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O presente estudo é constituído por três experimentos diferentes, que tem como ponto central a investigação do método da PSE da sessão. No primeiro experimento foi avaliada a validade do método da percepção subjetiva do esforço (PSE) da sessão para a quantificação da carga interna de treinamento (CIT) no Tênis. Neste experimento foram monitoradas 384 sessões de treinamento técnico/tático, 23 partidas simuladas e 13 partidas oficiais. A CIT foi calculada utilizando dois métodos de quantificação da CIT: o método da PSE da sessão e o método proposto por Edwards, baseado no comportamento da frequência cardíaca. Posteriormente, foi calculado o índice de correlação entre os dois métodos. Foi detectada correlação individual entre os métodos (r = 0,58 - 0,89; p<0,01). Também foi observada correlação entre os métodos para as sessões de treinamento técnico/tático (r = 0,74), os jogos simulados (r = 0,57) e os jogos oficiais (r = 0,99). Estes resultados sugerem que o método da PSE da sessão é uma alternativa válida, não invasiva, para quantificar a CIT de tenistas. O segundo experimento, descreve o padrão de distribuição da intensidade utilizada por tenistas durante a pré-temporada e no início do período competitivo, a partir da metodologia da PSE da sessão. Foram monitoradas 407 sessões de treinamento técnico/tático e 17 jogos oficiais, realizadas durante as 5 primeiras semanas de preparação para o período competitivo e a primeira semana de competições (dezembro à janeiro). A distribuição da intensidade das sessões de treinamento concentra maior parte do volume (90%) do treinamento entre as zonas de baixa e moderada intensidade (Zona 1 = 42%; Zona 2 = 47,5%), e apenas uma pequena parte das sessões (Zona 3 = 10,5%) é realizada em alta intensidade. Foi observada discrepância entre o padrão de distribuição de intensidade das sessões de treinamento técnico/tático (zona 1 = 42,0%; zona 2 = 47,5% e zona 3 = 10,5%) e as partidas oficiais (zona 1 = 0,0%; zona 2 = 10,8% e zona 3 = 89,2%). Estes resultados indicam a existência de divergência entre a intensidade das sessões de treinamento técnico/tático (baixa e moderada intensidade) e a intensidade das partidas oficiais (alta intensidade). E, finalmente, o terceiro experimento, avaliou o efeito do programa de treinamento periodizado sobre a dinâmica da CIT e a subsequente tolerância ao estresse, respostas imuno-endócrinas e o desempenho físico de tenistas durante a prétemporada. Jogadores de tênis profissionais (n=12) foram monitorados durante o período de pré-temporada, que foi dividida em 4 semanas de treinamento (com 2 semanas de intensificação do treinamento) e 1 semana de polimento. Foram determinadas medidas semanais de CIT, monotonia do treinamento, esforço de treinamento e tolerância ao estresse (fontes e sintomas de estresse). Também foram analisadas a concentração de hormônios na saliva (testosterona e cortisol) e a concentração de imunoglobulina-A. O teste de força de 1RM, o teste do Yo-Yo IE Level II, o teste de impulsão vertical e o teste de agilidade (teste T) foram determinados antes e após o período de treinamento. O programa de periodização do treinamento promoveu modificações na CIT (aumento nas semanas 3 e 4 referente ao período de intensificação da carga externa de treinamento (CET), diminuição na semana 5 referente ao período de polimento). A concentração de cortisol (aumento na terceira semana) e os sintomas de estresse (aumento na terceira e quarta semanas) acompanharam as modificações na CET (intensificação), antes de retornarem aos valores basais na semana 5 (polimento) (p < 0,05). Inversamente, foi observada redução da relação T:C nas semanas 3 e 4, que posteriormente retornou ao valor basal na semana 5 (p < 0,05). Além disso, foi verificado aumento no desempenho dos testes de força, endurance e agilidade (p<0,05). O programa de treinamento periodizado (intensificação da CET seguida de polimento) promoveu modificações adaptativas na tolerância ao estresse e respostas hormonais, que podem ter mediado a melhora do desempenho físico / The current study consists of three different experiments which have the main focus on the investigation of the session RPE method. The first experiment examined the ecological validity of the session-RPE method for quantifying internal training load (ITL) in Tennis. This experiment monitored 384 training sessions, 23 simulated matches and 13 official matches. The ITL was calculated using two methods, the session-RPE method and the heart rate (HR)-based method, developed by Edwards. The correlation was then calculated between the two methods. Significant individual correlations were observed between both methods (r = 0.58 - 0.89; p<0,01). It was also observed correlation between methods during