ISO 26262 is an international standard about functional safety published on 2011, aiming to avoid failure in safety related electrical and electronic systems in passenger cars. A corresponding standard for heavy vehicles is expected to be published in a few years’ time. In order to be well-prepared, the heavy vehicle manufacturer Scania decides to start investigating what impact ISO26262 can bring. At Scania, modularization is one of the most important features of the product, which means several modules can be combined together into a vehicle in a variety of ways, so that highly configurable products can be provided for the customer. Huge number of unique module combinations bring big challenges to systems integration testing department REST/I in Scania because of limited time and resource availability for testing. Nowadays, people in REST/I deal with the variant mainly based on human experience, which is quite difficult to obtain the exact complete variant information and concrete testing coverage. In order to fulfill the requirement related with variant handling in ISO26262, better variant handling methods are proposed in this thesis, which can mainly be divided into two parts: method for variant generating and method for configuration selecting. To simplify the implementation work of this thesis, only the ECU components are focused on (other components such as sensors are ignored), and the risk-based feature is not added to the configuration selecting. Variant generating is to generate variant information from Allocation Element Diagram in Sesamm database systematically. According to the generated variant information, the configuration can be selected automatically by using Greedy best-first-search algorithm based on the proposed testing coverage metrics. Since all these work can be done automatically by computer, REST/I not only can work more efficiently by saving a lot of labor resource, but also can avoid mistakes caused by anthropogenic factors. However, not all the data needed for the automation are existed today, so the suggestions for consummation of the data to be ready for implementing the proposed methods are also mentioned in this thesis.

Orientador: Aluir Porfírio Dal Poz / Resumo: É esperado que o operador humano permaneça, por um longo tempo, como parte integrante do sistema de extração de feições. Portanto, as pesquisas que caminham para o desenvolvimento de novos métodos semi-automáticos são ainda de grande importância. Nesta linha, esta pesquisa propõe um método semi-automático para a extração de rodovias em imagens digitais. A metodologia é uma combinação entre técnicas de correlação e estratégia de teste ativo. Os resultados experimentais obtidos da aplicação do método em imagens reais mostram que o método funciona corretamente, demonstrando que pode ser usado em esquemas de captura de dados. / Abstract: The human operator is still expected to remain as part of the feature extraction system for a relative long time. Therefore, researches for the development of new semi-automatic methods is still of great importance. Following this line, this research proposes a semi-automatic method for road extraction from digital images. It is based on a combination between correlation techniques and an active testing strategy. In order to initialize the extraction process, the operator needs to supply two close seed points plus another one at the end of road segment selected to be extracted. Experimental results obtained from the application of the method to real image data show that the method works properly, demonstrating that the developed method can be used in data capturing schemes. / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:10:57Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 mendes_tsg_me_prud.pdf: 3488297 bytes, checksum: edcf0b9a2b1e54f8b59d3dd8474a32a0 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / É esperado que o operador humano permaneça, por um longo tempo, como parte integrante do sistema de extração de feições. Portanto, as pesquisas que caminham para o desenvolvimento de novos métodos semi-automáticos são ainda de grande importância. Nesta linha, esta pesquisa propõe um método semi-automático para a extração de rodovias em imagens digitais. A metodologia é uma combinação entre técnicas de correlação e estratégia de teste ativo. Os resultados experimentais obtidos da aplicação do método em imagens reais mostram que o método funciona corretamente, demonstrando que pode ser usado em esquemas de captura de dados. / The human operator is still expected to remain as part of the feature extraction system for a relative long time. Therefore, researches for the development of new semi-automatic methods is still of great importance. Following this line, this research proposes a semi-automatic method for road extraction from digital images. It is based on a combination between correlation techniques and an active testing strategy. In order to initialize the extraction process, the operator needs to supply two close seed points plus another one at the end of road segment selected to be extracted. Experimental results obtained from the application of the method to real image data show that the method works properly, demonstrating that the developed method can be used in data capturing schemes.

