The topic of capital structure has been one that has plagued the academic world for a number of years. There have been numerous works published on the subject which have presented such theories as the Modigliani and Miller Propositions, the Trade-off Theory, Pecking Order Theory, Signaling Theory and Agency Cost Theory to name a few. However, little research has been done on the application of these and other theories to banking institutions located in Southern Africa. This adds increased complexity to the determining of a local bank’s capital structure policy and the difficulty is further exacerbated by the increased application of regulatory control. In the wake of the recent global financial crisis, banking institutions have been placed under the spotlight and their capital adequacy levels come into question. A need was identified to investigate the impact that capital adequacy has on a bank’s performance and whether it achieves its purpose of increasing stability amongst banks. This study analysed the determinants of the capital structure of banks in South Africa based on secondary financial data and by performing this analysis attempted to establish trends in capital structure policy and regulatory compliance. The study also attempted to identify best practices that contribute to the overall value and performance of the banking institution. The expectation is that the correct application of capital structure theory and compliance with regulations will decrease a bank’s risk profile and in turn result in a more stable monetary system and economy. Overall, the results of the analysis were inconclusive, but lay the basis for potential future research. Conclusions drawn from the results and literature create greater understanding of the dynamics of capital structure and its implications to South African Banks. Copyright 2011, University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. Please cite as follows: Naidu, W 2011, The implications of capital structure theory and regulation for South African banking institutions, MCom dissertation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-01272012-122305 / > C12/4/97/gm / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Financial Management / unrestricted

Baselregelverket är en samling råd och riktlinjer som har som mål att skapa finansiell stabilitet för banker världen över. Det finns i tre omfattningar och efter finanskrisen år 2008 påbörjades ett betydande reformarbete av Basel II efter att banker inte fångade upp riskerna i tillräckligt stor utsträckning. Med ökade kapitalkrav och en förbättrad riskhantering hos bankerna har Baselkommittén som mål att de tidigare bristerna med regelverket inte ska upprepas. Detta har medfört stora interna organisatoriska förändringar för bankerna. Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att undersöka hur finanskrisen år 2008 och reformarbetet av Baselregelverket påverkat chefers handlingsutrymme på svenska banker, där begreppet handlingsutrymme utgår från managerial discretion som handlar om chefers handlingsfrihet under påverkan av externa faktorer. Studien kommer därmed att bidra med en ökad förståelse för regelverket och lyfta fram personliga uppfattningar om hur regelverket har påverkat cheferna.   Kandidatuppsatsen är baserad på en kvalitativ forskningsmetod där vi utförde semi-strukturerade intervjuer med åtta respondenter med chefserfarenhet från svenska banker. Empirin som vi har fått fram tyder på att cheferna upplever ett minskat handlingsutrymme som en påföljd av mer komplexa regelverk. Det har blivit mer komplicerat för cheferna i dag jämfört med innan krisen att styra bankernas dagliga verksamhet på grund av ökade krav på regelefterlevnad och noggrannare uppföljning av riskmätning och kapitalkrav. Vi har även kommit fram till att cheferna upplever förändringar i sitt handlingsutrymme beroende på faktorer som exempelvis bankens storlek och deras införande av olika internmetoder. / The Basel Accords are a collection of advice and recommendations that strives to establish a financial stability of banks all over the world. The accord exists in three versions and after the financial crisis 2008 a considerable reform was established of Basel II due to the fact that previous versions did not accurately handled risks well enough. With the increasing capital requirements and improved risk management at banks, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision wants to ensure that the previous flaws with the accord will not be repeated. This has resulted in big organizational changes for the banks. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how the financial crisis 2008 and the reform of the Basel Accord that followed have affected the latitude of managerial action of the managers in swedish banks, which is based on managerial discretion that mean changes in managerial roles under influence of external factors. The study will thereby contribute with an increased understanding for this accord and point out personal perceptions of how the regulation have affected the managers.   This bachelor thesis is based on a qualitative research where we performed eight semi-structured interviews with respondents having managerial experiences from swedish banks. The empirical data we have obtained shows that managers perceive a reduced latitude of managerial action as a consequence of more complex regulations. It’s more complicated for managers today considering how it was before the crisis to control the daily operations of the bank because of the increased demand for compliance and a stricter monitoring of risk measurement and capital requirements. We have also concluded that managers are experiencing different changes in the latitude of managerial actions depending on factors such as the bank’s size and how they introduce the various internal methods

