Cette thèse a pour principal objectif d’étudier la nouvelle configuration de la valeur de l’art moderne et contemporain du Moyen-Orient, et plus précisément la perception qui s’est fait jour à partir du milieu des années 2000, où Dubaï serait devenu le lieu de fixation de la valeur économique et de diffusion de l’art à différents niveaux : national, régional et international. L’art visuel du Moyen-Orient, jusqu’alors limité aux scènes nationales et négligé sur la scène internationale, connaît une évolution locale ainsi qu’un rayonnement international inédit. La mutation innovante du monde de l’art de cette zone géographique repose, en général, sur l’implantation de maisons de vente et sur la formation d’un marché international pour l’art du Moyen-Orient à Dubaï. Ce nouveau dispositif a influencé non seulement l’écosystème du monde national de l’art, mais aussi le choix d’artistes, des commissaires d’exposition autant que des conservateurs des musées internationaux. L’accroissement de champ du marché est l’objet principal de cette étude, et l’ajustement du champ artistique un objet secondaire. En retraçant l’histoire des pays étudiés par une approche sociologique de l’art, il s’agira, d’abord, de cerner l’évolution quantitative et qualitative des galeries d’art visuel, après les avoir identifiées en tant qu’acteur multifonction du monde de l’art, en ce qui concerne trois pays emblématiques de l’art de la région : l’Iran, le Liban et les Émirats Arabes Unis ; ensuite, il s’agira d’analyser leurs activités internationales ainsi que leur rayonnement à la fois régional et international, avant la formation du marché de l’art de Dubaï en 2006 et jusqu’à 2015. La méthodologie employée pour ce travail sollicitera un certain nombre d’outils propres aux sciences sociales et humaines : l’entretien compréhensif, l’enquête quantitative, l’analyse typologique, l’étude documentaire et l’enquête de terrain : l’immersion et l’observation participante. / The main objective of the present doctoral thesis is to study the configuration of the value of Middle Eastern modern and contemporary art. More precisely, we look at how Dubai has emerged in international perceptions as the center for art appraisal and diffusion nationally, regionally and internationally. Middle Eastern visual arts, mainly limited to their national settings, have been overlooked on an international level. Today, we are witnessing their unprecedented emergence and appreciation on the international scene. The innovative mutation of the art world within this geographical zone is mainly due to the implantation of auction houses and the creation of an international market for Middle Eastern art in Dubai. These new measures have not only influenced the ecosystem of the art milieu on a national level, but have also impacted the choice of artists, exhibition commissioners and curators of international museums. The development of this market is the principal object of the present study and as a secondary object, we look at the adjustments made by the art world to adapt to this new art scene. Through the Sociology of Art approach, we retrace the history of three emblematic countries (Iran, Lebanon and the United Arab Emirates) with the aim of understanding the quantitative and qualitative evolution of their visual art galleries identified as multifunctional actors of the art world. We then analyze their international activities as well as their expansion, regionally and internationally, before the creation of the art market of Dubai between 2006 and 2015. Our methodology is based on the research methods of the social sciences: comprehensive interviews, quantitative investigations, typological analyses, documentation review and field work through immersion and participatory observation.

O presente trabalho versa sobre uma nova concepção do direito ambiental, superando a idéia de um direito estritamente focado em normas de comando-econtrole para um direito cuja função seja promover, estimular, incentivar as condutas ecologicamente corretas. No Brasil, o direito ambiental é composto quase que exclusivamente por instrumentos de comando-e-controle e, mesmo diante de todo este aparato jurídico-institucional, a degradação do ambiente atinge níveis alarmantes. Essa constatação faz com que vários setores da sociedade questionem acerca da possibilidade de adoção de instrumentos de incentivo positivo voltados para a preservação da natureza. A abordagem escolhida para enfrentar o tema dos incentivos positivos diz respeito a um dos maiores desafios para a conservação da natureza no Brasil hoje: as matas ciliares. Para o direito ambiental tal abordagem é paradigmática, pois, em que pese encontrarem-se tuteladas juridicamente desde 1934, as matas ciliares continuam sendo sistematicamente degradadas. São exemplo contundente do que acontece com outras questões ambientais no país. A degradação das matas ciliares constitui um dos mais urgentes problemas a serem resolvidos pela sociedade brasileira, a qual depende dos serviços ecológicos por elas prestados, seja nas cidades ou no campo. O conceito de serviços ecológicos permite a concepção de novos mecanismos de conservação do meio ambiente, especialmente em áreas privadas e no tocante ao valor de uso indireto dos ecossistemas, grandes barreiras para a efetividade do direito ambiental hoje. Tal conceito fez emergir um instrumento capaz de operacionalizar os incentivos positivos para a