training sessions (r 0.74), simulated matches (r = 0,57) and official matches (r = 0.99). The results support the validity of session-RPE as a, non-invasive, method for quantifying ITL in tennis players. The second experiment described the distribution of training intensity in a group of elite young tennis players during the preseason and the beginning of their competitive season, using RPE session method. It was monitored 407 training sessions and 17 official matches during the first 5 weeks of the pre-season and first week of tournaments (December to January). The training intensity distribution was concentrated (90%) in the low to moderate zones (Zone 1 = 42% and Zone 2 = 47,5%), and only a few sessions (Zone 3 = 10,5%) were performed at high-intensity. It was observed discrepancy between the training intensity distribuition of training sessions (Zone 1 = 42,0%; Zone 2 = 47,5% and Zone 3 = 10,5%) and official matches (Zone 1 = 0,0%; Zone 2 = 10,8% and Zone 3 = 89,2%). These results suggest a contradictory scenario between intensity of training court sessions (Low and Moderated intensity) and official matches (high intensity). Finally, the third experiment investigated the effect of a periodised training plan on the ITL, stress tolerance, immune-endocrine responses and physical performance in tennis players during the pre-season. Professional tennis players (n = 12) were monitored across the pre-season period, which was divided into 4 weeks training period (with 2 weeks of progressive overloading training) and a 1-week tapering period. Weekly measures of ITL, training strain, training monotony and stress tolerance (sources and symptoms of stress) were taken, along with salivary testosterone, cortisol and immunoglobulin A. One repetition maximum strength, yo-yo test, jump height and agility (T-test) were assessed before and after training period. The periodization of the training plan led to significant weekly changes in training loads (i.e. increasing in weeks 3 and 4, referring to the period of intensification of the external training load (ETL), and decreasing in week 5, referring to the tapering period). Cortisol concentration (increased in week 3) and the symptoms of stress (increased in weeks 3 and 4) followed the in ETL (overloading period), before returning to baseline in week 5 (tapering period) (P < 0.05). Conversely, the testosterone to cortisol ratio decreased in weeks 3 and 4, before returning to baseline in week 5 (P < 0.05). Moreover, the periodised training plan induced post-training improvements in strength, endurance and agility (P < 0.05). The periodised training plan (ETL overload following taper) evoked changes in the ITL, the stress tolerance and the hormonal responses, which may have mediated the improvements in physical performance

The purpose of this research was to explore the three smashes attacking tactics wich is used by professional table tennis players all over the world. While analysing the game of world‘s elite and top lithuanian men and women players such videotapes of 2005 were used during this work: World Cup (Belgium, October), Lithuania‘s Top 12 competition (Kaunas, December), The Women Euroleague (Kaunas, November). This research incorporates an analyse of 20 players: 6 world men elite players and 6 lithuanian men top players, 4 world class and 4 Lithuanian women players. During the time of research 20 issues were explored: after concluding the results it was estimated how many points are being won by tree smashes attacking conception – completing the service, accepting the service, after completing the serve and winning the point by the third smash, after accepting the service and winning the point by the third smash. Also, it was backhand and forehand smashes explored concerning their effect by using three smashes conception. It emerged that world‘s elite men players win 59,33% points by using three smashes conception while lithuanian men top players win 69,83% points by using the same tactics in the game. World class women players are able to win 75,50% by using an attacking tree points concept, while lithuanian top women players achieve the result of 73,00% by using the same style. World top class players during the first three points win about 33,99% by using their forehand and... [to full text]