This thesis has been carried out at the Swedish Board of Agriculture. The client wants to orientate towards a development environment and architecture that allows for more frequent software deliveries than in the current situation, to increase the business benefits of the development work carried out. The purpose of this thesis is to develop a process to iteratively move towards an architecture and development environment that enable Continuous Delivery. Continuous delivery aims to a very high extent to treat a developer's code as part of a potential release candidate. This in turn causes high demands on being able to secure the reliability of both the infrastructure and the individual developers’ contributions. The work has been carried out in cooperation with developers, infrastructure engineers, architects and team leaders on The Swedish Board of Agriculture. Theories have been tested within the IT organization to ensure their reliability and applicability in the organization. A process has been developed with the limitation that it has not been tested in a production environment because of the limited timeframe available. However, it has been demonstrated that the process is feasible for the systems that acted as the main testing candidates during the thesis. / Detta examensarbete har utförts vid Statens Jordbruksverk. Uppdragsgivaren önskar att orientera sig mer mot en utvecklingsmiljö och arkitektur som möjliggör tätare leveranser än i dagsläget, för att öka verksamhetsnyttan av det utvecklingsarbete som genomförs. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att ta fram en process för att iterativt kunna gå mot en arkitektur som möjliggör för Continuous Delivery, eller kontinuerlig leverans. Kontinuerlig leverans syftar till att i mycket hög mån behandla en utvecklares kod som en del av en potentiell releasekandidat. Detta för i sin tur med sig höga krav på att kunna säkra tillförlitligheten av både infrastruktur samt den individuelle utvecklarens bidrag. Arbetet har utförts i samarbete med utvecklare, infrastrukturtekniker, arkitekter samt teamledare på Jordbruksverket. Teorier har testats inom IT-organisationen för att se dess tillförlitlighet samt tillämplighet på just Jordbruksverkets organisation. Arbetet påvisar att det är möjligt att dela upp monolitiska system och gå närmare något som liknar kontinuerlig leverans, utan att behöva genomföra stora förändringar inom organisationen. En process har tagits fram med begräsning att den inte testats i produktionsmiljö på grund av tidsbrist. Det har dock påvisats att processen är gångbar för det system som varit testkandidat genom arbetets gång.

本研究主要探討新聞記者身為一個「直觀科學家」(intuitive scientists)，在報導新聞時會不會有假設？如果有，這些假設的內容是什麼？以及假設如何影響記者的採訪、報導工作？ 　　新聞記者在認知世界、認識社會的時候，並不會像張白紙一樣，毫無選擇的完全接受外來的訊息、刺激。根據認知心理學的理論指出，新聞記者在認知的時候，會以他的先前知識結構為基礎，選擇性的、主動的詮釋外來刺激。這些知識結構就像理論一樣，可能使記者對外來資訊，產生特定方向的預期和假設，整個資訊處理的過程，就如同科學研究的假設驗證過程。 　　本研究以立法院朝野黨團協商、中美智慧財產權諮商新聞，一共進行了二次個案研究，分別訪問、觀察了八位採訪記者。這二次個案研究的進行時間，分別是三天和四天。其中第一天主要的工作是訪談記者，了解記者對於報導事件是否有假設，以及他打算怎麼跑這條新聞（策畫）；第二天以及第二、三天參與觀察記錄新聞記者的採訪、寫作工作，探究假設是否會影響新聞記者的採訪、寫作工作；第三天以及第四天，則對記者進行事後訪問，以對照先前的訪談內容和觀察記錄，找出差異，了解記者採訪計畫改變的情形、原因、假設驗證的過程以及有無更換假設的情形。 　　資料分析結果發現，新聞記在採訪前，對於這二個報導事件，都採取了明確的類別假設、主題假設、結果假設、影響假設；這些假設並影響了記者的採訪、報導過程和方向。這些影響主要展現在以下幾方面： 　　一、新聞記者的的採訪策畫範圍和方向，都侷限在假設範圍內。 　　二、假設影響記者的採訪工作。 　　　　1. 記者選擇的消息來源，大部份和記者的假設有關。 　　　　2. 記者問的問題，大部份和記者的假設有關；記者問問題的方式和問題 的內容，多數傾向支持原先的假設。 　　三、假設影響新聞記者的寫作過程。 　　　　1. 記者選擇寫入新聞稿的資訊，大致上和記者的假設一致。 　　　　2. 記者詮釋新聞稿資訊的方向，也大致符合記者原先的假設。