preservação: o Pagamento por Serviços Ecológicos (PSE). O PSE objetiva a internalização das externalidades positivas, compensando os custos de oportunidade daqueles que contribuem com a conservação da natureza. A questão que o presente estudo busca responder refere-se à possibilidade e aos pressupostos para a adoção do PSE no Brasil como forma de incentivo positivo àqueles que preservam e recuperam as matas ciliares. Para tanto, foi realizada ampla pesquisa bibliográfica, sobretudo na literatura estrangeira, vez que no Brasil o assunto é recente e carece de fundamentação teórica, especialmente quanto aos aspectos jurídicos. / Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-05-22T16:23:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Alexandre Altmann.pdf: 680457 bytes, checksum: 010a71487f7d6e1c870c214bc85e10fb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-22T16:23:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Alexandre Altmann.pdf: 680457 bytes, checksum: 010a71487f7d6e1c870c214bc85e10fb (MD5) / This work is about a new concept of environmental law, overcoming the idea of a law strictly focused on standards for command-and-control to a law whose function is to promote, encourage, stimulate the ecologically correct conducts. In Brazil, the environmental law is composed almost exclusively of instruments of command-andcontrol and, even with all this legal and institutional apparatus, environmental degradation reaches alarming levels. This finding leads various sectors of society questioning about the possibility of adoption of instruments of positive incentive towards the preservation of nature. The approach chosen to address the issue of positive incentives is about one of the biggest challenges for nature conservation in Brazil today: the gallery forests. For the environmental law that approach is paradigmatic because, in spite of finding themselves legally protected since 1934, the gallery forests are still being systematically degraded. This is a scathing example of what happens with other environmental issues in the country. The degradation of gallery forests is one of the most urgent problems to be solved by Brazilian society, which depends on the ecological services they provide, whether in cities or in the field. The concept of ecological services enables the design of new mechanisms for the conservation of the environment, especially in private areas and regarding the value of indirect use of ecosystems, major barriers to the effectiveness of environmental law today. This concept has emerged an instrument able to operationalize the positive incentives for conservation: Payment for Ecological Services (PES). The PSE aims internalization of positive externalities and compensate the opportunity costs of those who contribute to the conservation of nature. The question that this study seeks answer refers to the possibility and conditions for the adoption of the PSE in Brazil as a positive incentive to those who preserve and recover the gallery forests. To that end, was carried out extensive literature search, particularly in foreign literature, because in Brazil the subject is new and lacks theoretical basis, particularly concerning legal aspects.

This thesis concerns the analysis of tourism in the selected area, i.e. analysis of primary and secondary potential of tourism in Microregion Telčsko. Then the tourism demand is analysed, partly by analysis of visitor needs and requirements by selected cultural facilities, partly as well the current visitor in Microregion Telčsko. The thesis evaluates the strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats of tourism in the selected area. Some product proposals for the selected segments were added. As well some communication and cooperation options (proposal) of cultural facilities in the context of the tourism sector were added.

O presente trabalho versa sobre uma nova concepção do direito ambiental, superando a idéia de um direito estritamente focado em normas de comando-econtrole para um direito cuja função seja promover, estimular, incentivar as condutas ecologicamente corretas. No Brasil, o direito ambiental é composto quase que exclusivamente por instrumentos de comando-e-controle e, mesmo diante de todo este aparato jurídico-institucional, a degradação do ambiente atinge níveis alarmantes. Essa constatação faz com que vários setores da sociedade questionem acerca da possibilidade de adoção de instrumentos de incentivo positivo voltados para a preservação da natureza. A abordagem escolhida para enfrentar o tema dos incentivos positivos diz respeito a um dos maiores desafios para a conservação da natureza no Brasil hoje: as matas ciliares. Para o direito ambiental tal abordagem é paradigmática, pois, em que pese encontrarem-se tuteladas juridicamente desde 1934, as matas ciliares continuam sendo sistematicamente degradadas. São exemplo contundente do que acontece com outras questões ambientais no país. A degradação das matas ciliares constitui um dos mais urgentes problemas a serem resolvidos pela sociedade brasileira, a qual depende dos serviços ecológicos por elas prestados, seja nas cidades ou no campo. O conceito de serviços ecológicos permite a concepção de novos mecanismos de conservação do meio ambiente, especialmente em áreas privadas e no tocante ao valor de uso indireto dos ecossistemas, grandes barreiras para a efetividade do direito ambiental hoje. Tal conceito