nÃo hà / Esta pesquisa investiga o relacionamento entre o nÃvel de risco e o grau de competiÃÃo bancÃria. O trabalho define a estatÃstica-H do modelo de Panzar & Rosse e o Ãndice de BasilÃia como medidas de competiÃÃo e risco, e utiliza o modelo de Bolt & Tieman para esclarecer o relacionamento entre competiÃÃo e risco. Dada a relevÃncia do debate entre Allen & Gale, Grochulski & Kareken e Kahn, foi mensurada uma segunda medida de competiÃÃo que identifica os efeitos da concentraÃÃo (Ãndice de Herfindahl-Hirschman). Os resultados desta pesquisa sÃo: (a) a conclusÃo do modelo teÃrico de Bolt & Tieman no mercado brasileiro à vÃlida, a maior competiÃÃo implica em maior exposiÃÃo ao risco independente da medida de competiÃÃo utilizada, (b) nÃo mostrou significÃncia na relaÃÃo entre competitividade (estatÃstica H) e oferta de crÃdito e (c) os bancos brasileiros operam em concorrÃncia monopolista. / This paper investigates the relationship between risk and competition in banking. The competition is measure with statistic-H of Panzar & Rosse model. The risk is quantified in Brazilian Central Bank Index, Ãndice de BasilÃia. The discussion of Allen & Gale, Grochulski & Kareken and Kahn must measure a second competition index to identify concentration (Herfindahl-Hirschman Index). The results are: (a) the conclusion of the Bolt & Tieman model is valid in Brazilian banking, biggest competition implies bigger risk, (b) competitiveness (statistics H) did not significance to credit supply and (c) Brazilian banks operate in monopolistic competition

This research paper focuses on whether Taiwan's 13 financial holding companies (excluding Waterland Financial Holdings) belongs to the bank's capital management efficiency, using a narrow definition of capital. First, do a preliminary analysis of the capital of the banks first, second, and three types of capital. Secondly, the use of supplementary items in the balance sheet, profit and loss account and balance-sheet and some of the information into the banking book assets and liabilities of the banking book and trading book assets, trading book liabilities, risk assets and market value-added and other programs in order to do all kinds of bank trend analysis of assets and liabilities and capital management. Finally, I would investigate whether the high capital adequacy ratio that their performance is better? The provisions of the Basel ¢º want to improve the bank's risk management capability, however, and set out the statutory capital requirements of the Bank help to keep the emphasis on risk management?

A atividade bancária é intensamente regulada e supervisionada em grande parte do mundo. Atualmente uma das discussões mais importantes que vem sendo travadas no mundo acadêmico reside nos instrumentos de política prudencial: de um lado, o Acordo de Basiléia, que utiliza o requerimento de capital próprio; de outro, os defensores de emissões de dívidas de diversos graus de subordinação. Além de voltar especial atenção aos 25 Princípios para uma Supervisão Eficaz, recentemente divulgado pelo BIS (“Bank for International Settlements”), o objetivo deste trabalho é tentar elaborar um modelo formal que tente compatibilizar as duas formas de políticas prudenciais. / The banking activity is intensely regulated and supervisioned throughout the world. Nowadays, one of the most important discussions that can be found among the prudential policies’ studies concerns the type of prudential instrument that shall be used: Capital requirement as the basis of the Basel Accord, and subordinated debt issues. Our main objective will be to construct a model that can be compatible to both approaches. Besides that, we will pay attention to the Core Principles for an Effective Supervision recently published by the BIS (Bank for International Settlements).

