För ca 11 500 år sedan började Weichselisen smälta bort från Stockholmsregionen och trycket som ismassan utövade på jordskorpan började sakta lätta. Sedan dess har markytan inom de tidigare istäckta områdena arbetat för att återfå sitt jämviktsläge. Detta har påverkat strandlinjens läge genom en kombination av den pågående isostatiska återhämtningen och den varierande eustatiska förändringen. Denna uppsats fokuserar på ett område i anslutning till Hammersta ruin ca 13 km norr om Nynäshamn. Strandlinjerna för perioden 500–1500 e.Kr. har beräknats genom att strandlinjenivåer för varierande tidpunkter mellan 7000–3850 f.Kr. använts som utgångspunkt. Dessa individuella strandlinjenivåer har med hjälp av ett andragradspolynom sammanbundits med ett 0-värde motsvarande havsnivån för höjdsystemet RH70. Strandlinjenivåerna för denna studie har därefter kunnat läsas avfrån den resulterande regressionskurvan. Regressionskurvan är således inte en strandförskjutningskurva i bemärkelsen strandlinjens kontinuerliga utveckling över tid, utan snarare ett sätt att interpolera värden för aktuella undersökta tidpunkter utifrån befintliga höjdvärden före och därefter. För visualisering av strandlinjernas läge har därefter höjddatasetet bearbetats i ArcGIS för att få en markyta överensstämmande med perioden mellan 500 och 1500 e.Kr. i 100-års intervall. Moderna landformer som vägar, diken och åfåror har uteslutits för att undvika att dessa påverkar strandlinjernas lägen och form i terrängen. Resultaten blev 11 kartbilder för omgivningen kring ruinen samt fyra kartbilder för ruinens närområde. Dessa visar var och en på strandlinjens läge vid en viss tidpunkt med en högsta nivå 0,87 m högre för strandlinjen under året. Denna baserades på vattenståndsmätningar från SMHI för åren 1889–2010 vid Skeppsholmen i Stockholm. De framställda kartbilderna kan återfinnas i kapitel 7, på http://ww2.ink.su.se/living_maps/hammersta samt i bilaga 3. Ön som ruinen är belägenpå blev en del av Södertörn ca 1400 e.Kr.

Computer gamers demand more realistic effects for each release of a new game. This final year project is concerned with deforming the geometry in a terrain rendering environment. The intension is to increase the resolution where the original resolution of the terrain is not enough to cater for all the details associated with a deformation, such as an explosion. An algorithm for extending the maximum available resolution was found, the DEXTER algorithm, but calculations have shown that it has a too high memory consumption to be feasible in a game environment. In this project, an algorithm has been implemented, based on the DEXTER algorithm, but with some structural changes. The algorithm which has been implemented increases the resolution, if needed, where a deformation occurs. The increased resolution is described by b-spline surfaces, whereas the original resolution is given by a height map. Further, graphics primitives are only allocated to a high resolution region, when needed by the refinement process. It has been found that by using dynamic blocks of graphics primitives, the amount of RAM consumed can be lowered, without a severe decrease in rendering speed. However, the algorithm implemented has been found to suffer from frame rate drops, if too many high resolution cells need to be attached to the refinement process during a single frame. Is has been concluded that the algorithm, which is the result of this final year project, is not suitable for a game environment, as the memory consumption is still too high. The amount of time spent on refining the terrain can also be considered too much, as no time is left for other aspects of a game environment. The algorithm is however considered a good choice concerning deformations, as the updates needed in association with a deformation, can be kept small and localized, according to the DEXTER structure. Also, the b-spline surfaces offer more freedom over the deformation, compared to using a height map.

