The present research examined how individuals’ cultural orientations influenced the relationship between their construal level and temporal distance. There were two studies in this research. Study 1 was composed of two parts. In the first part, the relationship between culture and construal level was examined through the Behavioral Identification Form (BIF). In the second part, the influence of culture on temporal distance and individuals’ construal level was investigated by analyzing participants’ descriptions of their lives. In study 2, the three-way interaction between culture, temporal distance, and the construal-level frame of persuasive messages (desirability vs. feasibility focused message) was investigated. A total of 200 students from two different countries (Korea and the U.S.) participated in the study. A fictitious brand and advertisement were created to examine the interaction. The findings revealed that individuals from an individualistic culture (U.S.) prefer abstract thinking to concrete thinking and focus more on the desirability than the feasibility of an event or object. And the reverse was true for individuals from a collectivistic culture (Korea). When individuals are in a proximal temporal condition, those from a collectivistic culture have a more proximal temporal perspective, and they are more likely to represent the future event in low-level terms. In contrast, individuals from an individualistic culture have a more distal temporal perspective and tend to represent the future event in high-level terms. Consistent results were found in an advertising context. When individuals from a collectivistic culture were in a proximal temporal condition, they tended to show a more favorable attitude toward the advertisement emphasizing the feasibility features of the product. The reverse was true for individuals from an individualistic culture. / text

Temporal perspective is a multi-dimensional term for how individuals focus attention toward the past, present, and future. There have been few investigations into the relationship between temporal perspective and well-being. Temporal perspective has predominantly been measured with single-occasion measurement designs, which ignore the potential for within-person variations that may be important in accounting for fluctuations in well-being. The current study examined the dimensions of temporal perspective (temporal focus, temporal attitude, and temporal distance) and their dynamic relationships with well-being. A 14-day daily diary design was employed to examine whether people fluctuate in their temporal perspective, and if these fluctuations systematically covary with daily well-being. The results from multilevel analyses supported the following conclusions: (a) there is evidence of within-person variability in daily temporal perspective, and (b) this within-person variability in temporal perspective fluctuates systematically with fluctuations in daily well-being. Each temporal perspective dimension was useful in predicting daily well-being. / Graduate / 0621

Based on Construal Level Theory (Trope & Liberman, 2010), the present study examines the impact of temporal distance on moral concern. A manipulation on individuals’ mind-set has been made in to abstract (High level) versus concrete (Low level) mentality to inspect the ability to effect peoples’ moral concern. Our first hypothesis is that future-oriented people should show more moral concern than present-oriented individuals. Present-oriented people should, however, after an abstract manipulation show a higher moral concern, correspondent with future-oriented individual’s moral concern. 176 undergraduates from a Swedish university participated in the study. The respondents were asked to answer a questionnaire, and a scale was used to measure the individual temporal perspective (Consideration of Future Consequences scale, CFC) and then a manipulation was made. Half of the participants were allotted an abstract (high level) manipulation, and the other half were given a concrete (low level) manipulation. The manipulation was followed by a questionnaire that measured the moral concern, in the form of blame, attributed to morally questionable actions. We found a positive correlation between temporal focus and moral concern. The manipulation however showed no effect of abstraction on peoples’ moral concern. Nor did a two-way between subjects ANOVA show a significant interaction between temporal perspective and abstraction, providing no support for our second and third hypotheses. An environmental impact on the respondents is discussed as a possible reason for the results not being fully consistent with previous studies. For future research we suggest similar longitudinal studies, which would supply researchers with the opportunity to study the long-term effect on different types of moral.

Hermeneutics has always been concerned with understanding, which has led to the development of numerous methods and approaches to assist the interpreter in his own attempt to understand. In text immanent methods, which became very popular over the last century, the final text was analysed and studied on etymological, syntactical and grammatical levels. The interpreter just had to apply the rules of his method objectively in order to expose the truth which was locked up in the text. These approaches were shaken to their core with the bloom of historical criticism. Now, for the first time, the authenticity of the final text of the Bible was openly questioned. This was a major shock to Bible readers. One Old Testament scholar, Gerhard Von Rad, lived in the middle of this whole storm, but instead of rejecting the claims of historical criticism, he used what they offered him to extract meaning from the text. Von Rad used the final text of the Old Testament as a point of departure but then asked how this text developed historically. Through an in-depth study of the text, he discovered sources that stood out as building blocks for the development of the Old Testament - different traditions had come into existence over time and there were drawn together into the final text of the Old Testament. Von Rad discovered the Credo which he identified as the most basic testimony Israel had preserved. He then continued to show how this Credo was interpreted and reinterpreted in every new generation in Israel. With the aid of this Traditionsgeschichte he understood the historical growth of the Old Testament and that help him with his Verstehen of the final text. Hans-Georg Gadamer was a philosopher who lived in the same era. He was also concerned with historical understanding of texts from the past. With his Wirkungsgeschichte he asked about historical interpretations of the text. The constant flow of interpretation and reinterpretation over centuries, helped him understand ancient texts better. He did not see the temporal distance between the original author and the modern interpreter as a threatening abyss but believed that it was rather filled with opportunity. In this dissertation we look at the contributions of Von Rad and Gadamer and how it assists us in understanding Verstehen. Man is a historical being, who exists against the backdrop of history. It is this historical Dasein of man and his Geworfenheit in the world that makes it possible for him to understand texts from the past. Gadamer’s fusion of horizons, rooted in man’s historicity, bridge the gap between the past and the present. Where synchronic text immanent methods reject all subjective influences, Gadamer and Von Rad point to the nature of man’s inescapable historical being – man comes to understand by dealing honestly with his own Geworfenheit in this world. We learn that Verstehen is not concerned with an absolute truth that must be gained as an object, but Verstehen is an on-going historical process involving man’s whole being. The interpreter is part of an on-going process of coming to understanding. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Old Testament Studies / unrestricted

