Field research was used to document the psychological and contextual experience of job insecurity for 15 graduate women in jobs with limited tenure and protection. Single, hour-long, intensive focused interviews were used, employing a projective technique. Transcripts of taped interviews were analyzed for factors associated with positive and negative emotional shifts. Factors were categorized and grouped into domains, which included: the nature of the subjects' job insecurity; effects on work performance, work relations, emotional and physical health, finances, leisure, and, personal and family life. The experience was shown to fit a transition model of loss and adaption to change. Major stressors were uncertainty, financial fears, pressure to perform, loss of trust, job search and career fears. Typical cognitions included: self doubt; feeling unappreciated, disillusioned, powerless and isolated. Cynicism and feeling compromised were less common reactions. Work relations, and work performance were generally adversely affected as were leisure activities and family life. Financial retrenchment was common. All subjects reported stress and anxiety; some reported depressive symptoms. Thirteen coping strategies were identified. Cognitive coping was prominent, in particular, denial-like processes used to maintain optimism. "Good coping" and "poor coping" profiles were developed from the data. / Education, Faculty of / Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of / Graduate

This paper concerns the subject of temporary employments and how the employment status affects the personal life of the employee. The aspects of the personal life which are being investigated is the employees possibilities to plan their long term future as well as their short term future. Furthermore, the employees social relations and spare time are being investigated. The paper is qualitative and is based on semi-structured interviews with four people between the age of 25 and 35 who are experienced with temporary employment. The results of the interviews are analyzed in light of Richard Sennetts theory about ”The corrosion of character”, which shows upon a contradiction between the character-building and today's job market. The conclusions are that the employees possibilities concerning long term planning, as well as short term planning, is aggravated by their temporary employment status. Their spare time seems to become less extensive and the time devoted to the social relationships decreases. However, we can not draw any conclusions on the social relations patterns affected at a deeper level. / Denna uppsats berör ämnet tidsbegränsade anställningar och hur anställningsformen påverkar den anställdes privatliv. De aspekter av privatlivet som undersöks är den anställdes möjligheter till lång- samt kortsiktig planering och sociala relationer samt fritid. Studien är kvalitativ och resultatet bygger på semistrukturerade intervjuer med fyra personer mellan 25 år och 35 år vilka alla har erfarenhet av tidsbegränsade anställningsformer. Resultatet från intervjuerna analyseras i ljuset av Richard Sennetts teori ”När karaktären krackelerar”, som visar på en motsättning mellan mänskligt karaktärsbyggande och dagens arbetsliv. Slutsatserna som dras är att den långsiktiga och kortsiktiga planeringen försvåras av den tidsbegränsade anställningsformen. Fritiden blir mindre omfattande och de sociala relationerna ägnas det mindre tid åt; dock kan vi inte uttala oss om de sociala relationernas mönster påverkats på ett djupare plan.

This research examined the influence of work status on attitudes and work outcomes. The two attitudes of perception of psychological contract violations, (violation of employment promise by employers) and fairness perception (fair treatment at work) were studied. This research examined the relationship between attitudes and work outcomes (organizational commitment, e.g. loyalty; organizational citizenship behavior, voluntary action done by employees for the sake of organizations and turnover intention). Individuals with family responsibility are attracted to work part-time voluntarily. Corporate downsizing has often forced individuals to go into part-time work involuntarily. Voluntary and involuntary work status had moderating effects on attitudes and work outcomes. The people that part-time workers chose to be compared with when they evaluate their fairness situation were also examined. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used. Respondents were asked about their perceptions towards their employment relationship with employers in the questionnaires. Part-time workers focus groups and supervisors interviews were used to supplement the quantitative methods by suggesting reasons to explain the part-time work issues, for example, on the compared referent selections. The findings showed that work status had a high moderating effect on the relationship between perceptions of psychological contract violations and voluntary actions and such interactions were much stronger on voluntary than on involuntary part-time workers. Work status also showed a high moderating effect on the relationship between fairness perception, organizational commitment, and organizational citizenship behavior, and such interactions were much stronger in involuntary than voluntary workers. Unexpectedly, work status did not have a moderating influence on the relationship between perception of psychological contract violations, organizational commitment, and turnover intention of involuntary part-time workers. Furthermore, work status showed a moderating influence on fairness perception, and turnover intention, and such a negative relationship was much stronger in voluntary than involuntary workers. It was also found that the compared referents of voluntary part-time workers were part-time workers working inside and outside organizations. The compared referents of involuntary part-time workers were full-time workers working outside the organizations and their past work experiences.