O presente estudo é constituído por três experimentos diferentes, que tem como ponto central a investigação do método da PSE da sessão. No primeiro experimento foi avaliada a validade do método da percepção subjetiva do esforço (PSE) da sessão para a quantificação da carga interna de treinamento (CIT) no Tênis. Neste experimento foram monitoradas 384 sessões de treinamento técnico/tático, 23 partidas simuladas e 13 partidas oficiais. A CIT foi calculada utilizando dois métodos de quantificação da CIT: o método da PSE da sessão e o método proposto por Edwards, baseado no comportamento da frequência cardíaca. Posteriormente, foi calculado o índice de correlação entre os dois métodos. Foi detectada correlação individual entre os métodos (r = 0,58 - 0,89; p<0,01). Também foi observada correlação entre os métodos para as sessões de treinamento técnico/tático (r = 0,74), os jogos simulados (r = 0,57) e os jogos oficiais (r = 0,99). Estes resultados sugerem que o método da PSE da sessão é uma alternativa válida, não invasiva, para quantificar a CIT de tenistas. O segundo experimento, descreve o padrão de distribuição da intensidade utilizada por tenistas durante a pré-temporada e no início do período competitivo, a partir da metodologia da PSE da sessão. Foram monitoradas 407 sessões de treinamento técnico/tático e 17 jogos oficiais, realizadas durante as 5 primeiras semanas de preparação para o período competitivo e a primeira semana de competições (dezembro à janeiro). A distribuição da intensidade das sessões de treinamento concentra maior parte do volume (90%) do treinamento entre as zonas de baixa e moderada intensidade (Zona 1 = 42%; Zona 2 = 47,5%), e apenas uma pequena parte das sessões (Zona 3 = 10,5%) é realizada em alta intensidade. Foi observada discrepância entre o padrão de distribuição de intensidade das sessões de treinamento técnico/tático (zona 1 = 42,0%; zona 2 = 47,5% e zona 3 = 10,5%) e as partidas oficiais (zona 1 = 0,0%; zona 2 = 10,8% e zona 3 = 89,2%). Estes resultados indicam a existência de divergência entre a intensidade das sessões de treinamento técnico/tático (baixa e moderada intensidade) e a intensidade das partidas oficiais (alta intensidade). E, finalmente, o terceiro experimento, avaliou o efeito do programa de treinamento periodizado sobre a dinâmica da CIT e a subsequente tolerância ao estresse, respostas imuno-endócrinas e o desempenho físico de tenistas durante a prétemporada. Jogadores de tênis profissionais (n=12) foram monitorados durante o período de pré-temporada, que foi dividida em 4 semanas de treinamento (com 2 semanas de intensificação do treinamento) e 1 semana de polimento. Foram determinadas medidas semanais de CIT, monotonia do treinamento, esforço de treinamento e tolerância ao estresse (fontes e sintomas de estresse). Também foram analisadas a concentração de hormônios na saliva (testosterona e cortisol) e a concentração de imunoglobulina-A. O teste de força de 1RM, o teste do Yo-Yo IE Level II, o teste de impulsão vertical e o teste de agilidade (teste T) foram determinados antes e após o período de treinamento. O programa de periodização do treinamento promoveu modificações na CIT (aumento nas semanas 3 e 4 referente ao período de intensificação da carga externa de treinamento (CET), diminuição na semana 5 referente ao período de polimento). A concentração de cortisol (aumento na terceira semana) e os sintomas de estresse (aumento na terceira e quarta semanas) acompanharam as modificações na CET (intensificação), antes de retornarem aos valores basais na semana 5 (polimento) (p < 0,05). Inversamente, foi observada redução da relação T:C nas semanas 3 e 4, que posteriormente retornou ao valor basal na semana 5 (p < 0,05). Além disso, foi verificado aumento no desempenho dos testes de força, endurance e agilidade (p<0,05). O programa de treinamento periodizado (intensificação da CET seguida de polimento) promoveu modificações adaptativas na tolerância ao estresse e respostas hormonais, que podem ter mediado a melhora do desempenho físico / The current study consists of three different experiments which have the main focus on the investigation of the session RPE method. The first experiment examined the ecological validity of the session-RPE method for quantifying internal training load (ITL) in Tennis. This experiment monitored 384 training sessions, 23 simulated matches and 13 official matches. The ITL was calculated using two methods, the session-RPE method and the heart rate (HR)-based method, developed by Edwards. The correlation was then calculated between the two methods. Significant individual correlations were observed between both methods (r = 0.58 - 0.89; p<0,01). It was also observed correlation between methods during training sessions (r 0.74), simulated matches (r = 0,57) and official matches (r = 0.99). The results support the validity of session-RPE as a, non-invasive, method for quantifying ITL in tennis players. The second experiment described the distribution of training intensity in a group of elite young tennis players during the preseason and the beginning of their competitive season, using RPE session method. It was monitored 407 training sessions and 17 official matches during the first 5 weeks of the pre-season and first week of tournaments (December