A presente dissertação tem como objetivo central realizar uma análise comparativa das crises financeiras mundiais de 1929 e de 2008 com base no referencial teórico pós-keynesiano. Para tanto, utilizar-se-á uma análise interpretativa da literatura econômica e análises estatístico-descritivas. De maneira a delimitar a pesquisa, as referidas análises estão baseadas nos aspectos institucionais e em variáveis macroeconômicas selecionadas. Levando-se em consideração as possíveis limitações de uma comparação entre as duas crises financeiras mundiais, sobretudo no que diz respeito ao fator histórico e às dificuldades relativas à disponibilidade de dados do período da Grande Depressão, algumas reflexões podem ser apontadas. Entre as principais conclusões do trabalho pode-se destacar que as duas crises financeiras ocorreram em um ambiente financeiro internacional e nacional (país de origem da crise) desregulado e sob uma conjuntura de grandes desequilíbrios entre os balanços de pagamentos. Tal fato se tornou ainda mais problemático devido à falta de um emprestador de última instância em nível mundial em ambos os casos. Quanto às diferenças, excluindo-se aquelas relativas ao contexto histórico específico, a mais marcante está na forma e na intensidade como as políticas monetária e fiscal foram adotadas como resposta às referidas crises. Em 2008 e 2009 os governos, em geral, empreenderam e coordenaram amplas políticas (monetária e fiscal), com o objetivo de mitigar os efeitos da crise mundial de 2007-2008, ao passo que, em entre 1929-1932, não se verificou uma coordenação em nível mundial, bem como seu uso foi bastante limitado. / This dissertation aims at presenting, in the light of the Post Keynesian theory, an economic comparative analysis between the Great Depression, 1929-1933, and the current financial crisis, 2007-2008. Going in this direction, it presents an interpretative analysis of both crises based on the economic literature and some institutional aspects and statistical data analysis related to the selected macroeconomic variables. Taking into consideration that it is difficult to compare both financial crises, especially regarding the availability of data for the period of the Great Depression, some reflections can be pointed. The main conclusions of this dissertation are the following: on the one hand, the two financial crises occurred in a context that the international and national financial markets, especially in the United States, were deregulated and the United States had a large disequilibrium in its balance of payments. This fact became even more problematic due to the lack of a worldwide lender of last resort in both cases; on the other hand, the Great Depression and the subprime crisis are different in the shape and intensity as the monetary and fiscal policies were adopted in response to such crises. From 2008 to 2009, the governments, in general, have undertaken large and coordinated economic policies (monetary and fiscal) in order to mitigate the effects of global crisis of 2007-2008, while in 1929-1933 there was no coordination at the global level, as well as its use was fairly limited.

Considerando o conceito de épico tal como o analisado por teóricos do teatro como Szondi (2001) e Rosenfeld (2006), este trabalho objetiva empreender a análise de elementos épicos presentes na estrutura de The American Clock (O Relógio Americano, 1980), do dramaturgo norte-americano Arthur Miller (1915-2005). O estudo será de como a forma teatral desta peça (com seus traços épicos) representa cenicamente a Grande Depressão econômica que assolou os Estados Unidos após a quebra da bolsa de valores em 1929 e durante toda a década de 1930. The American Clock conta com mais de 40 personagens (muitos deles também narrado-res) que comentam e ao mesmo tempo vivenciam os problemas gerados pela recessão econô-mica dos anos 1930, em que milhões de pessoas chegaram ao nível da miséria. Embora não seja uma das obras teatrais mais estudadas de Arthur Miller (tanto no contexto americano co-mo no brasileiro), a análise de The American Clock é fundamental para um maior entendimen-to da poética deste autor, tão debatida por críticos e dramaturgos brasileiros: diferentemente do que acontece em outros trabalhos teatrais de sua autoria, Miller assume abertamente, em seus ensaios, a importância do elemento épico para a construção de The American Clock, e o resultado deste uso explícito e consciente do épico por parte do dramaturgo é uma utiliza-ção mais abrangente e aprofundada de recursos épicos nesta peça, tanto dos que já eram co-muns em outras obras de Miller (personagens-narradores, por exemplo), quanto novos recur-sos como a dança e a música. Outra consequência desta consciência do épico é a apropria-ção que o autor faz de conceitos como o de mural, vaudeville e narrativa oral para a constru-ção formal da peça. Esta preocupação de Arthur Miller em considerar o épico na criação de The American Clock existe, dentre outras coisas, devido à necessidade de representar cenica-mente a Depressão econômica, uma temática