Three-dimensional computer graphics enjoys a wide range of applications of which games and movies are only few examples. By incorporating three-dimensional computer graphics in to a simulator the simulator is able to provide the operator with visual feedback during a simulation. Simulators come in many different flavors where flight and radar simulators are two types in which three-dimensional rendering of large terrains constitutes a central component. Ericsson Microwave Systems (EMW) in Skövde is searching for an algorithm that (a) can handle terrain data that is larger than physical memory and (b) has an adjustable error metric that can be used to reduce terrain detail level if an increase in load on other critical parts of the system is observed. The aim of this paper is to identify and evaluate existing algorithms for terrain rendering in order to find those that meet EMW: s requirements. The objectives are to (i) perform a literature survey over existing algorithms, (ii) implement these algorithms and (iii) develop a test environment in which these algorithms can be evaluated form a performance perspective. The literature survey revealed that the algorithm developed by Lindstrom and Pascucci (2001) is the only algorithm of those examined that succeeded to fulfill the requirements without modifications or extra software. This algorithm uses memory-mapped files to be able to handle terrain data larger that physical memory and focuses on how terrain data should be laid out on disk in order to minimize the number of page faults. Testing of this algorithm on specified test architecture show that the error metric used could be adjusted to effectively control the terrains level of detail leading to a substantial increase in performance. The results also reveal the need for both view frustum culling as well a level of detail algorithm to achieve fast display rates of large terrains. Further the results also show the importance of how terrain data is laid out on disk especially when physical memory is limited.

The subject of this diploma thesis is to create a new interesting design of electric utility terrain vehicle in accordance with technical, ergonomic and aesthetic requirements for such product. My main aim is to create an innovative design concept of terrain vehicle with utility dump bed and seats for two passengers.