to January). The training intensity distribution was concentrated (90%) in the low to moderate zones (Zone 1 = 42% and Zone 2 = 47,5%), and only a few sessions (Zone 3 = 10,5%) were performed at high-intensity. It was observed discrepancy between the training intensity distribuition of training sessions (Zone 1 = 42,0%; Zone 2 = 47,5% and Zone 3 = 10,5%) and official matches (Zone 1 = 0,0%; Zone 2 = 10,8% and Zone 3 = 89,2%). These results suggest a contradictory scenario between intensity of training court sessions (Low and Moderated intensity) and official matches (high intensity). Finally, the third experiment investigated the effect of a periodised training plan on the ITL, stress tolerance, immune-endocrine responses and physical performance in tennis players during the pre-season. Professional tennis players (n = 12) were monitored across the pre-season period, which was divided into 4 weeks training period (with 2 weeks of progressive overloading training) and a 1-week tapering period. Weekly measures of ITL, training strain, training monotony and stress tolerance (sources and symptoms of stress) were taken, along with salivary testosterone, cortisol and immunoglobulin A. One repetition maximum strength, yo-yo test, jump height and agility (T-test) were assessed before and after training period. The periodization of the training plan led to significant weekly changes in training loads (i.e. increasing in weeks 3 and 4, referring to the period of intensification of the external training load (ETL), and decreasing in week 5, referring to the tapering period). Cortisol concentration (increased in week 3) and the symptoms of stress (increased in weeks 3 and 4) followed the in ETL (overloading period), before returning to baseline in week 5 (tapering period) (P < 0.05). Conversely, the testosterone to cortisol ratio decreased in weeks 3 and 4, before returning to baseline in week 5 (P < 0.05). Moreover, the periodised training plan induced post-training improvements in strength, endurance and agility (P < 0.05). The periodised training plan (ETL overload following taper) evoked changes in the ITL, the stress tolerance and the hormonal responses, which may have mediated the improvements in physical performance

Introdução: O déficit de rotação interna glenoumeral, freqüentemente observado em praticantes de esportes que envolvem movimentos repetidos do membro superior sobre a cabeça, tem sido associado ao surgimento de lesões secundárias no ombro. Objetivos: Medir e comparar a amplitude de rotação interna glenoumeral em praticantes assintomáticos de tênis e natação, esportes com características diferentes, mas que envolvem esse tipo de movimento. Métodos: 54 voluntários assintomáticos do sexo masculino (108 ombros) divididos em 3 grupos (tenistas, nadadores, grupo-controle) foram submetidos à medida da amplitude de rotação interna glenoumeral através do método de exame clínico com estabilização da escápula (delineamento de pesquisa: estudo transversal). Foram comparadas as medidas dos ombros dominante e não dominante dentro de cada grupo e entre os grupos. Resultados: Em todos os grupos, o ombro dominante apresentou déficit de rotação interna se comparado com o não dominante. No grupo de tenistas o déficit médio foi de 23,9° ± 8,4° (P< 0,001), no de nadadores foi de 12° ± 6,8° (P< 0,001), e no grupocontrole de 4,9° ± 7,4° (P= 0,035). Comparados os membros dominantes entre os grupos, houve diferença entre todos, sendo o déficit apresentado pelos tenistas em relação ao grupo-controle (27,6°;P< 0,001) maior do que o dos nadadores (17,9°; P<0,001); entre tenistas e nadadores, foi de 9,7°;P=0,002). Conclusões: O membro dominante apresentou menor amplitude de rotação interna glenoumeral do que o não dominante em todos os grupos, sendo o déficit dos tenistas cerca de duas vezes maior do que o dos nadadores. A diferença média entre os membros no grupo controle foi menor do que 5°, o que está dentro do parâmetro de normalidade de acordo com a maioria dos estudos. Todos os grupos apresentaram diferenças se comparados os membros dominantes entre si. Os tenistas apresentaram a menor amplitude de rotação interna seguidos pelos nadadores. / Background: Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit, often diagnosed in players of overhead sports, has been associated with the development of secondary shoulder pathologies. Aim: To measure and compare the range of glenohumeral internal rotation motion in asymptomatic tennis players and in swimmers, different sports that share this overhead movements. Methods: Fifty-four asymptomatic male volunteers (108 shoulders) divided in 3 groups (tennis players, swimmers, control group) underwent measurements of glenohumeral internal rotation using clinical examination with scapular stabilization (study design: cross-sectional study). Measurements of dominant and nondominant shoulders were compared within and between groups. Results: In tennis players, mean déficit was 23.9° ± 8.4° (P< 0.001); in swimmers, 12° ± 6.8° (P< 0.001); and in the control group, 4.9° ± 7.4° (P= 0.035). Dominant shoulders showed significant difference between all groups, and the déficit of the group of tennis players in comparison with the control group (27.6°;P< 0.001) was greater than the deficit found in the group of swimmers (17.9°; P<0.001); between tennis players and swimmers, the deficit was 9.7°;P=0.002). Conclusions: Dominant limbs showed less glenohumeral internal rotation than the nondominant limbs in all groups, being the deficit in the group of tennis players about twice the deficit found for swimmers. Mean difference between limbs in the control group was less than 5°, which is within normal parameters according to most studies. There were statistically significant differences between all groups when dominant shoulders were compared to each other. Tennis players had the least range of motion, followed by swimmers.

Introdução: O déficit de rotação interna glenoumeral, freqüentemente observado em praticantes de esportes que envolvem movimentos repetidos do membro superior sobre a cabeça, tem sido associado ao surgimento de lesões secundárias no ombro. Objetivos: Medir e comparar a amplitude de rotação interna glenoumeral em praticantes assintomáticos de tênis e natação, esportes com características diferentes, mas que envolvem esse tipo de movimento. Métodos: 54 voluntários assintomáticos do sexo masculino (108 ombros) divididos em 3 grupos (tenistas, nadadores, grupo-controle) foram submetidos à medida da amplitude de rotação interna glenoumeral através do método de exame clínico com estabilização da escápula (delineamento de pesquisa: estudo transversal). Foram comparadas as medidas dos ombros dominante e não dominante dentro de cada grupo e entre os grupos. Resultados: Em todos os grupos, o ombro dominante apresentou déficit de rotação interna se comparado com o não dominante. No grupo de tenistas o déficit médio foi de 23,9° ± 8,4° (P< 0,001), no de nadadores foi de 12° ± 6,8° (P< 0,001), e no grupocontrole de 4,9° ± 7,4° (P= 0,035). Comparados os membros dominantes entre os grupos, houve diferença entre todos, sendo o déficit apresentado pelos tenistas em relação ao grupo-controle (27,6°;P< 0,001) maior do que o dos nadadores (17,9°; P<0,001); entre tenistas e nadadores, foi de 9,7°;P=0,002). Conclusões: O membro dominante apresentou menor amplitude de rotação interna glenoumeral do que o não dominante em todos os grupos, sendo o déficit dos tenistas cerca de duas vezes maior do que o dos nadadores. A diferença média entre os membros no grupo controle foi menor do que 5°, o que está dentro do parâmetro de normalidade de acordo com a maioria dos estudos. Todos os grupos apresentaram diferenças se comparados os membros dominantes entre si. Os tenistas apresentaram a menor amplitude de rotação interna seguidos pelos nadadores. / Background: Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit, often diagnosed in players of overhead sports, has been associated with the development of secondary shoulder pathologies. Aim: To measure and compare the range of glenohumeral internal rotation motion in asymptomatic tennis players and in swimmers, different sports that share this overhead movements. Methods: Fifty-four asymptomatic male volunteers (108 shoulders) divided in 3 groups (tennis players, swimmers, control group) underwent measurements of glenohumeral internal rotation using clinical examination with scapular stabilization (study design: cross-sectional study). Measurements of dominant and nondominant shoulders were compared within and between groups. Results: In tennis players, mean déficit was 23.9° ± 8.4° (P< 0.001); in swimmers, 12° ± 6.8° (P< 0.001); and in the control group, 4.9° ± 7.4° (P= 0.035). Dominant shoulders showed significant difference between all groups, and the déficit of the group of tennis players in comparison with the control group (27.6°;P< 0.001) was greater than the deficit found in the group of swimmers (17.9°; P<0.001); between tennis players and swimmers, the deficit was 9.7°;P=0.002). Conclusions: Dominant limbs showed less glenohumeral internal rotation than the nondominant limbs in all groups, being the deficit in the group of tennis players about twice the deficit found for swimmers. Mean difference between limbs in the control group was less than 5°, which is within normal parameters according to most studies. There were statistically significant differences between all groups when dominant shoulders were compared to each other. Tennis players had the least range of motion, followed by swimmers.