A atividade bancária é intensamente regulada e supervisionada em grande parte do mundo. Atualmente uma das discussões mais importantes que vem sendo travadas no mundo acadêmico reside nos instrumentos de política prudencial: de um lado, o Acordo de Basiléia, que utiliza o requerimento de capital próprio; de outro, os defensores de emissões de dívidas de diversos graus de subordinação. Além de voltar especial atenção aos 25 Princípios para uma Supervisão Eficaz, recentemente divulgado pelo BIS (“Bank for International Settlements”), o objetivo deste trabalho é tentar elaborar um modelo formal que tente compatibilizar as duas formas de políticas prudenciais. / The banking activity is intensely regulated and supervisioned throughout the world. Nowadays, one of the most important discussions that can be found among the prudential policies’ studies concerns the type of prudential instrument that shall be used: Capital requirement as the basis of the Basel Accord, and subordinated debt issues. Our main objective will be to construct a model that can be compatible to both approaches. Besides that, we will pay attention to the Core Principles for an Effective Supervision recently published by the BIS (Bank for International Settlements).

A atividade bancária é intensamente regulada e supervisionada em grande parte do mundo. Atualmente uma das discussões mais importantes que vem sendo travadas no mundo acadêmico reside nos instrumentos de política prudencial: de um lado, o Acordo de Basiléia, que utiliza o requerimento de capital próprio; de outro, os defensores de emissões de dívidas de diversos graus de subordinação. Além de voltar especial atenção aos 25 Princípios para uma Supervisão Eficaz, recentemente divulgado pelo BIS (“Bank for International Settlements”), o objetivo deste trabalho é tentar elaborar um modelo formal que tente compatibilizar as duas formas de políticas prudenciais. / The banking activity is intensely regulated and supervisioned throughout the world. Nowadays, one of the most important discussions that can be found among the prudential policies’ studies concerns the type of prudential instrument that shall be used: Capital requirement as the basis of the Basel Accord, and subordinated debt issues. Our main objective will be to construct a model that can be compatible to both approaches. Besides that, we will pay attention to the Core Principles for an Effective Supervision recently published by the BIS (Bank for International Settlements).

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T18:40:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marina Martins Brito da Cunha.pdf: 1521906 bytes, checksum: 6a8f32295885a26e3c06df7a5afa6cee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-30 / During the banking history, there were movements of changes and adaptation to new realities, such as the internationalization and the increasing globalization of the financial markets. In this process economic instabilities of national monetary systems were recorded which raised questions about the necessity of strengthening the international monetary system and the stability of financial institutions of the countries. Amid the market turbulence , the Bank For International Settlements (BIS), has created the Basel Committee of Banking Supervision Basel that promulgated the Basel Accord entering the principles of banking supervision and a system for measuring and standardizing minimum capital requirements, in an attempt to manage the risks. This paper aims to analyze the effects of the implementation of Basel Accords on the structure and operation of the Brazilian financial system. The analysis method adopted is based on the historical and documentary evaluation of the Basel Accords I, II and III in the the Brazilian financial system, analyzing the principles of banking supervision and regulation implemented by the Brazilian Central Bank and financial institutions, such as the regulation of minimum capital and net worth, through Resolution No. 2099 and its main changes. The paper also provides an analysis of the new capital agreement with its main characteristics. Its implementation occurred through the Statement N. 12.746 of 2004, when the Brazilian Central Bank set a timetable to be followed by financial institutions for the implementation of several improvements in risk management controls and also the role of supervision and information disclosure to the financial market.Through the Statement N. 20.615 of 2011, a new step was taken to improve the inclusion of Basel III, one of the points presented was the improvement in the liquidity risk management. The paper concluded that despite of many improvements have been still discussed and have been under implementation in the Brazil and in the international markets, these innovations initiated by the Basel Accord marked the history of management and supervision of risk management in the financial market / Ao longo da história bancária, foram detectados movimentos de mudanças e adaptações às novas realidades, como a internacionalização dos bancos e a crescente globalização dos mercados financeiros. Nesse processo, foram registradas instabilidades econômicas dos sistemas monetários nacionais e internacionais, que levantaram questões sobre a necessidade do fortalecimento do sistema monetário internacional e a estabilidade das instituições financeiras dos países. Em meio a turbulências nos mercados, o Bank for International Settlements (BIS) criou o Comitê de Supervisão Bancária da Basileia (Basle Committee on Banking Supervision), que divulgou o Acordo da Basileia inserindo princípios de supervisão bancária e um sistema para mensuração e padronização dos requerimentos mínimos de capital na tentativa de gerenciar os riscos. O estudo, que se desenvolve nesse contexto, pretende analisar o funcionamento do sistema financeiro brasileiro os efeitos da implantação do Acordo da Basileia sobre esta estrutura. O método de pesquisa adotado é baseado na avaliação histórica e analise documental dos Acordos da Basileia I, II e III, sobre o sistema financeiro nacional, por meio do qual se analisarão os princípios de supervisão e a regulação bancária implementada pelo Banco Central do Brasil, como a regulamentação dos limites mínimos de capital e patrimônio líquido, consoante a Resolução n. 2.099 e suas principais alterações. O trabalho também faz uma análise do novo acordo de capital, com as suas principais características. Sua implantação ocorreu com a edição do Comunicado n. 12.746 de 2004, em que o Banco Central do Brasil estabeleceu um cronograma a ser seguido pelas instituições financeiras brasileiras para a implantação de diversas melhorias nos controles de gestão de risco e também no papel da supervisão e divulgação de informações ao mercado financeiro. Por meio do Comunicado n. 20.615 de 2011, houve um aprimoramento, com a inclusão do Basileia III, e um dos pontos tratados é a melhoria no gerenciamento de risco de liquidez. Do esforço de pesquisa, conclui-se que muitas melhorias ainda são discutidas e estão em processo de implantação nos mercados brasileiro e internacional, contudo estas inovações iniciadas pelo acordo de Basileia marcam a história da gestão e da supervisão do gerenciamento de riscos no mercado financeiro