¡§Time¡¨ is fleeting. People tend to ponder the needs in the present and develop procrastination for the future. Because of these tendencies, researchers in marketing examine topics such as impulsive buying and purchase in advance. For companies, understanding how consumers perceive time differently is beneficial to their promotion strategy development. Previous research has investigated the impacts of temporal distance and time window. Based on these time perspectives, this research incorporates two moderators in influencing consumer behavior: mental simulation and product type. The study uses experimental design to explore the advertising effects and gift coupon redemption. With the manipulation of different time perspectives, two experiments are conducted. Experiment 1 is a 2 (temporal distance: near future vs. distant future) ¡Ñ 2 (mental simulation: process simulation vs. outcome simulation) ¡Ñ 2 (product type: search goods vs. experience goods) factorial design. Experiment 2 is a 2 (time window: short vs. long) ¡Ñ 2 (mental simulation: process simulation vs. outcome simulation) ¡Ñ 2 (product type: search goods vs. experience goods) factorial design. With the eight conditions, the participants¡¦ intention and behavior are assessed. Results indicate that when promoting a search good, outcome simulation presented in the ad is more effective to participants who see the near future than those who see the distant future. However, in the coupon redemption behavior, when redeeming an experience good, there will be interaction effect between time window and mental simulation. When redeeming an experience good under the long time window condition, outcome simulation gets higher redemption rate than process simulation. While under the short time window condition, process simulation enhances higher redemption rate than outcome simulation. The findings provide marketing insights regarding how to frame time and mental simulation differently in the promotions while product type is considered.

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L'innovation constitue un facteur de croissance particulièrement critique dans le secteur des hautes technologies. Or, le taux de lancements aboutissant à des échecs commerciaux y est bien plus élevé dans ce secteur que dans d'autres industries. Ce constat a incité des chercheurs à s'intéresser de plus près aux spécificités des innovations technologiques par rapport aux autres innovations.En particulier, Hoeffler (2003) constate que les innovations technologiques se distinguent par le fait qu'elles suscitent deux formes spécifiques d'incertitude : la première est liée à la difficulté de compréhension des nouveaux bénéfices, et la seconde aux coûts d'apprentissage du produit. Castano et alii (2008) montrent que ces deux formes d'incertitude sont plus ou moins saillantes dans les pensées du consommateur, selon l'échéance à laquelle il envisage l'achat d'un produit technologique, appelée « distance temporelle ». La robustesse de ces résultats a été confirmée lors d'une étude préliminaire. Par ailleurs, nous avons eu recours à deux techniques de simulation mentale anticipative pour réduire la double incertitude du consommateur ressentie à l'égard d'innovations semi-continues et discontinues. Nos résultats indiquent que lorsque l'achat est envisagé dans un délai proche, la simulation « orientée vers le processus » réduit l'incertitude liée aux coûts d'apprentissage et l'anxiété du consommateur, et augmente l'intention d'achat et d'utilisation du produit. A plus long terme, c'est la simulation « orientée vers le résultat » qui favorise l'intention d'achat et d'utilisation, en réduisant l'incertitude envers les bénéfices et en augmentant l'optimisme du consommateur. Les mécanismes par lesquels l'interaction entre la distance temporelle et la simulation mentale agit sur les réactions et comportements du consommateur ont été mis au jour dans cette thèse. De plus, nous avons démontré que les effets bénéfiques de cette interaction se produisaient pour les consommateurs experts, mais qu'ils ne se produisaient pas pour les consommateurs non experts. Cette recherche pose donc une limite à l'utilisation de cette interaction comme technique marketing pour favoriser l'adoption d'innovations technologiques. Cinq études ont été réalisées dans le cadre de cette thèse, dont deux en collaboration avec IDEAs Laboratory, une entreprise grenobloise opérant dans le secteur des hautes technologies. / Although innovation is a critical growth factor in the high technology sector, the rate of introductions leading to commercial failure is much higher in this sector than in other industries. This prompted researchers to pay closer attention to the characteristics differentiating technological innovations from innovations in other fields. As part of this recent and fruitful research current, Hoeffler (2003) finds that technological innovations are distinguished by the fact that they raise two specific forms of uncertainty. The first relates to the difficulty of understanding the new benefits; the second, to the fact that these innovations require consumer learning. According to Castano et alii (2008), these two forms of uncertainty are more or less prominent in the minds of consumers according to the time frame during which the individual is considering purchasing a technology product – this time frame is referred to as “temporal distance” in the literature. The robustness of these results was confirmed in a preliminary study. Moreover, we employed two anticipatory mental simulation techniques to reduce the consumer's double uncertainty when considering the purchase of semi-continuous and discontinuous innovations. Our results show that when the purchase is planned within the near future, the “process-oriented” simulation reduces learning cost uncertainty and anxiety, and increases intent to use and intent to purchase. Over the long term, “result-oriented simulation” decreases uncertainty about benefits and raises optimism, intent to use and intent to purchase. This research identifies the mechanisms through which the interaction between temporal distance and mental simulation act on consumer's behavior. Moreover, we have shown that the beneficial effects stemming from this interaction are only true for the expert consumers and not for those who are not. Therefore, this research raises a limit to the use of this interaction to promote the adoption of technological innovations. Five studies were conducted, including two that were made in collaboration with IDEAs Laboratory, a company from Grenoble operating in the sector of high technology.