Introdução: O déficit de rotação interna glenoumeral, freqüentemente observado em praticantes de esportes que envolvem movimentos repetidos do membro superior sobre a cabeça, tem sido associado ao surgimento de lesões secundárias no ombro. Objetivos: Medir e comparar a amplitude de rotação interna glenoumeral em praticantes assintomáticos de tênis e natação, esportes com características diferentes, mas que envolvem esse tipo de movimento. Métodos: 54 voluntários assintomáticos do sexo masculino (108 ombros) divididos em 3 grupos (tenistas, nadadores, grupo-controle) foram submetidos à medida da amplitude de rotação interna glenoumeral através do método de exame clínico com estabilização da escápula (delineamento de pesquisa: estudo transversal). Foram comparadas as medidas dos ombros dominante e não dominante dentro de cada grupo e entre os grupos. Resultados: Em todos os grupos, o ombro dominante apresentou déficit de rotação interna se comparado com o não dominante. No grupo de tenistas o déficit médio foi de 23,9° ± 8,4° (P< 0,001), no de nadadores foi de 12° ± 6,8° (P< 0,001), e no grupocontrole de 4,9° ± 7,4° (P= 0,035). Comparados os membros dominantes entre os grupos, houve diferença entre todos, sendo o déficit apresentado pelos tenistas em relação ao grupo-controle (27,6°;P< 0,001) maior do que o dos nadadores (17,9°; P<0,001); entre tenistas e nadadores, foi de 9,7°;P=0,002). Conclusões: O membro dominante apresentou menor amplitude de rotação interna glenoumeral do que o não dominante em todos os grupos, sendo o déficit dos tenistas cerca de duas vezes maior do que o dos nadadores. A diferença média entre os membros no grupo controle foi menor do que 5°, o que está dentro do parâmetro de normalidade de acordo com a maioria dos estudos. Todos os grupos apresentaram diferenças se comparados os membros dominantes entre si. Os tenistas apresentaram a menor amplitude de rotação interna seguidos pelos nadadores. / Background: Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit, often diagnosed in players of overhead sports, has been associated with the development of secondary shoulder pathologies. Aim: To measure and compare the range of glenohumeral internal rotation motion in asymptomatic tennis players and in swimmers, different sports that share this overhead movements. Methods: Fifty-four asymptomatic male volunteers (108 shoulders) divided in 3 groups (tennis players, swimmers, control group) underwent measurements of glenohumeral internal rotation using clinical examination with scapular stabilization (study design: cross-sectional study). Measurements of dominant and nondominant shoulders were compared within and between groups. Results: In tennis players, mean déficit was 23.9° ± 8.4° (P< 0.001); in swimmers, 12° ± 6.8° (P< 0.001); and in the control group, 4.9° ± 7.4° (P= 0.035). Dominant shoulders showed significant difference between all groups, and the déficit of the group of tennis players in comparison with the control group (27.6°;P< 0.001) was greater than the deficit found in the group of swimmers (17.9°; P<0.001); between tennis players and swimmers, the deficit was 9.7°;P=0.002). Conclusions: Dominant limbs showed less glenohumeral internal rotation than the nondominant limbs in all groups, being the deficit in the group of tennis players about twice the deficit found for swimmers. Mean difference between limbs in the control group was less than 5°, which is within normal parameters according to most studies. There were statistically significant differences between all groups when dominant shoulders were compared to each other. Tennis players had the least range of motion, followed by swimmers.