fez emergir um instrumento capaz de operacionalizar os incentivos positivos para a preservação: o Pagamento por Serviços Ecológicos (PSE). O PSE objetiva a internalização das externalidades positivas, compensando os custos de oportunidade daqueles que contribuem com a conservação da natureza. A questão que o presente estudo busca responder refere-se à possibilidade e aos pressupostos para a adoção do PSE no Brasil como forma de incentivo positivo àqueles que preservam e recuperam as matas ciliares. Para tanto, foi realizada ampla pesquisa bibliográfica, sobretudo na literatura estrangeira, vez que no Brasil o assunto é recente e carece de fundamentação teórica, especialmente quanto aos aspectos jurídicos. / This work is about a new concept of environmental law, overcoming the idea of a law strictly focused on standards for command-and-control to a law whose function is to promote, encourage, stimulate the ecologically correct conducts. In Brazil, the environmental law is composed almost exclusively of instruments of command-andcontrol and, even with all this legal and institutional apparatus, environmental degradation reaches alarming levels. This finding leads various sectors of society questioning about the possibility of adoption of instruments of positive incentive towards the preservation of nature. The approach chosen to address the issue of positive incentives is about one of the biggest challenges for nature conservation in Brazil today: the gallery forests. For the environmental law that approach is paradigmatic because, in spite of finding themselves legally protected since 1934, the gallery forests are still being systematically degraded. This is a scathing example of what happens with other environmental issues in the country. The degradation of gallery forests is one of the most urgent problems to be solved by Brazilian society, which depends on the ecological services they provide, whether in cities or in the field. The concept of ecological services enables the design of new mechanisms for the conservation of the environment, especially in private areas and regarding the value of indirect use of ecosystems, major barriers to the effectiveness of environmental law today. This concept has emerged an instrument able to operationalize the positive incentives for conservation: Payment for Ecological Services (PES). The PSE aims internalization of positive externalities and compensate the opportunity costs of those who contribute to the conservation of nature. The question that this study seeks answer refers to the possibility and conditions for the adoption of the PSE in Brazil as a positive incentive to those who preserve and recover the gallery forests. To that end, was carried out extensive literature search, particularly in foreign literature, because in Brazil the subject is new and lacks theoretical basis, particularly concerning legal aspects.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T15:00:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Gracy Chrisley Carvalho.pdf: 2155639 bytes, checksum: fdf1bfc985cd4dc0f7e767ea5d5107a7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-13 / FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA E AO DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTIFICO E TECNOLÓGICO DO MARANHÃO / Knowing the diversity of solitary bees through trap-nests have sought to compose a checklist of diversity, as well as the account of the behavior and biology of the species. Few studies have been done in the state of Maranhão, which is a privileged area, as it includes within its boundaries the two major biomes. Given these few reports, the purpose of this work was to study the community of solitary bees by the method of trap nests for two years, in an area of cerrado and gallery forest, in the Parque Estadual do Mirador. Also, describe the nesting biology of Centris (Hemisiella) dichrootricha and analyze the floristic composition of the food of her offspring. The study area is located in the Parque Estadual do Mirador, municipality of Formosa Serra Negra, Maranhão. The method used was the trap-nests in wood diameters 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 mm, these were grouped in sets of 6 nests, totaling 300 nests per area. A total of 101 nests belonging was founded 11 bee species, including eight species occurred in the Gallery Forest and six in the Cerrado, and the similarity was low among habitats (SJ = 0.27). Two species were dominant in the community, Centris dichrootricha in Gallery Forest and the Centris tarsata in Cerrado. The diversity and evenness of species were higher in gallery forest than in the cerrado. The peak of the nests was founded in November (2012 and 2013) and August (2013), there were nothing correlation between the precipitation (rCE = -0.061; pCE = 0.775 and rMG = 0.194; pMG = 0.365). After 24 months of collecting the species rarefaction curve did not reach the asymptote for both habitats. Centris dichrootricha observed nesting in 29 nests in sizes 8, 10, 12 and 14mm. The species used in most resources from the Cerrado, which consisted both in the sediment to compose the cells and the pollen material and floral oil. Pollen types Byrsonima the genus of the Malpighiaceae family were the most representative in the samples. In this study five species of Centris were collected for a single study, all represented in the gallery forest. Thus, the study reveals the