Currently there is a tendency in the EU to adjust the minimum-capital requirement. In France and Germany the requirement for private limited liabilities has been totally abolished, whilst other countries have chosen to reduce their requirement. The Swedish law concerning the minimum-capital requirement is from 1st of April 2010 being lowered to 50 000 SEK. In common law jurisdictions such as United Kingdom and USA a minimum-capital requirement does not exist. The european main argument to keep such a requirement is that it accomplishes a creditor protection. This theory does not concur with the one argued by common law-jurisdictions, according to their legal systems the protection is nothing but illusionary. By examining former national law in contrast to current, the writer wishes to detect differences or similarities regarding the motives to the existing bodies of law. This thesis wishes to find out whether European law stands on the same fundamental corporate law principals as common law-jurisdictions do. This thesis also intends to investigate the cause for the Swedish decision to keep the capital requirement. The conclusions drawn in this study state that European motives to abolish the minimum-capital requirement differ from those of the UK and USA. Europeans removing this requirement is not an action made out of the acknowledgement that a legally required capital is unnecessary, it simply has been to this point, the will to attract corporations and to keep up with the development. The Swedish government chose to keep the requirement claiming creditors protection as the reason for this. The author is of the opinion that the arguments presented to support this are illegitimate, and derive from ignorance. An ignorance either caused by tradition and a conservative fear of the unconventional, or simply by a lack of skills. Let us hope the reason isn’t lack of skills for the sake of our legal security.

Process of strategy foundation is analyzed in this final master work. The main objective is to show how the strategy of company is prepared investigating its external and internal environment, and analyzing its strengths, weakness, opportunities and threads. The most important task of this work is to make the forecast of the company’s further activity and to choose the most suitable strategy. The method of research – analyzing of scientific literature and second-rate data and also using a method of analysis of descriptive situation. There were made the detailed analysis of company’s present situation and perspectives of its activity have been made and the strategy, which best corresponds company’s long-term aims, has been chosen. Consumptions about the received results as well as recommendations have been presented in the last part of this master work.

Magistro darbe yra išanalizuoti ir susisteminti įvairių Lietuvos ir užsienio autorių teoriniai pelno sampratos ekonomikoje aspektai. Pateiktos pelno ir pelningumo rodiklių apskaičiavimo ypatumai, apibendrinti vidiniai ir išoriniai veiksniai, įtakojantys įmonės pelną. Aptartos finansinių rodiklių analizės rūšys. Atlikta įmonės UAB „SWEDLIT AB BALTIJA“ finansinių rodiklių horizontalioji, vertikalioji, santykinių rodiklių, finansų struktūros, turto panaudojimo efektyvumo (apyvartumo) bei mokumo ir likvidumo rodiklių analizė 2005 - 2008 m. laikotarpiu. Vertinant analizuojamos įmonės ryšio stiprumą tarp pelno ir jį lemiančių veiksnių, atlikta įmonės finansinių rodiklių koreliacinė – regresinė analizė. Numatytos įmonės finansinio stabilumo galimybės ekonominio nuosmukio sąlygomis. Patvirtinta autoriaus suformuluota mokslinė hipotezė, kad pagrindiniai pelno kokybę lemiantys veiksniai yra veiklos sąnaudų mažinimas, parduotos pelningos produkcijos apimčių didinimas, nuosavo kapitalo didinimas bei įmonės įsipareigojimų mažinimas. / Master's work is to analyze and structure the various Lithuanian and foreign authors' theoretical profit aspects of the concept of the economy. The reported profit and profitability indicators for calculating the features, summarized in the internal and external factors affecting the company's profits. We discuss the types of financial performance analysis. Made the company UAB "SWEDLIT AB BALTIJA“ financial performance vertical, horizontal, relative indices, financial structure, asset utilization efficiency (turnover) and the solvency and liquidity indicators 2005 - 2008 m. period. The assessment examines the strength of connection between the company's profits and its determinants, a correlation - regression analysis. Provided for the possibility of undertaking the financial stability of economic downturn conditions. Approved by the author formulated the scientific hypothesis that the main factors determining the quality of the profit is the operating cost reduction in sales of profitable production volumes increase in equity capital raising and reducing the company's liabilities.