de cunho social, econômico e histórico, cujas transformações sociais, políticas e culturais que ela provocou são cruciais por reverberarem em outras décadas da história dos EUA (e, consequentemente, no processo histórico de outros países como o Brasil). / Considering the concept of epic in theater theories such as Szondis (2001) and Rosenfelds (2006), this research aims at analyzing the epic elements present in the structure of The Amer-ican Clock (1980), a play by the American playwright Arthur Miller (1915-2005). The objec-tive is to study how this plays theatrical form (with its epic traces) puts on stage the Great Depression, which was responsible for devastating The United States economy after the 1929 stock market crash and during the 1930s. The American Clock contains more than 40 charac-ters (many of them are also narrators) who simultaneously discuss and experience the eco-nomic problems generated by this 1930s recession, which led millions of people to face mis-ery in this period. Although The American Clock is not one of Millers most studied theatrical works (both in Brazilian and American context), the analysis of this play is essential to a bet-ter understanding of the authors poetics, largely discussed by Brazilian critics and play-wrights: Miller overtly declares, in his essays, the importance of the epic element in The American Clocks creation, which is something singular in this playwrights career. The result of this explicit and conscious use of the epic by Miller is a deepened and broadened inser-tion of epic resources in this play, both the ones already present in other Millers works (char-acters-narrators, for example), and new ones such as dance and music. Another consequence of this epic consciousness is the authors use of concepts such as mural, vaudeville and oral narrative in order to create the form of the play. Arthur Millers concern in considering the epic in the creation of The American Clock exists, among other things, due to the necessity of putting on stage the Great Depression, a social, economic and historical subject, which brought crucial changes responsible for affecting socially, politically and culturally other dec-ades of American history (and, consequently, this 1930s economic crisis also affected the his-torical process of other countries such as Brazil).

A presente dissertação tem como objetivo central realizar uma análise comparativa das crises financeiras mundiais de 1929 e de 2008 com base no referencial teórico pós-keynesiano. Para tanto, utilizar-se-á uma análise interpretativa da literatura econômica e análises estatístico-descritivas. De maneira a delimitar a pesquisa, as referidas análises estão baseadas nos aspectos institucionais e em variáveis macroeconômicas selecionadas. Levando-se em consideração as possíveis limitações de uma comparação entre as duas crises financeiras mundiais, sobretudo no que diz respeito ao fator histórico e às dificuldades relativas à disponibilidade de dados do período da Grande Depressão, algumas reflexões podem ser apontadas. Entre as principais conclusões do trabalho pode-se destacar que as duas crises financeiras ocorreram em um ambiente financeiro internacional e nacional (país de origem da crise) desregulado e sob uma conjuntura de grandes desequilíbrios entre os balanços de pagamentos. Tal fato se tornou ainda mais problemático devido à falta de um emprestador de última instância em nível mundial em ambos os casos. Quanto às diferenças, excluindo-se aquelas relativas ao contexto histórico específico, a mais marcante está na forma e na intensidade como as políticas monetária e fiscal foram adotadas como resposta às referidas crises. Em 2008 e 2009 os governos, em geral, empreenderam e coordenaram amplas políticas (monetária e fiscal), com o objetivo de mitigar os efeitos da crise mundial de 2007-2008, ao passo que, em entre 1929-1932, não se verificou uma coordenação em nível mundial, bem como seu uso foi bastante limitado. / This dissertation aims at presenting, in the light of the Post Keynesian theory, an economic comparative analysis between the Great Depression, 1929-1933, and the current financial crisis, 2007-2008. Going in this direction, it presents an interpretative analysis of both crises based on the economic literature and some institutional aspects and statistical data analysis related to the selected macroeconomic variables. Taking into consideration that it is difficult to compare both financial crises, especially regarding the availability of data for the period of the Great Depression, some reflections can be pointed. The main conclusions of this dissertation are the following: on the one hand, the two financial crises occurred in a context that the international and national financial markets, especially in the United States, were deregulated and the United States had a large disequilibrium in its balance of payments. This fact became even more problematic due to the lack of a worldwide lender of last resort in both cases; on the other hand, the Great Depression and the subprime crisis are different in the shape and intensity as the monetary and fiscal policies were adopted in response to such crises. From 2008 to 2009, the governments, in general, have undertaken large and coordinated economic policies (monetary and fiscal) in order to mitigate the effects of global crisis of 2007-2008, while in 1929-1933 there was no coordination at the global level, as well as its use was fairly limited.