importance of forests as a refuge for some species of solitary bees. The biology of C. dichrootricha showed a preference for nesting in cavities with different sizes and in shady places in the Gallery Forest , also Euglossa amazonica species which hitherto had not been recorded nesting in trap-nests, especially in areas of the field was observed Cerrado. Besides these two species, the present study contributes to the expansion of the geographical distribution and Centris bicornuta e Centris terminata, these species are little studied in Brazil. / Conhecer a diversidade de abelhas solitárias através de ninhos-armadilha tem buscado compor um checklist da diversidade, assim como o relato do comportamento e da biologia das espécies. Poucos foram os estudos já realizados no Estado do Maranhão, que é uma zona privilegiada, pois incluem em seus limites os dois principais biomas brasileiros. Diante desses poucos relatos, o propósito desse trabalho foi estudar a comunidade de abelhas solitárias através do método de ninhos-armadilha durante dois anos, em uma área de Cerrado e Mata de Galeria, no Parque Estadual do Mirador. Além disso, descrever a biologia de nidificação de Centris (Hemisiella) dichrootricha e analisar a composição florística do alimento de sua prole. A área de estudo está localizada no Parque Estadual do Mirador, município de Formosa da Serra Negra, Maranhão. O método empregado foi o de ninhos-armadilha de madeira nos diâmetros 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 e 16 mm, estes foram agrupados em conjuntos de 6 ninhos, totalizando 300 ninhos por área. Foi fundado um total de 101 ninhos pertencentes a 11 espécies de abelhas, das quais oito espécies ocorreram na Mata de Galeria e seis no Cerrado, sendo que a similaridade foi baixa entre os habitats (SJ = 0,27). Duas espécies foram dominantes na comunidade, Centris dichrootricha na Mata de Galeria e Centris tarsata no Cerrado. A diversidade e equitabilidade das espécies foram maiores na Mata de Galeria do que no Cerrado. O pico de fundação dos ninhos foi em novembro (2012 e 2013) e agosto (2013), não havendo correlação com a precipitação mensal (rCE = -0,061; pCE = 0,775 e rMG = 0,194; pMG = 0,365). Após 24 meses de coleta a curva de rarefação das espécies não atingiu a assíntota para ambos os habitats. Centris dichrootricha nidificou em 29 ninhos nos diâmetros 8, 10, 12 e 14mm. A espécie utilizou em maioria recursos provenientes do Cerrado, que consistia tanto no sedimento para compor as células quanto o material polínico e óleo floral. Tipos polínicos do gênero Byrsonima da família Malpighiaceae foram os mais representativos nas amostras. Nesse trabalho foram coletadas cinco espécies de Centris para um único estudo, sendo todas representadas na Mata de Galeria. Assim, o estudo revela a importância das áreas florestais como refúgio para algumas espécies de abelhas solitárias. A biologia da C. dichrootricha mostrou uma preferência por nidificar em cavidades com diâmetros variados e em locais sombreados da Mata de Galeria, também foi observada a espécie Euglossa amazonica que até então não havia sido registrada nidificando em ninhos-armadilha, principalmente em áreas de domínio do Cerrado. Além dessas duas espécies, o presente estudo contribui com a ampliação da distribuição geográfica de Centris bicornuta e Centris terminata, espécies estas que são pouco estudadas no Brasil.

L’état de contrainte des galeries et tunnels souterrains évolue dans le temps, tout d’abord en raison de l’avancement du front de taille lors de la construction, mais aussi en raison des changements graduels des propriétés du terrain ou des caractéristiques mécaniques des matériaux constitutifs de l’ouvrage (réduction de la cohésion, vieillissement). Ces changements sont causés par des actions combinées comme: les processus d’altération dus aux infiltrations des eaux météoriques et de réseaux concessionnaires, mais aussi par l’apparition des fissures qui induisent par ailleurs des redistributions de contraintes et de déformations, ainsi que par le fluage des matériaux. Dans cette étude, un travail préliminaire, nous permet de quantifier l’état de contrainte initial lors de la construction des ouvrages. Notre approche basée sur la modélisation éléments finis 2D permet de simuler l’état d’équilibre interne des excavations, nos résultats sont en adéquation avec ceux issus des méthodes analytiques de la littérature. Cet état initial est ensuite calibré via une modélisation 3D. Puis, une macro-modélisation à base d’éléments finis nous permet d’envisager différents scénarios de détérioration des soutènements, notamment à l’extrados des galeries de couloirs d’accès et tunnels de ligne de métro Parisien. Un des scénarios étudié prend en considération la réduction de la résistance mécanique du piédroit et de la zone interface entre le sol et la paroi, ainsi que le fluage de l’encaissant et du revêtement. En utilisant une loi qui permet de simuler la perte de cohésion, paramètre qui évolue en fonction de la déformation inélastique et en fonction du temps, le comportement mécanique des zones dégradées est ainsi reproduit par un modèle viscoplastique de type adoucissant ou à écrouissage négatif. Nous mettons bien en exergue les processus de dégradation observés sur ces galeries durant leur exploitation. Les différentes modélisations permettent de mieux évaluer l’état des différents composants de l’ouvrage selon le type de