No description available.

Proterogyrinus scheelei Romer, from the Upper Mississippian of Greer, West Virginia is one of the earliest known members of the amphibian infraorder Embolomeri. The primitive, eogyrinid-like skull conforms to Panchen's allometric plot of the British eogyrinids. The only distinct autapomorphy is a raised pineal foramen rim and an acuminate median ridge on the skull table posteriorly, flanked by deep bilateral pockets. The kinetic junction extends from the otic notch anteriorly to the posterodorsal corner of the orbit. The braincase, bearing no ossified roof, is composed of separate otic-occipital and sphenethmoid units, the latter being undivided. The vertebrae are similar to those of embolomeres, except that the pleurocentrum retains a dorsal suture in adults, and the intercentrum, unossified dorsally in adults, is a ventral crescent. The presacral count is 32. The atlas-axis is reptiliomorph. Zygapophysis structure indicates that the column must have undergone axial rotation during lateral flexion. The limbs and girdles are similar to those of Archeria, except that they are slightly stouter. Humerus structure is primitive. Range of limb movement, at least in the pectoral limb, is very restricted. An almost total lack of autapomorphies indicates that Proterogyrinus is a primitive member of the stem family (Proterogyrinidae) of the infraorder Embolomeri. Although most of the supposed autapomorphies of anthracosaurs that were formerly thought to preclude them from reptile ancestry are not considered to be valid, there are no identifiable synapomorphies with reptiles either, making it impossible to support close relationship between the two groups.

No description available.

This is an investigation of new vertebrate fossil material from the Late Devonian locality of Ivanovka, Uryup River, Siberia. This bone bed material, circa 375 million years in age, represents a unique opportunity to fill a gap in our understanding of Late Devonian diversity, biogeography, and vertebrate evolution: Siberia, at the time, was an independent continent, and yet its fauna remains virtually unknown in comparison with the other paleocontinents, Euramerica and Gondwana. Using synchrotron microtomographic scanning, a non-destructive technique that has never, to our knowledge, been applied to bone bed material, we obtained 3D image stacks that were then modelled to yield triangle meshes representing the bones in three dimensions. These meshes could then be identified, described, and interpreted. Many of the discovered bones belong to the poorly known genus Megistolepis Obruchev 1955, potentially allowing a radical increase in knowledge regarding this taxon. Other material includes lungfish and possible fragments of limbed tetrapods, though the evidence of the latter is scarce. A discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of synchrotron microtomography for the study of bone bed material concludes the paper.

O Triássico é um período de grande importância na história da vida na terra, durante o qual grandes eventos evolutivos são registrados dentre os vertebrados. Para melhor compreender a transição entre a fauna dominada por terápsidos no início do período para uma fauna dominada por dinossauros no final, tem se intensificado os estudos correlacionando sedimentos triássicos de forma global. Essencial para subsidiar tais correlações, é uma bioestratigrafia regional detalhada. No Brasil, tetrápodes triássicos são conhecidos apenas nos depósitos do Grupo Rosário do Sul, no Rio Grande do Sul. Com base nesses fósseis, muitas propostas bioestratigráficas foram elaboradas, ainda que de forma preliminar. Visto que a busca por novos sítios fossilíferos e descoberta de novos fósseis têm gerado grande acúmulo de dados sobre o Triássico brasileiro, mas poucos trabalhos de catalogação dessa informação foram desenvolvidos, acreditamos que parte das dificuldades no estabelecimento de um zoneamento bioestratigráfico de maior detalhe, neste caso, é decorrente de uma disponibilização ainda inadequada dos dados referentes ao conteúdo fossilífero de cada uma das localidades prospectadas na região. Visando sanar tal obstáculo, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo inicial a elaboração de um banco de dados acerca de tais tetrápodes triássicos, com o resgate das informações já publicadas sobre o tema, além de levantamento in loco de espécimes catalogados em determinadas coleções do Estado. Este banco de dados foi utilizado para testar as propostas bioestratigráficas vigentes através do estudo das similaridades faunísticas, com detalhamento em nível de localidades, através da aplicação de estatística multivariada (análises de cluster) em diferentes graus de abrangência taxonômica. Foram utilizados os índices de similaridade de Jaccard (qualitativo) e de Morisita-Horn (quantitativo) para a construção da matriz de distância, e o método de agrupamento de Ward para geração dos dendogramas. Os agrupamentos resultantes de análises qualitativas foram os que mais coincidiram com as propostas bioestratigráficas prévias. As demais análises, quantitativas, não resultaram em agrupamentos verossímeis, o que não se deve a problemas na utilização do método, mas da utilização de táxons que não são adequados a estudos bioestratigráficos. / The Triassic is a period of great importance in the history of life on Earth, where important evolutionary events occurred among the vertebrate lineages. To better understand the transition between a terapsid dominated fauna of the beginning of the period to one dominated by dinosaurs at its end, studies of the correlation of Triassic sediments at a global scale have been intensifying in recent years. Essential to subsidize such correlations is a detailed regional biostratigraphy. In Brazil, Triassic tetrapods are known only in the deposits of the Rosario do Sul Group, Rio Grande do Sul State. Based on these fossils, many biostratigraphical proposals have been elaborated, but are still considered as preliminary ones. As the search for new fossil sites and new discoveries generate an accumulation of data about the Brazilian Triassic, few works on the allocation of this information have been developed, however, and we believe that part of the difficulty in establishing a more detailed biostratigraphical zonings for this is due to the inadequate availability of data on the fossils of every prospected locality in the region. As a means to resolve this obstacle, the main objective of the present work was the construction of a Database of Triassic tetrapods, along with the information already published on the subject, added to an overview in loco of catalogued specimens of certain scientific collections of the State. This Database was used to test the established biostratigraphical proposals by means of a study on faunistic similarities, with detainment at location level, by use of multivariated statistics (cluster analysis) in different levels of taxonomic amplitude. We used Jaccard (qualitative) and Moristia-Hom (quantitative) similarity indexes to construct the distance matrix, and the Wards method of clustering to generate the dendograms. The resulting qualitive analysis produced clusteres that matched more closely with previous biostratigraphical proposals. The other quantative analysis did not result in stable clusters, but this is not due to methodological problems, however, but due to the use of taxa that are not sucitable for biostratigraphical studies.