巴塞爾資本協定是一個非強制性的國際銀行監管制度，若世界各國均遵照此協定，能夠提升各國金融體系的穩定性，進而降低國內與國際金融危機發生的可能性。然而，在其非強制性的本質下，有些國家的實行程度相當高，但有些國家實行程度相當低，本論文的核心問題在於理解世界各國實行巴塞爾資本協定的差異。本論文採用國際政治經濟理論中的理性選擇理論，以一個簡單的國際與國內政治壓力模型，描繪出各國政府試圖降低銀行監管規範所帶來的國際與國內政治成本總和，以求得最適化的金融監管規範。 根據此模型的內涵，本論文假設：若一個國家是個經濟強權、與全球經濟市場的互賴程度低，且擁有一個弱勢且較無法隔絕國內政治因素的行政體系時，該國的巴塞爾資本協定通常較低；若一個國家並非為經濟強權、與全球經濟市場的互賴程度高，且擁有一個強勢且較能隔絕國內政治因素的行政體系時，該國能實行較高程度的巴塞爾資本協定；若一個國家是個經濟強權、與全球經濟市場的互賴程度低，且擁有一個強勢且較能隔絕國內政治因素的行政體系時，該國較不受到政治壓力的影響，因此能夠自行決定巴塞爾資本協定的實行程度；若一個國家並非為經濟強權、與全球經濟市場的互賴程度高，且擁有一個弱勢且較無法隔絕國內政治因素的行政體系時，該國將部分實行巴塞爾資本協定，且將帶來相同程度的國際與國內政治壓力，以最小化政治壓力之總和。 在實證分析部分，我採用並分析了涵蓋91個國家，從1973至2005年的時間序列資料，以及一份涵蓋150個國家的問卷資料，以進行量化迴歸分析。此外，我針對台灣與中國大陸銀行監管制度的變遷，進行兩國的個案研究與比較，其資料包括第一手的訪談，以及第二手的統計、學術研究、媒體報導、與專家評論等資料。量化與兩個個案的實證結果支持了本論文的核心論點。 / This dissertation seeks to answer the question of why some countries comply with high level of Basel Accords while others ignore this global governance regime. It adopts a rational theory of international political economy that treats a government’s bank regulation preference as a result of the interaction between international and domestic political costs. The theoretical model shows that if a country is more economically powerful (weak) or less (more) economically interdependent on global markets, and has a weaker (stronger) executive branch that is unable (able) to shield itself from domestic political factors, it is more likely to realize lower (higher) level of Basel Accords. If a country is powerful or not economically interdependent on global markets, and has a strong executive branch, it has more leeway to decide the level of bank regulation. If a country is weak or economically interdependent on global markets, and has a weak executive branch, an equilibrium level of bank regulation will cause equal international and domestic political costs that minimize the aggregate pressure. For quantitative tests, I collect time-series data covering 91 countries from 1973 to 2005, as well as a cross-national survey dataset covering more than 150 countries. In addition, I conduct two in-depth case studies of China's and Taiwan's changes of bank regulations since 1980, which rely on first hand interviews and second hand data. Both quantitative and qualitative results support political pressure hypotheses.