Over the years, last-minute cancellations and no-shows have presented difficulties for the hospitality sector, negatively affecting hotel operations and revenue. The cancellation policies of hotels have changed significantly as a result. These rules have been modified to act as "price fences" as a result of revenue management strategies used in the hotel industry. This study aims to find out how various cancellation policies impact consumers' perceptions of risk and intent to reserve hotel rooms at various times. The study provides insight into the factors that affect consumer behavior and choices for hospitality goods and services by examining these elements. The results of the study offer some understanding into how hotels and other hospitality businesses can use cancellation policies to customize their marketing strategies to meet consumer needs and preferences while successfully managing revenue and profitability.

The present study examined the effect of Time Perspective (TP), i.e. cognitive arrangement of the human experiences into temporal dimensions, and Temporal Distance (TD), i.e. the perceived proximity of an event in time, on moral judgment. The study included 132 participants that completed the Swedish version of Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (S-ZTPI) and made moral judgments of transgression of ethical rules depicted in the near vs. distant future. A main effect of TP was revealed meaning that transgression of ethical rules, as predicted, was judged more immoral by Past-Positive and Future orientation compared to Present-Hedonistic and Past-Negative orientation. No main effect of TD was revealed. The interaction of TP x TD was significant and in the predicted direction, but only Present-Hedonistic orientation was significantly affected by TD: distant compared to near future scenarios were judged less immoral by this TP. Importance, limitations and elaborations of the present study were discussed. / I föreliggande studie undersöktes hur Tidsperspektiv (TP), d.v.s. kognitivt inordnande av mänskliga erfarenher i tidsmässiga dimensioner, och Tidmässigt Avstånd (TA), d.v.s. upplevd närhet av händelser i tid, påverkar moralisk bedömning. Studien omfattade 132 deltagare, vilka fyllde i den svenska versionen av Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (S-ZTPI) och gjorde moraliska bedömningar av överträdelser av etiska regler framställda i en nära vs. avlägsen framtid. En huvudeffekt av TP framkom, vilken innebar att överträdelse av etiska regler bedömdes som mer omoraliskt utifrån Positiv-Dåtidsorientering och Framtidsorientering jämfört med Hedonistisk-Nutidsorientering och Negativ-Dåtidsorientering. Ingen huvudeffekt av TA framkom. Interaktionen mellan TP och TA var signifikant och i linje med prediktionerna även om endast Hedonistisk-Nutidsorientering påverkades signifikant av TA: tidsmässigt avlägsna vs. närliggande scenarion bedömdes som mindre omoraliska utifrån detta TP. Vikten av studien samt begränsningar och tänkbara uppföljningar av studien diskuteras också.

Time raises a host of difficult ethical questions. This doctoral project focuses on two: 1. How are "static" comparative principles (e.g. equality, desert) to be understood over time? (The Problem of Fairness & Time) 2. How might separation (in time) between agents, objects, and threats affect claims to the relevant resources? (The New Problem of Temporal Distance) My work begins with a simple observation: our prima facie intuitions about the value of simple distributions change depending on whether such cases are presented as static (occurring at one time) or dynamic (extended over time). Further examination of more complicated distributions leads to the proposal of a new theory, Weighted Progressive Egalitarianism. This theory has two features: only past-regarding complaints matter (a scope restriction), and a comparative complaint between persons located at a great temporal distance matters less than a complaint between contemporaries (a weighting restriction). This theory provides one plausible answer to the first question, the Problem of Fairness & Time. The evaluation of this theory relies on and reveals some non-standard answers to the second question, the New Problem of Temporal Distance. I conclude by arguing that the theory’s application to a few puzzles in population axiology merits further investigation.