dégradation et selon le temps traduisant ainsi son vieillissement. Elles permettent également de jauger la sensibilité et la pertinence de différents paramètres. In fine, nous évaluons les pathologies de ces structures, ce qui permet de fournir des indicateurs quant à la gestion de ce patrimoine. / The stress state of underground tunnels and galleries evolves over time , firstly because of the advancement of the working face during construction , then due to gradual changes in soil properties and mechanical properties of materials component of the infrastructures (reduction of cohesion, aging). These changes are caused by combined actions such as: weathering processes due to infiltration of meteoric waters and concessionaires networks, but also by the cracks appearance that induce further redistribution of stress and strain, and the creep. A particular attention is paid to the determination of the initial state of stresses applied on the structure right after the construction. In order to approach this initial stress state which corresponds to the construction phase of underground structures, we propose a methodology based on comparing the numerical model with analytical methods taken from literature. Then we compare 2D and 3D numerical models. Thereafter, a macro- modeling based on the finite elements method allows considering different scenarios of the tunnel-linings deterioration, specifically at the extrados of the galleries and Paris metro line tunnels. One of the studied cases takes into account the mechanical strength loss of the abutment and the interface between the ground and the wall area including their creeps. Therefore, Elasto-viscoplastic with strain softening constitutive model is used in this study to reproduce the degraded zone behavior. The numerical models show that we can reproduce the underground structure behavior during degradation and assess the state of different structure components. The approach used here for the Parisian metro tunnels may be used by the other underground structures managers.

The subject of the diploma thesis is to design reclamation of brownfield PERLA 01 in Ústí nad Orlicí. The construction program consists conversion of existing building to assembly hall, gallery, tourist centre, sheltered workshop, rentable space, office building. New building is Start up centre. The project design a character of public space and a new square.

The thesis design called Gallery of aviation tecnology and traditions of aviation at the airport Medlanky in Brno is engaged the future developement othe airport complex. Traditional wooden hangars are complemented with new buildings, the Gallery of aviation technology, the Faculty of Mechanical engineering department and Snackbar replacing U Krive vrtule pub. All these buildings are public in relation with operational part. All three buildings are wooden structures combined with glass facade directed to runway. Buildings are based on low energy consumption. The Pub and VUT department are inspired by the original hangars with gabled roof. The gallery is different. The building is a large-span hall whose structure is composed of glued wooden stiffened ribs. Design provides enough space for exhibits.

Area of the airport Medlánky is situated on the border of city districts Brno-Medlánky and Brno-Komín near the nature reserve "Medlánecké kopce". The designed gallery of aviation is a two-storey building, which consists of three parts. The main part is the exhibition space for airplanes, which is formed of a single-storey long-span hall, with the two-storey entrance part of the complex of buildings connected to it, in which are situated the area of the entrance, the training center (detached workplace of the institute of aviation FS BUT in Brno) and the administration. In the building of the original hangar, which is located along the street Turistická are located restaurants and aeroclub. Exhibition hall of the building of the gallery is formed by the structural system of the arched wooden glulam beams. The load-bearing wooden structures are visible and form the elements of the interior of the exhibition space. Two-storey extention of the entrance part of the building is structurally designed as a skeleton wooden structure. The material exception is the area of the entrance, which is made of monolithic concrete.

The subject of this diploma project was to design an architectural proposal of The New Synagogue and Jewish Community Centre in Teplice, Czech Republic. The main goal was to design a complex of buildings which would be used not only for the worships but also for cultural and educational purposes. The proposal consists of the design of 3 buildings connected to each other by a cen-tral courtyard. The form is based on the traditional values set into contemporary de-sign shaped by demands of current generations. One of the main design elements - the beam structure above the courtyard implies a symbol of The Star of David as the symbol of Judaism as we know today. The building of New Synagogue represents the first, three storey building on the north part of plot. The second, east part, is building consisting of cultural centre, info centre, museum, gallery and spaces for workshops with it's technical and sanitary facilities. A Kosher Restaurant will be located into the third and last two-storey building. An undeground parking will be used by the staff and visitors of the whole complex.