<p>This mini-thesis aims to contribute to the debate around the legislative process by summarizing and analysing it comprehensively. It will, without being exhaustive, seek to identify the most important legal requirements that the future Statute needs to meet in order to facilitate cross-border business of small and medium-sized businesses. It seeks to systematise and comment on the most important legal Key Issues and therefore clarify and enrich the debate.</p>

Partnerships have evolved during the last decade from being the 'nice to have' to becoming the 'must have' to survive in all industries across the world. There are many different definitions of 'partnerships' and 'alliances' but most researchers, authors and experts in this field agree that at the core of true partnering or alliance agreements lies shared: benefits, risks and approaches. To avoid market share and profitability deterioration, solutions providers must initiate programs to improve their strategic position in a focused set of partner programs. Microsoft Corporation is the worlds leading software company with 96% of all revenue earned being billed through their partners. The company currently faces poor partner satisfaction ratings and has come to the realisation in that they have to a large extent, ignored the needs of their strategic and 'managed' partners. A blueprint for successful partnering is key to any company looking to differentiate itself, create a competitive advantage and become the industry leader in the offering the 'best of breed' partner experience. This is why the identification and implementation of a defined, successful partnering agreement blueprint is required in order to drive the Microsoft business strategy around the 'Partner' experience forward. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the current Microsoft engagement models in driving partner satisfaction in the managed partner space, to determine what the barriers and best practices are, pertaining to successful partnering in the corporate arena and to establish if it is feasible to identify and implement a blueprint that can be used in the corporate arena that promotes successful alliances/partnerships. Recommendations to implement the said blueprint are also be made in order to guide readers through the process. / Thesis (MBA)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2004.

Disertacijoje analizuojamos trys bendrovių valdymo reguliavimo problemos. Visų pirma Lietuvoje yra sąlyginai nedaug teismų praktikos, kuri analizuotų atskirų fiduciarinių pareigų turinį. Teisės reguliuojamiems subjektams (šiuo atveju bendrovių valdymo organų nariams) fiduciarinių pareigų turinys turi būti išaiškintas ex ante. Šiuo tikslu siūloma remtis Bendrovių valdymo kodeksu, kaip antriniu teisės šaltiniu. Kita analizuojama sritis yra valstybės valdomų įmonių valdymo klausimai. Valstybė Lietuvoje yra svarbi (stambi) komercinę veiklą vykdančių bendrovių akcininkė. Tačiau valstybės tarnautojai, kurie jai atstovauja, kaip akcininkei, neturi tiesioginės finansinės motyvacijos, kuri skatina privataus sektoriaus akcininkus. Galiausiai reguliuojamuose sektoriuose (pašto paslaugos, energetika, transportas) valstybė veikia tiek kaip sektoriaus reguliuotojas, tiek kaip finansinės naudos siekiantis akcininkas. Trečia analizuojame darbe sritis yra bendrovių valdymo organų narių atlyginimo nustatymo klausimai. Reaguodama į pasaulinę finansų krizę Europos Komisija priėmė rekomendacijas dėl bendrovių valdymo organų narių atlyginimų. Lietuvoje nebuvo problemos, kad valdymo organų narių atlyginimai yra pernelyg dideli ar skatinantys riziką (kas buvo aktualiausia Europos Komisijai). Tačiau Lietuvoje apskritai nėra jokių tradicijų ar praktikos skiriant atlyginimus ir problema yra ta, kad valdybos nariams atlyginimų bendrovės apskirtai nemoka (ar moka tik jo dalį), o atlyginimą moka konkretų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The dissertation addresses three problems of corporate governance regulation. First of all, Lithuania lacks court practice which would analyse the content of different fiduciary duties. However the subjects regulated by law (in this case members of corporate management bodies) need to know the content of fiduciary duties ex ante. Therefore the author of this dissertation proposes to rely on the Corporate governance code as the secondary source of law. The corporate governance of the State owned enterprise is another area which is analysed. The State is an important shareholder of the entities rendering commercial activities in Lithuania. However the State servants that represent the State as the shareholder do not have direct financial motivation similar to that of the private sector shareholders. Further the State acts both as a regulator and as a shareholder seeking for financial results in regulated sectors (postal services, energy and transportation). The third field examined by the author is the regulation of managerial pay. Reacting to the global financial crisis the European Commission has adopted recommendations on managerial pay. Lithuania did not face problems that the managerial pay is excessive or risk promoting (which was the relevant issue for the European Commission). However Lithuania does not have any traditions on setting managerial pay and the problem is that the members of the board do not receive any salary (or receive only part of the salary) from the... [to full text]