Since the employment protection legislation inquiry En modern arbetsrätt was published, thedebate on employment protection has gained momentum. The inquiry has had to resistcriticism, among other things for not strengthening the balance between employers andemployees. A general review of the research used in the inquiry shows that sociologicalresearch has been used to a relatively small extent, in favor of research of a more economicnature. This entails a risk that valuable sociological aspects linked to employment may havebeen overlooked or underestimated. With the study, we intend to highlight the sociologicalaspect of the issue of temporary employment and employment protection to broaden thediscussion. In our study, we examine the research that the inquiry is based on regarding thesociological part of temporary employment and compare it with a literature review weproduce about temporary employment. This study shows that the sociological aspect of theEPL inquiry is underemphasized and that there are other studies that highlight valuablesociological points that are not included in the inquiry. In the comparison between theinquiry's research and our literature review, it is in particular the employee perspective andthe connection between temporary employment and health that differ where our sourceshighlight these aspects in a significantly clearer way. / Sedan utredningen En modern arbetsrätt publicerades har debatten om anställningsskydd tagit fart. Utredningen har fått motstå kritik, bland annat för att inte stärka balansen mellan arbetsgivare och arbetstagare. En översiktlig genomgång av den forskning som använts i utredningen visar att sociologisk forskning använts i relativt liten utsträckning, till förmån för forskning av mer ekonomisk karaktär, såsom nationalekonomisk forskning. Detta innebär en risk för att värdefulla sociologiska aspekter kopplat till anställningar kan ha förbisetts eller underskattats. Med studien avser vi att lyfta den sociologiska aspekten i frågan om visstidsanställningar och anställningsskydd för att bredda diskussionen. I vår studie undersöker vi forskningen som utredningen utgått från gällande den sociologiska delen om visstidsanställningar och jämför med en litteraturöversikt vi tar fram. Denna studie visar att den sociologiska aspekten i las-utredningen är underbetonad och att det finns andra studier som lyfter värdefulla sociologiska poänger som inte finns med i utredningen. I jämförelsen mellan utredningens forskning och vår litteraturöversikt är det i synnerhet arbetstagarperspektivet och kopplingen mellan visstidsanställningar och hälsa som skiljer sig där våra källor lyfter dessa aspekter på ett klart tydligare sätt.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The integration of nonstandard (temporary) workers into an organization is called a “blended workforce,” and such an arrangement is a breeding ground for potential conflict. Until very recently, much of the research on nonstandard workers has been limited to exploring those in low-wage positions requiring limited skills and the detriments of such working arrangements. However, with advances in technology that allow working from remote locations and the desire of firms to more quickly adapt to changes in the market, the role of high-skill, high-wage nonstandard workers is steadily growing. Pondy (1967) proposed that conflict episodes are composed of five possible stages: latent, perceived, felt, manifest and the aftermath. These conflict stages provided the framework for the consideration of conflict in blended organizations. Through an extensive literature review of nonstandard workers, this research determined six potential areas of latent conflict in blended organizations. Next, the research determined if those areas of latent conflict move into advanced stages of conflict within blended organizations that integrate high-end nonstandard workers. Finally, the research explored how those conflicts that emerge from the use of a blended workforce are managed.

The media industry has been evolving for several hundred years and this change is still ongoing today, and with it the forms of employment in journalism have also changed. There has been an increase in staffing companies and temporary employment within the flexible labor market. Within the Swedish journalism industry, temporary employment has increased, especially among journalists under the age of 35, where over half do not have permanent employment. The purpose of the essay is to investigate whether temporary forms of employment affect Swedish journalists and whether they feel that such forms of employment affect the journalism they produce. Using John Atkinson's (1984) economic theory of the flexible market and Mark Deuze's (2005) theory of journalism's professional ideology, the results of the study are analyzed and interpreted. The material consists of 14 qualitative interviews with people who work or have worked as journalists and have experience in temporary forms of employment. The results show that the respondents experience stress and worry about finances and career as a direct consequence of the form of employment. The results show that the respondents do not feel that the employment in itself leads to them producing lower quality journalism. However, temporary employment gives them less time to devote to thinking about their professional role and trying to live up to the professional ideals they themselves have. The study indicates that temporary employment within the journalistic field causes stress and insecurity, which in turn can lead to a weaker professional identity.