銀行的存續有賴於能正確的評估有利的交易，以及能在經濟環境逆勢的時候仍然能夠有效的經營獲利。資本市場中的企業信用評級，影響著股票和債券的的價值，同時唯有完善的風險管理機制和資本，信評機構才可以正確的評價信用。 金融產品的市場價值決定了預期損益。在市價衡量法的基礎之上，銀行可以決定是否要持有該部位或是使用該部位建立一個避險的投資組合。也因此，銀行面臨了許多抉擇，包括怎麼轉換市場風險到不同的資本市場，以及有關市場風險的所有決策。 基於以上的原因，銀行也已經被要求需要回應巴塞爾協定的要求，必須揭露相關的風險測度予金融市場的監督機構。在1993年，G30建議銀行可以使用風險值系統來衡量風險。依據1996年的BaselⅡ，銀行則被要求使用內部模型法來測量資本充足率。然而，計算風險值包括許多工作，例如選擇合適的風險因子、產生零息曲線、金融產品的評價、敏感度分析、損失分配的估計、投資組合管理以及風險報告等。在過去幾年，更因為避險、套利的目的，銀行累積了巨大的投資在衍生性商品商場，也使得風險管理更加的困難。在2008年的金融風暴之後，BaselⅢ指出，金融機構必須強化其交易簿內信用衍生性商品的風險管理，並同時揭露壓力風險值。綜合以上原因，銀行通常會建置風險管理系統來滿足這所有的需求和報告。也因為這些工作的複雜性，銀行一般會採用系統供應商的解決方案來實施一個市場風險管理系統。 此論文從市場風險管理的歷史發展角度，完整回顧風險值理論及實務應用的相關文獻，涵蓋parametric及non-parametric 風險值模型。同時，對於市場風險管理系統以及實務建置的流程也有完整的介紹和探討，著重在趨勢、方法論及系統實務理論應用上。 / The existence of a bank involves evaluating the advantages of potential trade and with the bank’s ability to survive under adverse economic cycles, which causes market pressure. The credit rating of corporations in the market affects the market value of shares and bonds, and the rating agency requires high-risk management standards and the capitalization of the corporation to assess the proper credit rating. The market price of a financial product determines the expected profit and loss for a bank. Based on the market price, a bank may make a decision to hold the position for a while or to build a well-diversified portfolio for hedging purposes. Banks therefore face the challenges of having many choices that they can transfer their market risk into different capital markets, and all decisions are associated with the market risk. For these reasons, the bank has been responded to disclose the risk metrics that have been set by the financial system supervisor. In 1993, G30 advised that banks should evaluate the financial risk of derivatives financial instruments by the Value-at-Risk (VaR) system. According to Basel Ⅱ in 1996, banks were required to have an internal model to measure sufficient capital using VaR. However, the calculation of VaR involves many tasks, such as the selection of a large number of risk factors, the methodologies of generating zero curves, the valuation of financial instruments, sensitivity parameters, loss distribution estimations, portfolio management and risk management reports for compliance purposes. In recent years, because of hedging, arbitrage and speculation purposes, banks leverage a huge sum of money in the derivatives market and make the difficult for the risk management. After the 2008 global financial crisis, BaselⅢ was introduced which asked for financial institutions to strengthen credit derivatives in trading books and disclose the stressed VaR etc. It is common that a bank has set up a risk management system to fulfill the requirements of the regulatory compliance, governance and reporting. Usually, banks adopt the provider’s solution for the implementation of a market risk management system. This dissertation surveys the literature on VaR theory and practices from a historical perspective for market risk. An overall survey of parametric and non-parametric VaR models is provided. The market risk management system and its implementation practices were also surveyed. Emphasis is placed on recent trends and developments in methodologies and system practices.