Disertacijoje analizuojamos trys bendrovių valdymo reguliavimo problemos. Visų pirma Lietuvoje yra sąlyginai nedaug teismų praktikos, kuri analizuotų atskirų fiduciarinių pareigų turinį. Teisės reguliuojamiems subjektams (šiuo atveju bendrovių valdymo organų nariams) fiduciarinių pareigų turinys turi būti išaiškintas ex ante. Šiuo tikslu siūloma remtis Bendrovių valdymo kodeksu, kaip antriniu teisės šaltiniu. Kita analizuojama sritis yra valstybės valdomų įmonių valdymo klausimai. Valstybė Lietuvoje yra svarbi (stambi) komercinę veiklą vykdančių bendrovių akcininkė. Tačiau valstybės tarnautojai, kurie jai atstovauja, kaip akcininkei, neturi tiesioginės finansinės motyvacijos, kuri skatina privataus sektoriaus akcininkus. Galiausiai reguliuojamuose sektoriuose (pašto paslaugos, energetika, transportas) valstybė veikia tiek kaip sektoriaus reguliuotojas, tiek kaip finansinės naudos siekiantis akcininkas. Trečia analizuojame darbe sritis yra bendrovių valdymo organų narių atlyginimo nustatymo klausimai. Reaguodama į pasaulinę finansų krizę Europos Komisija priėmė rekomendacijas dėl bendrovių valdymo organų narių atlyginimų. Lietuvoje nebuvo problemos, kad valdymo organų narių atlyginimai yra pernelyg dideli ar skatinantys riziką (kas buvo aktualiausia Europos Komisijai). Tačiau Lietuvoje apskritai nėra jokių tradicijų ar praktikos skiriant atlyginimus ir problema yra ta, kad valdybos nariams atlyginimų bendrovės apskirtai nemoka (ar moka tik jo dalį), o atlyginimą moka konkretų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The dissertation addresses three problems of corporate governance regulation. First of all, Lithuania lacks court practice which would analyse the content of different fiduciary duties. However the subjects regulated by law (in this case members of corporate management bodies) need to know the content of fiduciary duties ex ante. Therefore the author of this dissertation proposes to rely on the Corporate governance code as the secondary source of law. The corporate governance of the State owned enterprise is another area which is analysed. The State is an important shareholder of the entities rendering commercial activities in Lithuania. However the State servants that represent the State as the shareholder do not have direct financial motivation similar to that of the private sector shareholders. Further the State acts both as a regulator and as a shareholder seeking for financial results in regulated sectors (postal services, energy and transportation). The third field examined by the author is the regulation of managerial pay. Reacting to the global financial crisis the European Commission has adopted recommendations on managerial pay. Lithuania did not face problems that the managerial pay is excessive or risk promoting (which was the relevant issue for the European Commission). However Lithuania does not have any traditions on setting managerial pay and the problem is that the members of the board do not receive any salary (or receive only part of the salary) from the... [to full text]

This thesis examines the impact of government action on the professional organisation of New Zealand counselling. In the late 1980s the government opened up opportunities for counsellors to gain funding for a new client group: people who had experienced sexual abuse. This opportunity to expand the coverage of clients for some counsellors encouraged counsellors to use the rhetoric of professionalisation as a strategy to improve their status and credibility in the eyes of the public and government. The same rhetoric provided justification for government to endorse the counsellors' professionalisation project. The thesis provides an account of the ways in which both government and diverse groups of counsellors used the rhetoric of professionalisation as a strategy to enforce and negotiate claims over occupational jurisdiction. Despite well documented sociological criticisms of linear or trait theories of professionalisation, their face validity is still widely accepted within professions. The thesis demonstrates how counsellors used a version of trait theories to guide their policies and actions. It shows how they combined this strategy with the active involvement of government in their professionalisation project. The combined strategy involved simultaneous competition and co-operation between and among counsellors and government personnel. The thesis suggests that counselling's professionalisation project in New Zealand would be better understood as a complex set of shifting arrangements between government and aspirant diverse professional groups. My work is based on the analysis of documents from, and interviews with personnel in, the New Zealand Association of Counsellors, university-based counsellor education programmes and the government agency that provides funding for specific types of counselling (the Accident Rehabilitation and Compensation Insurance Company).

This work is a comparative study of shareholders' powers to appoint and remove directors in the United Kingdom, United States and Germany as an internal corporate control mechanism. It highlights the entrenched positions of corporate managers in the face of shareholders' weakening powers in these systems. Having recognised the importance of shareholders' position as the contributors of corporate capital, the laws of these three systems give them the right to bring about changes in the control of companies by vesting power in the general meeting to determine the composition of corporate boards. Shareholders appoint directors to act on their behalf, the board in turn selects and monitors its executives to ensure that the interests of shareholders and other stakeholders are protected. The Anglo-American system is characterised by dispersed shareholding and management dominated boards, with the result that shareholders do not exercise their voting rights effectively. Under the German two-tier board system companies are accountable to a wide range of stakeholders and have a different structure of shareholding, where banks control the majority of shares. Despite the absence of management-dominated boards in that system the depository share system together with the practice of co-determination tend to restrict shareholders' participation in corporate control. The reality is that directors may 2 end up using certain devices to entrench themselves on the board so as to restrict the ability of shareholders to remove them. This thesis advocates a greater role for shareholders through improved opportunities for them to use their voting powers in determining the composition of their boards. It makes various recommendations in the different areas in which shareholders face difficulties in exercising these powers. It is hoped that the implementation of these suggestions will result in a system which will enable shareholders to exercise their voting powers more effectively for the purpose of controlling their companies.

No description available.