Because the ancestry of extant amphibians remains highly controversial, under traditional perspectives, amphibians and amniotes often are distinguished by differences in developmental mode rather than their evolutionary relationships. Resolution of relationships is important, however, because phylogeny affects interpretations of biology, including the evolution of development. To address those issues, I documented the growth and development of two extinct lepospondyls, Microbrachis pelikani and Hyloplesion longicostatum, and compared the patterns in those taxa to data from other tetrapods. I quantified allometry in the skeleton using both measurement-based and geometric morphometric analyses. I applied Ontogenetic Sequence Analysis (OSA), a size-independent method, to the reconstruction of ossification sequences based on fossils. I also documented skeletal morphogenesis and used Parsimov Analysis and Parsimov-based Genetic Inference of ossification sequence data to evaluate the three hypotheses of extant amphibian ancestry, the Lepospondyl (LH), Temnospondyl (TH), and Polyphyletic (PH) hypotheses. Skeletal growth in Microbrachis pelikani and Hyloplesion longicostatum is primarily isometric. Comparisons with data from other Paleozoic taxa suggest that isometry was the ancestral pattern of growth in tetrapods. All regression analyses had a linear fit indicating lack of an abrupt metamorphosis. Absence of metamorphosis is also supported by the possession of lateral lines in both taxa throughout ontogeny, and Microbrachis pelikani additionally retained gills. However, ossification of the skeleton was completed at small body size. The greatest resolution in ossification sequence reconstruction was achieved with OSA, but results from all reconstruction methods indicated advanced ossification of the pubis and delayed ossification of the scapula in the lepospondyls. In terms of total number of sequence shifts optimized across each hypothesis of amphibian relationships, the TH had the shortest tree length. However, the values for the three hypotheses did not differ significantly, demonstrating that none was supported strongly. Based on my synthesis of new developmental data, I propose that Microbrachis pelikani and Hyloplesion longicostatum expressed a mosaic pattern of skeletal development. That pattern included a gradual transition to an adult morphology, and a lack of an amphibian-like metamorphosis. A similar pattern is common to most early tetrapods and Eusthenopteron, supporting the hypothesis that metamorphosis is not ancestral for Tetrapoda. / text