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:55:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lucas_Andre_Berno_Kolln.pdf: 2141701 bytes, checksum: 71d34556cfccf15d79182153dce2a398 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This dissertation discusses the books of John Steinbeck published in the thirties, willing to comprehend the way that the dialogue between the author's literature and his dialectic relation with the historical reality in which he wrote and lived. The analysis of Steinbeck's writings produced during the thirties made possible the discussion about the effects of the 1929 crisis and the empowerment of monopolist capitalism, processes that became very evident in this period. The conflicts present in that reality molded the historical reading of the writer and of the social group that he centrally portrayed throughout his literary production, the small farmers. Steinbeck's deep connection with the old middle classes conditioned his literature and his worldview, since the writer was raised into that way of life and educated into the typical values of that social group. This made his literature, during the thirties, unfold itself in many different ways in order to deal with the experience of the destruction of that way of life in all of its complexity. As the crisis deepened, Steinbeck faced different expressions of it, being the proletarianization of the small farmers and the destruction of the basis of their world some of the most bruising aspects that his literature intended to expose, portray and denounce. Sometimes assuming nostalgic outlines to celebrate the past, sometimes drawing on the satire to question the bourgeois ethos, sometimes rising through the denounce to reveal the scars created by the economic transformations, Steinbeck did not duck the problems placed by the development of the American capitalism. Based on this, his literature has became not only an interpretation of the reality created by the Great Depression through its mechanisms, dynamics and structures, but also the literary testimony of a person who observed the decadence of the way of life in which he grew up and of his peers. In this sense, the dissertation aimed to situate and comprehend Steinbeck's writings in their historical concreteness, that is, in the terms in which they were conceived and produced, in such a way that it became possible to observe several dimensions of the crisis and of Steinbeck's historical reading related to this experience, marked by loss, by misery and by the transformation of the small farmers into agricultural workers / Essa dissertação discute as obras da década de 30 de John Steinbeck procurando compreender de que maneira se deu o diálogo entre a literatura do autor e a relação dialética desse com a realidade história na qual viveu e escreveu. A análise dos escritos de Steinbeck produzidos nos anos 30 possibilitou a discussão sobre os desdobramentos e efeitos da crise de 1929 e do fortalecimento do capitalismo monopolista, processos esses que se tornaram muito evidentes nesse período. A conflituosidade presente naquela realidade moldou a leitura histórica do escritor e do grupo social que ele centralmente retratou ao longo de sua produção literária, os pequenos proprietários agrícolas. A profunda ligação de Steinbeck com as antigas classes médias rurais condicionou sua literatura e sua visão de mundo, uma vez que o escritor foi criado em meio àquele modo de vida e educado dentro dos valores típicos desse grupo social. Isso fez com que sua literatura, ao longo dos anos 30, se desdobrasse de diferentes formas para lidar com a experiência da destruição daquele modo de vida em toda a sua complexidade. Na medida em que a crise se aprofundava, Steinbeck travou contato com diferentes expressões dela, sendo a proletarização dos pequenos proprietários e a destruição das bases de seu mundo alguns dos aspectos mais contundentes que sua literatura procurou desvelar, retratar e denunciar. Ora assumindo contornos nostálgicos para celebrar o passado, ora valendo-se da sátira para questionar o ethos burguês, ora erguendo-se por meio da denúncia para trazer à lume as mazelas geradas pelas transformações econômicas, Steinbeck não se furtou aos problemas postos pelo desenvolvimento histórico do capitalismo estadunidense. A partir disso, sua literatura se tornou não só uma interpretação da realidade criada pela Grande Depressão a partir de seus mecanismos, suas dinâmicas e suas estruturas, mas também o testemunho literário de um sujeito que observou a decadência do modo de vida no qual cresceu e dos sujeitos que eram seus pares. Nesse sentido, a dissertação buscou situar e compreender os escritos de John Steinbeck em sua concretude histórica, isto é, nos termos em que eles foram concebidos e produzidos, ao passo que tornou-se possível observar várias dimensões da crise e da leitura histórica de Steinbeck em relação a essa experiência, marcada pela perda, pela miséria e pela transformação dos pequenos proprietários rurais em trabalhadores agrícolas