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka om det fanns någon skillnad i självskattad hälsa hos arbetstagare med en tidsbegränsad anställning respektive tillsvidareanställning, samt om det fanns någon skillnad i självskattad hälsa mellan yngre och äldre beroende på anställningsform. Urvalsgrupperna var timanställda samt tillsvidareanställda på en enhet för vård och omsorg i en kommunal verksamhet. Deltagarna i båda urvalsgrupperna var kvinnor och män i åldrarna 20–69 år. Enkäten i föreliggande studie utformades i Google Forms och bygger på delar av the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ) som mäter hälsa och olika dimensioner av den psykosociala arbetsmiljön. Enkäten skickades ut till 1013 timanställda samt 200 tillsvidareanställda och resulterade i sammanlagt 74 enkätsvar, 51 svar från gruppen timanställda samt 23 svar från tillsvidareanställda. Det sammantagna resultatet visade ingen signifikant skillnad i självskattad hälsa mellan tillsvidareanställda och timanställda, däremot visade analysen en signifikant skillnad i hälsa och anställningsform med ålder som oberoende variabel där yngre i gruppen timanställda påvisar sämre skattad hälsa. / The purpose of this study was to examine whether there was any difference in perceived health among temporary employees and permanent employees, and whether there was any difference in health between younger and older workers depending on the type of employment. The sample was hourly employees and permanent employees working for a health care unit in a communal organization. The participants in both selection groups were women and men in the ages between 20-69 years. The survey in the present study was constructed in Google Forms and was based on parts of the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ) that measured health and different dimensions of the psychosocial work environment. The survey was distributed to 1013 hourly employees and 200 permanent employees. The survey generated a total of 74 responds, 51 responds from the selection group hourly employees and 23 responds from employees with a permanent contract. The result all together showed that there was no difference in perceived health between hourly and permanent employees, however the analyses did show that there was a difference in perceived health between these two types of employment when adding age as an independent variable.

Transition from the college classroom to the workplace requires certain job knowledge, skills, and attitudes (KSAs). How and where the New Employee acquires these KSAs is mired in the transition between education and the world-of-work. This dissertation informs the college-to-work transition process through the experiences of college graduate liberal arts majors and of those responsible for integrating the new employees into the organization. Three new employees and two managers working on information technology products and services in a major corporation were interviewed. A grounded theory approach was used to discover patterns in the data. This method allowed the researcher to inform the complexity of the college-to-work transition process. The researcher discovered a naturally evolving process dominated by informal learning that new employees used to learn about the culture and the specific job skills need in the corporation. In many ways, the participants had evolved a process similar to the apprenticeship system of the middle ages. / Ed. D.

<p>The foundations of the Swedish labour market have shifted due to a number of new circumstances affecting its framework. Employment is no longer a right taken for granted but rather something one should work hard to achieve. Given the new conditions, employers are not only trying to ensure their own businesses survival but also uphold the structures of our society. Competition between enterprises forces management to forge new boundaries to maintain profitability.Concerns have arisen whether or not these so called management strategies are within the limitations of the law. As a result and as a response to the design of the labour laws creativity is peaking to overrun the statutory regulations. This thesis sole ambition is to grasp to what extent the employers can enhance and change terms of employment without breaking the law.Employment agreements concerning temporary employment are at large especially focused upon.</p><p>A strict jurisprudential method has been applied throughout the entire thesis to ensure the reliability of the results. The diversity of sources has been analyzed to assure the overall quality. The legal system at large represents important foundations as well as the historical perspectives. To capture the future foundations and limitations of our labour laws consideration should be acknowledged in comparison to our society’s ever changing demands.The laws and regulations concerning employment agreements can be extensively adjusted without influencing the employees’ rights. That enhances the employers’ power to manage the business in accordance to the shifting market conditions. Some consideration should, in the context, be acknowledged. If the laws are stretched to far the employment agreement will be declared invalid by court along with claims for financial retribution.</p>

The foundations of the Swedish labour market have shifted due to a number of new circumstances affecting its framework. Employment is no longer a right taken for granted but rather something one should work hard to achieve. Given the new conditions, employers are not only trying to ensure their own businesses survival but also uphold the structures of our society. Competition between enterprises forces management to forge new boundaries to maintain profitability.Concerns have arisen whether or not these so called management strategies are within the limitations of the law. As a result and as a response to the design of the labour laws creativity is peaking to overrun the statutory regulations. This thesis sole ambition is to grasp to what extent the employers can enhance and change terms of employment without breaking the law.Employment agreements concerning temporary employment are at large especially focused upon. A strict jurisprudential method has been applied throughout the entire thesis to ensure the reliability of the results. The diversity of sources has been analyzed to assure the overall quality. The legal system at large represents important foundations as well as the historical perspectives. To capture the future foundations and limitations of our labour laws consideration should be acknowledged in comparison to our society’s ever changing demands.The laws and regulations concerning employment agreements can be extensively adjusted without influencing the employees’ rights. That enhances the employers’ power to manage the business in accordance to the shifting market conditions. Some consideration should, in the context, be acknowledged. If the laws are stretched to far the employment agreement will be declared invalid by court along with claims for financial retribution.