Para sistematizar os testes e contornar as restrições de tempo e custo associadas à atividade de teste, diversas técnicas, critérios e ferramentas têm sido desenvolvidas. Além disso, visando ao estabelecimento de uma estratégia de teste incremental, que apresente baixo custo de aplicação e alta eficácia em revelar a presença de erros, estudos teóricos e empíricos vêm sendo conduzidos pela comunidade de teste. O presente trabalho está inserido nesse contexto e tem como objetivo a realização de estudos empíricos para comparar a adequação entre os critérios baseados em erros - Análise de Mutantes (teste de unidade) e Mutação de Interface (teste de integração) - visando ao estabelecimento de estratégias de teste de baixo custo e eficazes, que englobem todo o ciclo de desenvolvimento de software. Nessa perspectiva, algumas estratégias incrementais de aplicação dos operadores de mutação de unidade e de integração são definidas, explorando o aspecto complementar dos critérios baseados em mutação, reduzindo com isso os custos da atividade de teste durante as fases do teste de unidade e de integração, sem comprometer sua qualidade. Ainda, um conjunto essencial de operadores de mutação para o critério Mutação de Interface é apresentado. / Techniques, criteria and tools have been developed and investigated making the testing activity more systematic and aiming at overcoming associated time and cost constraints. Pursuing the establishment of an incremental, low-cost and effective testing strategy, theoretical and empirical studies have been conducted by the testing community. The work proposed here is within this context and aims to conduct empirical studies for evaluating the adequacy between error based criteria - Mutation Analysis (unit testing) and Interface Mutation (integration testing). Therefore, this work intends to establish low-cost and effective testing strategies that would comprise all software development cycle. In this perspective, some incremental testing strategies for mutant operators application are defined exploring the complementary aspects of unit and integration error based criteria, reducing theirs costs without losses in testing quality. In this scope, an essential mutant operators set for Interface Mutation criterion is characterized.

Pandemic outbreaks are unpredictable as to their virus strain, transmissibility, and impact on our quality of life. Hence, the decision support models for mitigation of pandemic outbreaks must be user-friendly and operational, and also incorporate valid estimates of disease transmissibility and severity. This dissertation research is aimed at 1) reviewing the existing pandemic simulation models to identify their implementation gaps with regard to usability and operability, and suggesting research remedies, 2) increasing operability of simulation models by calibrating them via an epidemiological model that estimates infection probabilities using viral shedding profiles of concurrent pandemic and seasonal influenza, and 3) developing a testing strategy for the state laboratories, with their limited capacities, to improve their ability to estimate evolving transmissibility parameters. Our review of literature (Aim 1) indicates the need to continue model enhancements in critical areas including updating of epidemiological data during a pandemic, smooth handling of large demographical databases, incorporation of a broader spectrum of social-behavioral aspects, and improvement of computational efficiency and accessibility. As regards the ease of calibration (Aim 2), we demonstrate that the simulation models, when driven by the infection probabilities obtained from our epidemiological model, accurately reproduce the disease transmissibility parameters. Assuming the availability of sufficient disease reporting infrastructure and strong compliance by both infected population and healthcare providers, our testing strategy (Aim 3) adequately supports characterization of real-time epidemiological parameters. Future research on this topic will be aimed at integrating the laboratory testing strategy with our modeling and simulation approach to develop dynamic mitigation strategies for pandemic outbreaks.

Para sistematizar os testes e contornar as restrições de tempo e custo associadas à atividade de teste, diversas técnicas, critérios e ferramentas têm sido desenvolvidas. Além disso, visando ao estabelecimento de uma estratégia de teste incremental, que apresente baixo custo de aplicação e alta eficácia em revelar a presença de erros, estudos teóricos e empíricos vêm sendo conduzidos pela comunidade de teste. O presente trabalho está inserido nesse contexto e tem como objetivo a realização de estudos empíricos para comparar a adequação entre os critérios baseados em erros - Análise de Mutantes (teste de unidade) e Mutação de Interface (teste de integração) - visando ao estabelecimento de estratégias de teste de baixo custo e eficazes, que englobem todo o ciclo de desenvolvimento de software. Nessa perspectiva, algumas estratégias incrementais de aplicação dos operadores de mutação de unidade e de integração são definidas, explorando o aspecto complementar dos critérios baseados em mutação, reduzindo com isso os custos da atividade de teste durante as fases do teste de unidade e de integração, sem comprometer sua qualidade. Ainda, um conjunto essencial de operadores de mutação para o critério Mutação de Interface é apresentado. / Techniques, criteria and tools have been developed and investigated making the testing activity more systematic and aiming at overcoming associated time and cost constraints. Pursuing the establishment of an incremental, low-cost and effective testing strategy, theoretical and empirical studies have been conducted by the testing community. The work proposed here is within this context and aims to conduct empirical studies for evaluating the adequacy between error based criteria - Mutation Analysis (unit testing) and Interface Mutation (integration testing). Therefore, this work intends to establish low-cost and effective testing strategies that would comprise all software development cycle. In this perspective, some incremental testing strategies for mutant operators application are defined exploring the complementary aspects of unit and integration error based criteria, reducing theirs costs without losses in testing quality. In this scope, an essential mutant operators set for Interface Mutation criterion is characterized.