O Triássico é um período de grande importância na história da vida na terra, durante o qual grandes eventos evolutivos são registrados dentre os vertebrados. Para melhor compreender a transição entre a fauna dominada por terápsidos no início do período para uma fauna dominada por dinossauros no final, tem se intensificado os estudos correlacionando sedimentos triássicos de forma global. Essencial para subsidiar tais correlações, é uma bioestratigrafia regional detalhada. No Brasil, tetrápodes triássicos são conhecidos apenas nos depósitos do Grupo Rosário do Sul, no Rio Grande do Sul. Com base nesses fósseis, muitas propostas bioestratigráficas foram elaboradas, ainda que de forma preliminar. Visto que a busca por novos sítios fossilíferos e descoberta de novos fósseis têm gerado grande acúmulo de dados sobre o Triássico brasileiro, mas poucos trabalhos de catalogação dessa informação foram desenvolvidos, acreditamos que parte das dificuldades no estabelecimento de um zoneamento bioestratigráfico de maior detalhe, neste caso, é decorrente de uma disponibilização ainda inadequada dos dados referentes ao conteúdo fossilífero de cada uma das localidades prospectadas na região. Visando sanar tal obstáculo, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo inicial a elaboração de um banco de dados acerca de tais tetrápodes triássicos, com o resgate das informações já publicadas sobre o tema, além de levantamento in loco de espécimes catalogados em determinadas coleções do Estado. Este banco de dados foi utilizado para testar as propostas bioestratigráficas vigentes através do estudo das similaridades faunísticas, com detalhamento em nível de localidades, através da aplicação de estatística multivariada (análises de cluster) em diferentes graus de abrangência taxonômica. Foram utilizados os índices de similaridade de Jaccard (qualitativo) e de Morisita-Horn (quantitativo) para a construção da matriz de distância, e o método de agrupamento de Ward para geração dos dendogramas. Os agrupamentos resultantes de análises qualitativas foram os que mais coincidiram com as propostas bioestratigráficas prévias. As demais análises, quantitativas, não resultaram em agrupamentos verossímeis, o que não se deve a problemas na utilização do método, mas da utilização de táxons que não são adequados a estudos bioestratigráficos. / The Triassic is a period of great importance in the history of life on Earth, where important evolutionary events occurred among the vertebrate lineages. To better understand the transition between a terapsid dominated fauna of the beginning of the period to one dominated by dinosaurs at its end, studies of the correlation of Triassic sediments at a global scale have been intensifying in recent years. Essential to subsidize such correlations is a detailed regional biostratigraphy. In Brazil, Triassic tetrapods are known only in the deposits of the Rosario do Sul Group, Rio Grande do Sul State. Based on these fossils, many biostratigraphical proposals have been elaborated, but are still considered as preliminary ones. As the search for new fossil sites and new discoveries generate an accumulation of data about the Brazilian Triassic, few works on the allocation of this information have been developed, however, and we believe that part of the difficulty in establishing a more detailed biostratigraphical zonings for this is due to the inadequate availability of data on the fossils of every prospected locality in the region. As a means to resolve this obstacle, the main objective of the present work was the construction of a Database of Triassic tetrapods, along with the information already published on the subject, added to an overview in loco of catalogued specimens of certain scientific collections of the State. This Database was used to test the established biostratigraphical proposals by means of a study on faunistic similarities, with detainment at location level, by use of multivariated statistics (cluster analysis) in different levels of taxonomic amplitude. We used Jaccard (qualitative) and Moristia-Hom (quantitative) similarity indexes to construct the distance matrix, and the Wards method of clustering to generate the dendograms. The resulting qualitive analysis produced clusteres that matched more closely with previous biostratigraphical proposals. The other quantative analysis did not result in stable clusters, but this is not due to methodological problems, however, but due to the use of taxa that are not sucitable for biostratigraphical studies.

