. The methodological quality and credibility of the acupuncture intervention of the included RCTs were assessed. The Review Management software (RevMan version 4.2, The Cochrane Library) was used for data extraction and data analysis. 605 papers were identified from four databases (Pubmed, Cochrane Library, CINAHL and EMBASE). Only nine papers met the inclusion criteria. The methodological quality and credibility of the acupuncture invention were satisfactory. The pain models and interventions applied varied substantially from study to study. Consequently, meta-analyses were not conducted. Comparing acupuncture with non-invasive control, significant acupuncture analgesia was reported. These studies also demonstrated that invasive controls produced analgesia. For the RCT of acupuncture on TS, 27 healthy volunteers were recruited and randomly assigned to either EA, MA or sham-acupuncture (SA) group, with nine volunteers in each group. To test pain thresholds, transcutaneous electrical stimulation was delivered to two sites on the anterior aspects of both legs and one site on the dorsum of the non-dominant forearm. Pain thresholds to single electrical stimulation (SPT) and to TS stimulation (TST) were assessed before, 30-minutes after and 24-hours after the intervention. Acupuncture was given to Zusanli (ST36) and Fenglong (ST 40) on the dominant leg. The level of anxiety was assessed before and after acupuncture with Spielberg State and Anxiety Inventory. The three groups were comparable at baseline. The level of anxiety did not change significantly after acupuncture. EA significantly increased SPT and TST on the treatment leg 24-hour after the treatment when compared with SA (p less than 0.05), but did not increase those measured on the non-treatment leg or the forearm. The fact that such an effect increased within 24 hours after acupuncture might indicate the potential role of neurohumoral mechanisms in acupuncture analgesia. The analgesia effect of EA on TS tended to be localised at the needling site. This observation is different from the understanding of the wide-spread effect of acupuncture. The discrepancy could be due to the small sample size of the current study. In conclusion, this is the first study that demonstrates EA elicits a strong inhibition on the CNS in health humans. Such a central effect lasts more than 24 hours, and limits to the site where acupuncture is applied. These findings need to be confirmed in other TS models.

Specifying varying speeds and temporal relationships is necessary when programming graphical animations, but support for temporal programming has usually been done by adding new language features to a Visual Programming Language (VPL), and these features must be mastered over and above the other aspects of the VPL. However, some researchers have believed that time should be able to be treated like just another dimension. In this thesis, we explore whether temporal programming can indeed be done using exactly the same devices as in spatial programming in grid-oriented VPLs. Toward this end, we provide a continuum of models aimed at this goal and discuss their advantages and disadvantages. Also, we identify core issues that help illuminate the essence of the problem. / Graduation date: 2001

High-level functional (or behavioral) simulation models are difficult, time-consuming, and expensive to develop. We report on a method for automatically generating the program code for a high-level functional simulation model. The high-level model is produced directly from the program code for the circuit components' functional models and a netlist description of their connectivity. A prototype has been implemented in LISP for the SIMMER functional simulator.