The requirements for software products have increased in recent years. This is both due to more complex technology as well as more requirements from the customers. An approach to solve this issue is by using a software product line (SPL) where reusable assets are developed to produce more tailor-made products with reduced time to market. When creating reusable assets, one also wants to reuse the tests for them. In order to do that, it is important to understand what to test, and where to test. A good test strategy is thereby crucial in order to avoid testing becoming a bottleneck for efficient software development. The purpose of this thesis was to investigate how to create a good testing strategy for products in an SPL. This was done by collecting information about the current testing process in order to understand which requirements that exist and how they are addressed. The core foundation of an SPL is to utilize variation to create new products. To understand the existing variation of the product and the test cases a feature modeling and similarity analysis was done. The result from them made it possible to create a test strategy and categorization of test cases that can be used to ease the reuse of test cases for new variants of the product. The resulting test strategy presented proposes feature modeling as the basis of test creation and categorization as a tool to enable easier reuse of test cases. The results of the study indicate that using SPL theory in testing can introduce a better test strategy and test case creation process which is beneficial for the whole development process. / Kraven på mjukvaruprodukter har ökat de senaste åren. Detta beror delvis på mer komplicerad teknologi, men även på att kunderna ställer högre krav på de produkter de använder. Ett tillvägagångssätt för att lösa detta är att använda en software product line. I en software product line utvecklas återanvändningsbara delar som sedan kan kombineras och därmed skapa skräddarsydda produkter på ett mer effektivt sätt. När man skapar återanvändningsbara mjukvarudelar vill man också återanvända testerna för dem. För att göra det är det viktigt att förstå vad som ska testas och varför. En bra teststrategi är därmed avgörande för att undvika att testning blir en flaskhals för effektiv mjukvaruutveckling. Syftet med detta arbete var att undersöka hur man skapar en bra teststrategi för produkter i en software product line. Detta gjordes genom att samla in information om den nuvarande testprocessen för att förstå vilka krav som finns och hur de hanteras. En huvudaspekt i software product lineteori är att använda variation för att skapa nya produkter. För att förstå variationen i produkten och dess testfall gjordes en funktionsmodellering och likhetsanalys. Resultaten från dem gjorde det möjligt att skapa en teststrategi och en kategorisering av testfall som kan användas för att underlätta återanvändningen av testfall för nya varianter av produkten. Den resulterande teststrategin som presenteras föreslår funktionsmodellering som grund för testskapande och kategorisering som ett verktyg för att möjliggöra enklare återanvändning av testfall. Resultaten av studien tyder på att användning av software product lineteori vid testning kan resultera i en bättre teststrategi och enklare process för skapandet av nya testfall.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T14:57:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Andre Mesquita Rincon.pdf: 2371244 bytes, checksum: 7b92b62de0f555c3a97f1a973bcf5601 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-19 / The QualiPSo Project (Quality Platform for Open Source Software) has as goal to investigate Free/Libre/Open Source Software (FLOSS) products to define quality requirements that are important to set the products reliability. One of the QualiPSo Project activities is to evaluate the quality of the developed test sets by the FLOSS community. This work is part of the QualiPso Project and shows the results of the use of structural test criteria as a functional test sets quality measure to identify the state-of-the-practice of performed test activities by free software communities. Furthermore, this work contributes to establish an incremental test strategy to improve the test sets. / O projeto QualiPSo (Quality Platform for Open Source Software) tem por objetivo investigar produtos de software de código gratuito/livre/aberto (Free/Libre/Open Source Software FLOSS) para definir requisitos de qualidade que são importantes para se estabelecer a confiabilidade desses produtos. Uma das atividades do projeto QualiPSo visa avaliar a qualidade de conjuntos de teste desenvolvidos pelas comunidades de software livre. Esta dissertação de mestrado está inserida neste contexto e apresenta os resultados do emprego de critérios de teste estruturais como uma medida da qualidade de conjuntos de teste funcionais visando a identificar o estado-da-prática das atividades de teste desempenhadas pelas comunidades de software livre, bem como, a contribuir no estabelecimento de uma estratégia de teste incremental para evoluir os conjuntos de testes.