Pour comprendre les enjeux li´es `a l’endettement public dans la cr´edibilit´e des accords mon´etairesdans le cas de l’entre-deux-guerres, nous ´etudierons l’influence de l’endettement public sur l’´etalon-or,de sa fondation dans la seconde moiti´e du XIXe si`ecle, `a son abandon au cours de la grande d´epression.La qualit´e des finances publiques, en particulier l’endettement public, fut d´eterminante dans la capacit´ed’une nation `a adh´erer `a cet accord mon´etaire. L’endettement public joua aussi un rˆole d´ecisif dans lafin de ces syst`emes mon´etaires, `a l’issue de la Grande Guerre et lors de la grande d´epression. Dans unsecond temps, notre d´emarche consistera `a comprendre les m´ecanismes qui conduisirent l’endettementpublic `a ˆetre en partie responsable de la fin de l’´etalon de change-or et de l’´emergence de nouveauxblocs mon´etaires dans les ann´ees trente. Face `a la grande d´epression, les modalit´es d’organisation et defonctionnement de cet accord mon´etaire, rendirent impossible son maintien. Si les variables ´economiqueset politiques furent d´eterminantes dans son abandon, celles d’endettement public jou`erent aussi. Apr`esavoir d´ecrit les modalit´es de sortie de l’´etalon de change-or, nous montrerons les m´ecanismes th´eoriquesqui lient les crises mon´etaires et les crises d’endettement et les appliquerons `a la grande d´epression. Nous´etudierons en particulier le cas de la France. Nous montrerons `a l’aide d’un mod`ele de dur´ee, l’influencede la dette publique dans le maintien des parit´es-or pendant la crise. Enfin, nous verrons comment denouveaux blocs mon´etaires se form`erent. / To understand the challenges linked to public debt in credibility of monetary agreementsbetween the World Wars, we shall study influence of public debt on the gold standard, from its founda-tion in the second half of the XIXth century to end during the Great Depression. The quality of publicfinances, in particular the public debt, was determining in the capacity of a nation to subscribe to thismonetary agreement. The public debt also had a decisive role in the end of these monetary systems, atthe end of World War I and during the Great Depression. In a second part, our approach will consistin understanding mechanisms which led public debt to be partly accountable for the end of the gold-exchange standard and the rise of new monetary blocks in the thirties. Facing the Great Depression, themodalities of organization and functioning of this monetary agreement, made impossible to sustain it. Ifeconomic and political variables were determining in its end, variables linked to public debt played too.Having described modalities of release of gold-exchange standard, we shall show the theoretical mecha-nisms which link monetary crisis and debts crisis and we will applied them to the Great Depression. Wewill study in particular the case of France. We shall show using a duration model, influence of publicdebt in preservation of gold parity during the crisis. Finally, we shall see how new monetary blocks formed.

My final thesis deals with women's employment in USA and its changes during two historical moments of the World War II and Great Depression. Because of the continuous changes in this area an analysis of historical trends is a valuable source of information for understanding these changes. For a correct understanding of the influence of chosen historical periods the beginning of the thesis deals with an analysis of the situation before these periods. In the main part one chapter deals with the period of Great Depression, when women faced the pressure of the society to leave the labor market and leave the jobs to men, as to a main breadwinners. Next chapter describes trends during the World War II, when women work was promoted and the pressure was in the opposite direction. The last chapter analyzes a situation after the war and an impact of the World War II in both the short and long term. Special attention is given to two groups of women, married and Afro-American. These groups were influenced in given periods in a specific way. The reason why is mostly social norms within married women and disadvantages position of the Afro-American women in a labor market within this group. Aim of the thesis is not only description of the trends but also deeper analysis of governmental approaches, economical factors and social norms and it's interdependence and causality. From the trends we can see that changes in women's employment were strongly influenced by economic situation of the country and that social norms were able to adapt to these economic circumstances in a short term. In long term they were constant.