L'évolution des paysages est au coeur d'un système complexe d'interactions entre les phénomènes tectoniques, climatiques et érosifs. Si le contrôle principal du climat sur les taux d'érosion est encore sujet à débat, les régions montagneuses restent un milieu particulièrement sensible aux modifications climatiques. Pour mieux appréhender ces liens en milieu montagneux et le contrôle des processus d'érosion, il est nécessaire de comprendre et de quantifier l'importance de chaque phénomène érosif dans l'évolution des paysages. Parmi ceux-ci, les glissements de terrain sont un phénomène brusque, imprévisible et souvent catastrophique pouvant mobiliser des volumes rocheux considérables. De nombreux travaux suggèrent d'ailleurs que les glissements constituent le principal agent de l'érosion des pentes dans les vallées non englacées de l'Himalaya. L'objectif de cette thèse est de mieux appréhender l'évolution et la dynamique des glissements de terrain de l'Himalaya central et leur rôle dans l'érosion de cette chaîne de montagnes, sur une large échelle de temps. Ces travaux ont été menés selon 3 axes principaux imbriqués spatialement et temporellement. Le bassin de la Khudi Khola, au Népal central, présente un large glissement de terrain, actif depuis plusieurs décennies. Cette particularité nous a permis d'étudier en détail ce glissement, dans un contexte d'érosion intense, au jour le jour, à l'échelle d'une mousson et sur plusieurs décennies. L'histoire du glissement de Saituti a été reconstituée grâce à l'analyse d'images satellite et aériennes. Une activité continue, bien que variable, du glissement depuis près d'un demi siècle a pu être observée. L'estimation des volumes de sédiments produits par le glissement a permis de mettre en évidence la place prépondérante de cette structure érosive dans l'érosion totale du bassin au cours des dernières années, voire des dernières décennies. La dynamique quotidienne des mouvements au sein du glissement associée à l'export des sédiments par le réseau de drainage ont également été observés. Il apparaît un découplage entre les mouvements de terrain, donc la production de sédiments, qui sont contrôlés par le niveau de nappe, et l'export du matériel par la rivière, dépendant du débit de surface. Une fois initiés, les mouvements se poursuivent durant toute la période de mousson, mais seuls les épisodes pluvieux importants permettent un transport efficace du matériel produit à la rivière. Les flux annuels de matière en suspension dans la rivière ont également pu être estimés et s'accordent au premier ordre avec les volumes créés par le glissement. Ces résultats suggèrent également le rôle principal du glissement de Saituti dans l'érosion de la vallée. A l'échelle de l'Himalaya central, l'activité des glissements au cours de la dernière décennie témoigne d'une domination de l'érosion par des événements majeurs, de l'ordre de plusieurs millions de mètres cubes, similaires à celui de Saituti. Cette étude montre qu'à moyen terme, de tels glissements peuvent influencer très fortement les concentrations en isotopes cosmogéniques des sables de rivières dans les bassins versants de taille intermédiaire (quelques centaines de km2). La concentration de ces sables apparaît principalement dépendante de la date et de l'amplitude du dernier événement majeur de glissement. Dans ces environnements, les taux de dénudation déterminés par l'utilisation des isotopes cosmogéniques doivent être interprétés avec beaucoup de précaution. Ainsi, l'activité, possiblement continue, de quelques glissements de terrain peut exercer une influence majeure sur l'érosion des vallées de l'Himalaya central. Ce facteur doit être pris en compte dans l'analyse des processus érosifs ainsi que dans les modèles d'évolution des paysages, à court et moyen terme / Landscape evolution is at the heart of a complex system of interactions between tectonics, climate and erosion. While the influence of climate on erosion rates is still debated, mountainous areas are a priori particularly sensitive to climatic changes. In order to better understand these interactions, it is of fundamental importance to quantify the importance of each erosion process, in addition to their sensitivity to rainfall. Among the erosion processes, landslides represent a major, unpredictable and often catastrophic, phenomenon that can involve considerable volumes of rocks. Many previous works have shown that landslides are the primary agent of hillslope erosion in the unglaciated valleys of the Himalayas. From this point of view, the aim of this work is to better constrain landslide evolution and dynamics in the central Himalayas, and their role in the erosion of this mountain range, on different timescales. The Khudi Khola catchment, in central Nepal, displays a large landsliding zone that has been active for several decades, in a context of intense erosion. This characteristic provides the opportunity to study this landslide in detail, from timescales ranging from an hour to several decades. The Saituti landslide history was reconstructed from analysis of satellite and aerial images. A continuous, but variable, activity of the landslide has been observed for almost a half century. Estimates of sediment volumes produced by the landslide highlight the dominant role this erosive structure plays in the overall catchment erosion over the last few years and possibly for the past few decades. Indeed, the landslide-induced erosion rates are in the same range as the total erosion rates, i.e. around 2.5 mm/y. The daily dynamics of the landslide were also studied, as well as the sediment export to the drainage network. The results highlight a decoupling between the displacements and the sediment production within the landslide, and the export of sediment to the river. The baseflow level primarily controls these displacements, while the export is more dependant on the runoff discharge that follows rainfall peaks. Once the slide is set in motion, it keeps moving during the whole monsoon period. However, only intense rainfall events result in an efficient transport of sediment to the river. The annual flux of suspended load were estimated at the Khudi mouth, these roughly agree with the volumes of landslide material. These results confirm the dominant role of the Saituti landslide in the overall catchment erosion and suggest rapid export of the landslide sediment to the river mouth. On the scale of the entire central Himalayas, landslide activity over the last decade highlights a deficit of landslides, compared to independent estimates of secular denudation rates. Nevertheless, this activity is dominated by major events, in the range of several millions cubic metres, such as the Saituti one. The stochastic nature of landslides influences the variability of sediment fluxes in the river. However, this study also highlights that, in medium-sized catchments (around a few hundred square kilometres) such landslides may strongly influence the median concentration of cosmogenic nuclides in river sands. This concentration seems to be primarily dependant on the date and on the magnitude of the last major slide event. In such environments, secular denudation rates estimated from cosmogenic nuclides need to be interpreted very cautiously. The (possibly) long-lasting activity of a few large landslides can then strongly influence the erosion of the Himalayan valleys. This parameter should be taken into account in studies of short- to mid-tem erosion processes as well as in landscape evolution models generally.