AFRIKAANS: Die navorsing handel oor die effek van SHIP® (Spontaneheling Intrasistemiese Proses) by adolessente tennisspelers en die waarde daarvan ten opsigte van die ontwikkeling van sielkundige potensiaal van spelers. Tradisioneel word Sportsielkunde vanaf ‘n kliniese konteks gevoed. Dit is ‘n dinamiese veld wat voordurend op soek is na nog verdere tegnologiese ontwikkeling. Die waarde van die studie is dat dit die eerste keer is dat ‘n hele kliniese intervensieprogram suiwer in ‘n sportkonteks toegepas word. Die doel van die studie is om te bepaal wat die moontlike sielkundige bydrae van SHIP® op die sielkunde van die tennisspeler is. Die intervensie SHIP® het tussen vier tot ses maande geduur met ‘n gemiddeld van tien sessies per speler waar ‘n sessie een uur lank duur. ‘n Totaal van tien adolessente tennisspelers wat verbonde is aan ‘n tennisskool is vir die studie gebruik. Die spelers wat aan die studie deelgeneem het bestaan uit vier manlike en ses vroulike tennisspelers. Die eksperimentele groep bestaan uit ses tennisspelers (twee manlik en vier vroulik) wat ‘n reeks psigometriese toetse afgelê het en deur SHIP® behandel is. Die kontrole groep bestaan uit vier tennisspelers (twee manlik en twee vroulik) wat nie deur SHIP® behandel is nie, maar wel die psigometriese toetse afgelê het. Die studie maak gebruik van ‘n tradisionele eksperimentele ontwerp wat van ‘n eksperimentele en kontrole groep gebruik maak. Verder leen die studie aspekte van Pieterse (2004) se enkelproefpersoonnavorsingsontwerp. Die ontwerp behels onderhoude wat met al die spelers gevoer is, voor die intervensie. Die onderhoude handel oor die spelers se sterkpunte, swakpunte en belewenis van angs en stres tydens tenniswedstryde. Na die intervensie is daar onderhoude met die afrigters en drie spelers gevoer om te bepaal of daar enige verandering by die spelers plaasgevind het. Die resultate van die studie toon ‘n afname in kognitiewe en liggaamlike angs van die eksperimentele groep met geen beduidende veranderinge by die kontrole groep nie. Al hierdie veranderinge is beduidend op die 5% peil van betekenis. Ten opsigte van selfvertroue het beide groepe ‘n statisties beduidende verandering getoon op die 10% peil van betekenis. Die eksperimentele groep het egter ‘n beduidende toename getoon terwyl die kontrole groep se tellings op die subskaal beduidend afgeneem het. Die spanning-angs toetstellings van die kontrole groepe was beduidend hoër as die eksperimentele groep. Hierdie verskil was beduidend op die 10% peil van betekenis. Die depressie en woede-vyandigheid toetstellings van die kontrole groep was ook statisties hoër as die eksperimentele groep na die intervensie. Hierdie verskille was beduidend op die 5% peil van betekenis. Die resultate van die analise binne groepe, toon dat die vigortellings van die eksperimentele groep beduidend toegeneem het, terwyl die afname in die kontrole groep se tellings nie beduidend was nie. Hierdie statisties beduidende veranderinge in die eksperimentele groep was beduidend op die 5% peil van betekenis. Die afgematheid telling van die eksperimentele groep het beduidend afgeneem oor die tyd met geen beduidende verandering in die kontrole groep nie. Hierdie verandering was beduidend op die 10% peil van betekenis. Die verwarringtellings van die eksperimentele groep het beduidend afgeneem, met geen beduidende veranderings in die kontrole groep nie. Die verandering was beduidend op die 5% peil van betekenis. Die outonomiteitssubskaaltelling van die eksperimentele groep het statisties beduidend toegeneem. Die verandering was beduidend op die 10% peil van betekenis. Geen beduidende verandering het ten opsigte van hierdie subskaal by die kontrole groep plaasgevind nie. Die kontrole groepe het ‘n statisties beduidende afname in die positiewe verhoudingssubskaal getoon. Ten opsigte van entiteitsingesteldheid het die kontrole groep ‘n beduidende toename in die tellings getoon. Hierdie toename was beduidend op die 10% peil van betekenis alhoewel die eksperimentele groep se tellings ook toegeneem het, was dit nie statisties beduidend nie. Uit die onderhoude met die spelers en afrigters na die intervensie is dit duidelik dat die eksperimentele groep gegroei het ten opsigte van aandag en konsentrasiebeheer, die hantering van stres en angs en genot tydens tenniswedstryde. ENGLISH: This study examines the effect of SHIP® (Spontaneous Healing Intrasystemic Process) on adolescent tennis players and its advantages in accordance with the development of the players’ potential. Traditionally Sport Psychology has evolved from a clinical context. It is a dynamic field that is always open to further technological development. The value of the study lies in the fact that it is the first time that an entire clinical intervention programme is applied in a purely sports context. The goal of the study is to determine the possible psychological effects that SHIP® might have on the psychology of tennis players. The SHIP® intervention lasted between four to six months, with an average of ten sessions per player, and each session lasting one hour. A total of ten adolescent tennis players who attend a tennis school participated in the study. Of these players, four were