Main goal of the diploma thesis is to research liquidity management problems of the Federal Reserve System during banking crisis 1929 -- 1933. Monetary policy implementation based on the implicit reserve targeting was not convenient in times of sharp expansion of the demand for reserves. FED was misled by Real-bills and Riefler-Burgess doctrine and considers monetary condition to be easy. Money interest rates responded very moderately to the shortage of the banking system's liquidity. We can find origin of the first quantitative easing in 1932 when FED first bought larger quantities of the government securities. Expansionary monetary policy during the banking crisis 1929 -- 1933 was also potentially limited by the conflict among U.S. financial stability and sustainability of the gold standard.

This dissertation is concerned with international financial crisis response and the role that formal and informal international institutions play in this process. It is about understanding the potential of and limits to international crisis governance. It tries to answer three interrelated questions. First, what are the mechanics of international crisis lending? Second, what role can international institutions play in effectively distributing information so that policy responses can be optimized? Finally, what crisis governance structures are best suited to economic and political circumstances of the global financial system? In order to address these questions this dissertation uses a combination of formal (game theory) and informal theory building. It then examines these theoretical arguments using an empirical analysis based on historical survey of crisis response since the late nineteenth century and a comparative case study of crisis management during the Great Depression (1930-31) and the Asian Financial Crisis (1997-98). With regard to the first question, it argues that crisis lending is not simply shaped by the interaction of crisis lenders and borrowers. Ultimately, the terms of a crisis loan are negotiated in a space whose limits are determined by two additional actors: international investors/speculators and domestic political opposition. With regard to the second, it argues that both formal and informal international institutions play an important role in disseminating information and thus policy adaptation and change. However, there are clear limits to what institutions can do. In practice, this means that the goal of creating a crisis-free system is impossible. Finally, with regard to the broad question of crisis governance, it argues that the most effective financial governance system is one build around a partnership between a concert of key financial powers and an international financial institution dedicated to maintaining stability in the financial system.

The Great Depression elucidated the shortcomings of the banking system and its control by Wall Street. The creation of the Federal Reserve System in 1913 was insufficient to correct flaws in the banking system until the Banking Acts of 1933 and 1935. A.P. Giannini, the American-Italian founder of the Bank of America and Mormon Marriner S. Eccles, chairman of Federal Reserve Board (1935-1949), from California and Utah respectively, successfully worked to restrain the power of the eastern banking establishment. The Banking Act of 1935 was the capstone of their cooperation, a bill that placed open market operations in the hands of the Federal Reserve, thus diminishing the power of the New York Reserve. The creation of the Federal Housing Act, as orchestrated by Eccles, became a source of enormous revenue for Giannini. Giannini's wide use of branch banking and mass advertising was his contribution to American banking. Eccles's promotion of compensatory spending and eventual placement of monetary control in the hands of the Federal Reserve Board with Banking Act of 1935 and the Accord of 1951 and Giannini's branch banking diminished the likelihood of another sustained depression. As the Bank of America grew, and as Eccles became more aggressive in his fight for control of monetary policy, Secretary of State Henry Morgenthau, Jr., became a common enemy to both bankers. Morgenthau caused the Securities and Exchange Commission to launch an investigation of the Bank of America. Later, when Eccles and Giannini were no longer friends, the Board of Governors filed suit under the Clayton Act against Transamerica, a Giannini bank holding company. By 1945, Giannini's bank was the largest in the world. When John W. Snyder replaced Morgenthau, the "freeze" against Giannini's expansion stopped. Eccles was demoted by Truman but served on the Board of Governors until the Accord of 1951 making the Reserve no longer responsible for supporting the pegged interest rates of government bonds.

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