Visando garantir a disponibilidade hídrica em seus diferentes usos são construídos reservatórios, estes sempre associados a problemas de perda de volume de armazenamento devido ao processo de assoreamento. A atualização destes dados, bem como a quantificação do assoreamento geralmente é feita através de Levantamento Batimétrico. Apesar da grande importância do tema não é observado na literatura um método padronizado para a realização de estudos batimétricos, autores e organizações apresentam métodos dispares quanto à quantidade e disposição dos dados. Deste modo, a presente pesquisa buscou elencar os métodos apresentados na literatura e analisá-los quanto a precisão obtida no cálculo de volume do reservatório, utilizando como estudo de caso o reservatório da UHE Três Irmãos (SP). Observou-se que os MDTs gerados pelos métodos não representavam com fidelidade trechos estreitos do reservatório (braços) bem como o talvegue. Foi então proposto um método para a determinação do espaçamento entre seções bem como uma rotina para geração de MDT considerando características do talvegue. O método proposto para determinação do espaçamento entre seções se mostrou capaz de representar com relativa boa precisão trechos dos braços (diferença máxima encontrada de 5,01%) e apresentou tempo de coleta de dados de 60% do método mais preciso apresentado na literatura. A rotina de geração de MDT proporcionou em média melhora de aproximadamente 30% na qualidade dos dados de volume calculados. Por meio da aplicação dos métodos desenvolvidos na UHE Chavantes foi calculado um assoreamento de 3,91%, de acordo com os resultados, sem a utilização das rotina de geração de MDT desenvolvida cálculo do volume do reservatório seria subestimado em 1,61%, superestimando o cálculo do assoreamento. / Water reservoirs are built with the main purpose of guaranteeing water supply, however, their volume always decreases due the sedimentation processes. Bathymetric surveys can be deployed to assess the current volumetric capacity of a given reservoir and to estimate and quantify the sedimentation process. Although Bathymetric surveys are considered to be a key factor when analyzing and assessing properties of a given reservoir, a standard method for its deployment is yet to be defined. Authors and research groups presents different methods about the sampling rate as well as the choice of adequate spots for data collection. The overall goal of this research was to identify and analyze the different methods deployed in previous published literature analyzing the accuracy of the volume data provided by these different methods. Três Irmãos reservoir (São Paulo) was used as a case study where methods were compared. It was pointed out that the DEMs obtained were unable to accurately represent narrower reservoirs areas (tributaries) and the thalweg. Therefore was proposed a new method for determining the distance among survey sections as well as a routine for DEM generation takes into account the thalweg characteristics. Results revealed that the data pulled out was able to represent with accuracy the tributary areas (maximum difference was 5.01%). In addition, a reduced data collection time was observed (60%) when compared against the most accurate method found in published literature. The proposed technique for DEM generation indicated approximately 30% of quality improvement in the data calculated for the reservoir volume. The developed method was applied on a bathymetric survey conducted on the Chavantes reservoir (São Paulo). The loss of reservoir capacity assessed was 3.19%. According to results, a bathymetric survey which does not deploy the new method proposed would underestimate the reservoir\'s volume by 1.61% and overestimate the sedimentation process.

Subject of this thesis is electric mountain bicycle design. The bike type is pedelec. It is designed with respect to target group which consist from hobby athletes and with consideration of Shimano motor location near bottom brackets.

This diploma thesis deals with design Quads. Specifically, a type of terrain utility quad, often referred to as the ATV. To drive the machine uses two electric motors. The ultimate designer's proposal responds to the significant social trends that support the economy and ecological design. These parameters together with the yield of the machines are non-traditional solutions to this type of field machinery.

The subject of this diploma thesis is to create a new interesting design of electric utility terrain vehicle in accordance with technical, ergonomic and aesthetic requirements for such product. My main aim is to create an innovative design concept of terrain vehicle with utility dump bed and seats for two passengers.

This master thesis deals with the large terrain rendering in real time using WebGL. The thesis also deals with ways of measuring and representation of terrain height data. The paper also compares several frameworks for WebGL and also describes the practical use of HTML5 technologies such as WebWorkers. Furthermore, it also compares the performance and compatibility of current web browsers with HTML5 technologies.