male and six female. The experimental group consisted of six tennis players (two male and four female) who completed a battery of psychometric tests and went through SHIP®. The control group consisted of four tennis players (two male and two female) who completed the psychometric tests, but were not put through SHIP® . The study made use of a traditional experimental design, consisting of an experimental and a control group. In addition, the study also employed aspects of Pieterse’s (2004) single subject design. Specific aspects of this design that were applied, include interviews conducted with all the players prior to the intervention. The interviews focused on the players’ strong points, weak points and their experience of anxiety and stress during tennis matches. Follow-up interviews were conducted with three players and their coaches after the intervention, to determine if the players had experienced any change. The results of the study point toward a decrease in the cognitive and physical anxiety of the experimental group, with no significant changes manifesting in the control group. All these changes are significant on the 5%-level of significance. With regard to self-confidence, both groups showed a statistically meaningful change on the 10%-level of significance. The experimental group scores showed a significant increase, while the control group scores on this subscale decreased significantly. The stress-anxiety test scores of the control group were significantly higher than those of the experimental group. This difference was meaningful on the 10%-level of significance. The depression and anger test scores of the control group were statistically higher than those of the experimental group after the intervention. These changes were meaningful on the 5%-level of significance. The results of the analysis within groups, showed that the vigor scores of the experimental group had increased significantly, while the decrease in the control group scores was of no significance. These statistical changes in the experimental group were meaningful on the 5%-level of significance. The fatigue scores of the experimental group decreased significantly over time, with no significant changes in the control group. These changes were meaningful on the 10%-level of significance. The confusion scores of the experimental group decreased significantly, with no significant changes in the control group. This change was meaningful on the 5%-level of significance. The autonomy subscale scores of the experimental group increased statistically significantly. This change was meaningful on the 10%-level of significance. No significant change occurred in the control group with regard to this subscale. The control group showed a statistically significant decrease in the positive relationship subscale. This change was meaningful on the 10%-level of significance. The experimental group showed no significant change with regard to this scale. With regard to the entity mindset, the control group showed a significant increase in scores. This increase was meaningful on the 10%-level of significance. Although the experimental group scores also increased, the scores were not statistically significant. From the interviews with the players and coaches after the intervention, it became clear that the experimental group had grown in terms of attention and concentration control, coping with stress and anxiety, and pleasure experienced during tennis matches. / Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Biokinetics, Sport and Leisure Sciences / unrestricted

The diploma thesis deals with financing problems of young tennis players development to reach the top ranking in professional tennis. On the basis of intimate analysis of tennis enviroment and crucial factors affecting this theme searches for solutions in form of private equity financing and attracting new investors.

Title: Experiance with joga for tennis coaches Objectives of work: The aim of my thesis is to analyze the possitive effects of yoga on the mental and physical health of tennis players. The data is gained by quality data collection methods. The secondary objective is, on the basis of information obtained from short interviews with coaches, to create a theoretical model of categorization. Method: In this thesis we used the method of interview and narrative interview. The data collected from the interviews, was used to create a theoretical model of categorization. A method of narrative interview with elements of the interview was used as a key method of collecting data from selected subjects. Results: Following numerous interviews with various subjets including coaches and trainers, I have come to the conclution, that yoga has a positive effect on the mental and physical health of tennis players. The main effects of yoga include: increased confidence and concentration on the court, accelerated healing, reduced pain in the spine (notibly in lumbar region), therefore increasing the flexibility of joints and improving the performance of players. In terms of categorization on the effects of yoga, both in mental and physical health of tennis players, I classified the effects into two major categories: the...