Transgenic Tg2576 mice expressing human amyloid precursor protein (hAPP) with the Swedish mutation are among the most frequently used animal models to study the amyloid pathology related to Alzheimer's disease (AD). The transgene expression in this model is considered to be neuron-specific. Using a novel hAPP-specific antibody in combination with cell type-specific markers for double immunofluorescent labelings and laser scanning microscopy, we here report that-in addition to neurons throughout the brain-astrocytes in the corpus callosum and to a lesser extent in neocortex express hAPP. This astrocytic hAPP expression is already detectable in young Tg2576 mice before the onset of amyloid pathology and still present in aged Tg2576 mice with robust amyloid pathology in neocortex, hippocampus, and corpus callosum. Surprisingly, hAPP immunoreactivity in cortex is restricted to resting astrocytes distant from amyloid plaques but absent from reactive astrocytes in close proximity to amyloid plaques. In contrast, neither microglial cells nor oligodendrocytes of young or aged Tg2576 mice display hAPP labeling. The astrocytic expression of hAPP is substantiated by the analyses of hAPP mRNA and protein expression in primary cultures derived from Tg2576 offspring. We conclude that astrocytes, in particular in corpus callosum, may contribute to amyloid pathology in Tg2576 mice and thus mimic this aspect of AD pathology.

La maladie d'Alzheimer (MA) est une maladie neurodégénérative induisant des troubles cognitifs, et particulièrement des troubles de la mémoire. L'utilisation des souris modèles de la MA a permis de mettre en évidence des altérations de l'activité des réseaux neuronaux hippocampiques et corticaux qui seraient à l'origine des troubles cognitifs. Ainsi,les patients atteints de la MA et des souris transgéniques modèles de la pathologie ont un dysfonctionnement des interneurones exprimant la parvalbumine (PV), à l'origine de la perturbation des oscillations gamma et des troubles cognitifs. Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons fait l'hypothèse que les souris Tg2576, modèles de la MA, présentent une altération progressive des interneurones PV, et de leur matrice extracellulaire spécifique, les PNN. Cela aurait pour conséquence une altération de l'activité cérébrale (hypersynchronie, perturbation de la puissance des oscillations gamma et de leur couplage avec les oscillations thêta), qui sous-tendrait les troubles cognitifs. Ce travail a permis de montrer que les souris Tg2576 présentent effectivement des perturbations des oscillations gamma au cours d'une tâche cognitive. D'autre part, l'activation spécifique des neurones PV par optogénétique permet la génération d'oscillations gamma chez nos souris anesthésiées. Cependant nous n'avons pas pu combiner cette approche à la réalisation tâche cognitive. Nous avons par ailleurs observé une diminution du nombre de neurones PV hippocampiques et de leur PNN à un âge précoce de la pathologie, qui peut toutefois être restauré par un séjour transitoire dans un environnement enrichi. Enfin nous avons mis en évidence que les souris Tg2576 présentent des activités épileptiformes particulièrement au cours du sommeil paradoxal (SP), ainsi qu'une perturbation des oscillations gamma et de leur couplage avec les oscillations thêta dès l'âge de 1.5 mois pendant le SP. Ainsi, les travaux de cette thèse permettent de mieux caractériser l'impact de la MA sur les neurones PV et sur les phénomènes oscillatoires associés à leur fonction. / Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder inducing cognitive dysfunction, in particular memory loss. The use of murine models of AD have highlighted alterations of the neural activity of hippocampal and cortical networks leading to alteration of brain oscillations and spontaneous epileptic activities. Interestingly, it has also been found in AD patients and AD mice that GABAergic interneurons expressing parvalbumin (PV) are dysfunctioning, inducing a decrease in gamma oscillations associated with cognitive deficit. Thus, we hypothesized that Tg2576 mice exhibit progressive alteration of PV interneurons, and their specific extracellular matrix (PNN). These would induce aberrant cerebral activity (hypersynchrony, alteration of gamma oscillations and their association with theta oscillations) sustaining cognitive deficits. This work demonstrates that Tg2576 mice exhibit an alteration of gamma power during a cognitive task. On the other hand, the specific activation of PV neurons allows the generation of gamma oscillation in our anesthetized mice, however we haven't been able to try enhancing gamma during a cognitive task. We have also observed a decrease in the number of hippocampal PV neurons and their PNN at an early age of pathology, which can be restored by a transient stay in an enriched environment. Finally, we demonstrate that Tg2576 mice exhibit epileptiform activities, particularly during paradoxical sleep (PS), as well as an alteration of gamma oscillations and their coupling with theta oscillations during PS, as early as 1.5 months of age. Thus, these results allow to better characterize the impact of AD on PV neurons and the oscillatory phenomena associated with their function.

Premenopausal bilateral ovariectomy is considered to be one of the risk factors of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we aimed to investigate long-term neurological consequences of ovariectomy in a rodent AD model, TG2576 (TG), and wild-type mice (WT) that underwent an ovariectomy or sham-operation, using in vivo MRI biomarkers. An increase in osmoregulation and energy metabolism biomarkers in the hypothalamus, a decrease in white matter integrity, and a decrease in the resting-state functional connectivity was observed in ovariectomized TG mice compared to sham-operated TG mice. In addition, we observed an increase in functional connectivity in ovariectomized WT mice compared to sham-operated WT mice. Furthermore, genotype (TG vs. WT) effects on imaging markers and GFAP immunoreactivity levels were observed, but there was no effect of interaction (Genotype × Surgery) on amyloid-beta-and GFAP immunoreactivity levels. Taken together, our results indicated that both genotype and ovariectomy alters imaging biomarkers associated with AD.