The palaeoenvironment from which early tetrapods emerged is crucial to comprehend in order to understand the mechanisms that drove and allowed the terrestrialization of vertebrates; one of the most important evolutionary ‘events’ in the history of animals. Nevertheless, much of the terrestrialization is shrouded in obscurity, inter alia, due to scarcity of early tetrapods in the fossil record. Each new discovery of anything linked to vertebrate terrestrialization is therefore of great importance. Here, I present new detailed analyses of the palaeoenvironmental conditions at the time of formation of the earliest (early Middle Devonian) tetrapod trackways found in the Zachełmie Quarry in the Holy Cross Mountains of southern Poland. The trackways are found in three horizons in a clay-rich dolomitic succession represented by the Lower Complex of the Wojciechowice Formation. This Lower Complex is composed of short shallowing upward sequences that often terminate with desiccation cracks and/or paleosols. Vertically fluctuating δ18O values in the complex suggest multiple episodes of closed hydrological systems. A model of ephemeral to perennial lakes in a terrestrial setting is therefore proposed. Such environment is in concordance with evidence of scarce bioturbation and a flourish of microbial communities that, in contrast to a normal marine setting, most likely represent an ecologically stressed ecosystem. Furthermore: non-marine rare earth element (REE) signals, desiccation events, fossils of green algae (charophytes), paleosol development, low energy cyclic deposits and general lack of marine taxa in the body and trace fossil records in this complex firmly establishes the interpretation of palustrine carbonates formed in a lacustrine-like setting. However, in the lower part of the complex, some highly fractioned marine fossils occur. These are suggested to have been transported during wash-up events which temporally places the setting in marine proximity. Seasons of monsoonal rainfall resulted in erosion and influx of detrital grains which is evidenced by fine planar lamination (of seasonal cyclicity) in most of the sediments and occasional occurrence of blackened clasts (and rain-drop imprints). Thus, none of the pre-existing palaeoenvironmental hypotheses of tetrapod emergence are in full concordance with the data from the Zachełmie Quarry. Instead, a new palaeoenvironment is proposed for the earliest tetrapods: schizohaline ephermal to perennial lakes with periodic desiccation. This infers that already in the early Middle Devonian, tetrapods had conquered the terrestrial realm and were perhaps already capable of terrestrial locomotion over quite substantial distances. / Däggdjur, reptiler, fåglar och amfibier utgör tillsammans en besläktad djurgrupp som kallas för tetrapoder (fyrfotingar). Deras gemensamma förfader härstammade från de lobfenade fiskarna men skiljde sig från dem genom att inneha utvecklade ben med tår istället för de ”köttiga” fenor som de lobfeniga fiskarna karaktäriseras av. Denna evolutionära nyhet tillät, tillsammans med en rad andra egenskaper (lungor, skydd för uttorkning av dermis etc.), att vertebrater helt och hållet kunde koloni-sera land. I och med att vår egen existens är en direkt följd av denna evolutionära händelse är detta ett hett forskningsämne inom evolutionsbiologin. Ändå är mycket fortfarande höljt i dunkel beträffande hur koloniseringen av land gick till och vad det var som drev denna utveckling eftersom övergången skedde under en, i geologisk mått, snabb tidsrymd. Dock har de sista årtiondena resulterat i flertalet nya fossilfynd av primitiva tetrapoder. Ett fynd som är speciellt spektakulärt eftersom det är den hittills äldsta efterlämningen av tetrapoder, är fotspår som uppenbart är gjorda av ett djur som hade ben och tår istället för fenor. Detta förvånade hela det vetenskapliga samfundet eftersom det innebar att vi (tetrapoderna) utvecklades tidigare än vad som var dittills trott och att vertebrat-koloniseringen av land förmodligen skedde flertalet miljoner år tidigare. Vad som också skiljer ett spårfossil från andra fossil är att de är spår av djuren från när och där de levde till skillnad från bara deras skelettdelar som oftast transporterats från där de dog och bara preserveras i speciella miljöer. Detta har jag utnyttjat i detta arbete för att försöka avgöra i vilken miljö de är avsatta i. Jag har analyserat de sedimentära bergarterna i stenbrottet i södra Polen med skärningen som innehåller de lagren i vilka fotspåren finns. Analyser av sällsynta jordartsmetaller från de tre lager där fotspår är tydliga, antyder en speciell avsättningsmiljö som inte liknar en typisk havsmiljö. I den undre delen av lagerföljden där de spårbärande lagren påträffats finns återkristalliserade saltkristaller, torkningssprickor och fossila jordar som indikerar korta respektive långvariga perioder av uttorkning. Andra fossil som i en normal marin miljö borde bevaras i en dolomitisk kalksten lyser med sin frånvaro och istället påfinns massiv koloni-sering av cyanobakterier. Detta brukar ske i speciella miljöer som avviker från vanlig marin komposi-tion, så som äldre sötvattensmiljöer eller laguner med hög salthalt, som därmed är ”svårbebodd” för djur som annars livnär sig på de fotosyntiserande bakterierna. Implikationen av mitt arbete är att tetrapoderna redan i tidig mellan Devon (ca 390 miljoner år sedan) inte bara hade utvecklat ben utan också att de kunde använda dem över landsträckor för att ta sig till, och mellan, kontinentala vatten. Detta är ännu en viktig pusselbit i pusslet som ämnar rekonstruera tetrapodernas (och vår egen) uppkomst.

Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a well-known II-VI semiconductor material that has gained renewed interest in the past decade due to the developments of growth technologies and the availability of high-quality ZnO bulk single crystals. Owing to a wide direct band gap (3.37 eV), large exciton binding energy (60 meV), and high electron mobility (440 cm2 V-1 s-1), ZnO has been used for applications including actuators, optoelectronics, and sensors. ZnO nanoparticles can be synthesized in a broad variety of morphologies, such as nanotetrapods, nanotubes, and nanowires. Among these nanostructures, the tetrapods have attracted significant attention due to their unique morphology consisting of four legs connected together in a tetrahedral symmetry. Recently, it has been reported that nano-microstructured ZnO tetrapods (ZnO-Ts) can be synthesized by flame transport synthesis (FTS) in a rapid and up-scalable approach. Compared to conventional ZnO nanoparticles, the nano-microstructured ZnO-Ts can reduce cellular uptake, while still exhibiting specific nanomaterial properties due to the nanoscale tips. Moreover, the anisotropic ZnO-Ts have the advantages of multiple electron transfer paths, chemical stability, and biocompatibility, which make the ZnO-Ts promising candidates for biomolecule sensing applications. This work herein reports a systematical study on the structural, optical and electrochemical properties of the ZnO-Ts, which were synthesized by FTS using precursor Zn microparticles. The morphology of the ZnO-Ts was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as joint structures of four single crystalline legs, of which the diameter of each leg is 0.7-2.2 μm in average from the tip to the stem. The ZnO-Ts were dispersed in glucose solutions to study the photoluminescence as well as photocatalytic activity in a mimicked biological environment. The photoluminescence (PL) intensity in the ultraviolet (UV) region decreased with linear dependence on the glucose concentration up to 4 mM. The ZnO-Ts were also attached with glucose oxidase (GOx) and over coated with Nafion® to form the active media for electrochemical glucose sensing. The active layers were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Furthermore, the current response of the active layers to glucose was studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV) in various glucose concentration conditions. Stable current response to glucose was detected with linear dependence on the glucose concentration up to 12 mM, which confirms the potential of ZnO-Ts for biomolecule sensing applications.

La biodiversité est définie comme la variété et la variabilité du monde vivant sous toutes ses formes. Elle est souvent appréhendée par la richesse en espèces. Pourtant il existe d'autres « facettes » de la biodiversité (telles que la diversité phylogénétique et fonctionnelle) qui sont à considérer pour comprendre la plupart des processus évolutifs et écologiques. Aujourd'hui, la prise en compte de ces différentes facettes ainsi que les services des écosystèmes –bénéfices que les humains retirent directement des écosystèmes – sont au cœur de l'agenda européen de la conservation. Cependant pour mettre en place de nouvelles actions, une meilleure compréhension des variations spatiales de ces différentes facettes et de leurs relations avec les services des écosystèmes est nécessaire. Ce travail visait à quantifier, décrire et comprendre la distribution de la richesse spécifique et de la diversité phylogénétique et fonctionnelle des tétrapodes d'Europe et leurs liens avec les services écosystémiques. L'étude des patrons spatiaux de la diversité phylogénétique pour différents groupes taxonomiques a montré une absence de recouvrement, une protection inégale et a permis d'identifier des zones particulières d'histoire évolutive indétectables par le prisme unique de la richesse spécifique. Alors que les facteurs environnementaux liés au climat (comme la température ou la productivité primaire) semblent être prépondérant pour expliquer la distribution de chaque facette de diversité, leurs influences respectives varient selon la facette considérée. Enfin, la comparaison de différents scénarios de conservation dans lesquels plus d'importance est donnée soit à la protection de la biodiversité soit à celle des services écosystémiques a mis en avant des relations complexes (synergies et compromis) et non prédictibles mettant en évidence les enjeux liés à la protection simultanée de plusieurs groupes d'espèces, plusieurs facettes de diversité et d'un éventail de services écosystémiques. / Biodiversity is defined as the variety and variability of living organisms on Earth and is often measured through species richness. However, biodiversity is composed of other facets (e.g. phylogenetic and functional diversity) that need to be considered to account for evolutionary and ecological processes. Considering these multiple facets of biodiversity together with ecosystem services – direct benefit human obtain from nature – is central in the European conservation agenda. However, to propose new planning strategies, a better understanding of the spatial variation of these different facets and their relationships to ecosystem services is crucial. The objective of this Ph. D. project was to better quantify, describe and understand the spatial variation of different biodiversity facets and analyse their links to ecosystem services. The study of spatial pattern of phylogenetic diversity showed a low overlap between the different taxonomic groups and an unequal protection within the current European protected areas system. This analysis allowed identifying areas of particular evolutionary history, which would be undetectable through the unique lens of species richness. Although environmental factors related to climate (e.g. temperature, primary productivity) seemed to best explain each facet, their relative importance varied across biodiversity facets. Finally a comparison of conservation scenarios where priority was given either to protecting biodiversity protection or to protecting ecosystem services highlighted complex and unpredictable relationships (synergies and trade-offs) and stressed out the stakes linked to the simultaneous protection of different facets of diversity of multiple taxonomic groups and a set of ecosystem services.