Observations of animal distributions have revealed that population densities have tracked resource quality. Various models have been proposed to account for such “resource matching.” For example, the Ideal Free Distribution (Fretwell and Lucas 1970) model employs habitat selection rules which assume mobile animals evaluate available habitat patches and select the highest quality patch first. I examined movement patterns of northern crayfish (Orconectes virilis) in response to habitat patches of different quality to test this assumption. I found that animals were more likely to leave a low quality patch than a high quality patch even when there were no other patches available, suggesting that the quality of encountered resources plays a significant role in subsequent decisions about movement. However, many animals did not leave the first patch they encountered, even when better habitat existed elsewhere and was well within their ability to sample it. Finally, not all crayfish selected the best site they encountered. My studies demonstrate that the response to resources is complex, and IFDs and other distribution models may rely on overly simplified assumptions about habitat selection behavior.

The subject of this dissertation is the assessment and optimization of image quality for multiple-pinhole, multiple-camera SPECT systems. These systems collect gamma-ray photons emitted from an object using pinhole apertures. Conventional measures of image quality, such as the signal-to-noise ratio or the modulation transfer function, do not predict how well a system's images can be used to perform a relevant task. This dissertation takes the stance that the ultimate measure of image quality is to measure how well images produced from a system can be used to perform a task. Furthermore, we recognize that image quality is inherently a statistical concept that must be assessed for the average task performance across a large ensemble of images.The tasks considered in this dissertation are detection tasks. Namely we consider detecting a known three-dimensional signal embedded in a three-dimensional stochastic object using the Bayesian ideal observer. Out of all possible observers (human or otherwise) the ideal observer sets the absolute upper bound for detection task performance by using all possible information in the image data. By employing a stochastic object model we can account for the effects of object variability, which has a large effect on observer performance.An imaging system whose hardware has been optimized for ideal observer detection task performance is an imaging system that maximally transfers detection task relevant information to the image data.The theory and simulation of image quality, detection tasks, and gamma-ray imaging are presented. Assessments of ideal observer detection task performance are used to optimize imaging hardware for SPECT systems as well as to rank different imaging system designs.

The purpose of this study is to obtain a better understanding of what people fear might happen to them when being outside after dark. A lot of quantitative studies have been made on the subject of fear of crime to generalize and quantify people’s fears, but lacks any in-depth information about their fears and experiences. I have chosen to research about just that. Theories used are Doing gender and Ideal victims and I have interviewed 8 individuals about what they fear, why they fear it, where they think this fear comes from and other feeling and experiences associated with it. In my analysis we can see that there is a big difference in what individuals fear between men and women. The women in this study are more scared than the men to the point that they do not really venture outside after dark. Men on the other hand feel a bit more unsafe after dark, but never enough to avoid going outside. I also found that women feel shame over their pre-conceptions of men’s crime towards women. Men were mostly scared of assault and robbery while women are mostly scared of sexual assault, and their fears mostly derive from media and experiences people close to them have had. / Syftet med denna studie är att få en bättre förståelse över var människor är rädda kan hända dem om de är ute när det är mörkt. Många kvantitativa studier har genomförts angående rädsla för brott för att kunna kvantifiera samt generalisera resultaten till en hel population. Detta resulterar i en förlust av djupet i individers rädslor kring att bli utsatta för brott. Jag har valt att forska om just det. Valda teorier är ”göra genus” och ”ideella offer” och jag har intervjuat 8 individer angående vad de är rädda för, varför de är rädda för det, vart de tror denna rädsla kommer ifrån samt andra känslor associerade med det. I min analys kan vi se att det finns en stor skillnad mellan vad män och kvinnorna i denna studie är rädda för. Kvinnorna var räddare än män till den punkten att de avstod från att gå ut under kvällar och nätter. Männen å andra sidan kände sig lite osäkrare när det var mörkt, men aldrig tillräckligt för att avstå från att gå ut. Jag fann även att kvinnor upplevde skam över deras fördomar mot mäns brott mot kvinnor. Män var främst rädda för misshandel och rån medan kvinnor var rädda för sexuella brott, och deras rädslor härstammade från media och erfarenheter individer nära dem hade upplevt.

Denna studie utvärderar ekonomiska styrmedels effekt på konsumtionen av livsmedel samt ifall skatter och subventioner kan vara en metod som styr matkonsumtionen mot hälsosamma livsmedelsval. Sex livsmedelsgrupper analyseras i studien och dessa är sötsaker och glass, kött, grönsaker, mejerivaror, bröd och spannmålsprodukter samt frukt och bär. Fyra scenarier som representerar olika skatte- och/eller subventionsreformer simuleras för att analysera vilken effekt ekonomiska styrmedel kan ha på matkonsumtion och hälsa. Responsen som de ekonomiska styrmedlen har på matkonsumtionen beräknas med elasticiteter som tagits fram från parameterestimat i AIDS-modellen. Den data som ligger till grund för den ekonometriska modellen är aggregerad konsumtionsdata, konsumentprisindex och livsmedelsförsäljning. Resultatet från studien visar att det går att styra konsumtionen av livsmedel men att substitution mellan varor kan leda till att de hälsomål som reformen är menad att nå inte uppfylls.

The aim of this essay is to analyse how three female main characters, of Astrid Lindgrens work,are represented in certain series and movies. The study examines the three main characters from a gender perspective using theories such as representation, stereotyping and “The female voice”. The analysis comes to the conclusion that the three main characters do not follow the norms of a patriarchal society. This conclusion is proven through a method using a three stage model with elements of semiotics. The paper also examines how the differences and the similarities between the characters appear in the series and the movies and how the series and movies have been affected by Lindgrens voice. The purpose with this study is to contribute to new research about Lindgrens work and give the audience a reason to look at her work from a gender and social- related perspective.

This thesis is an investigation of some of the properties of polynomial rings, unique factorization domains, Euclidean domains, and principal ideal domains. The nature of some of the relationships between each of the above systems is also developed in this paper.

Reality TV dating shows have increased in popularity during the last decade. The producers of this kind of reality TV tend to claim that their shows represent a true portrayal of social reality. Viewing the world from a social constructivist perspective, social reality and behavior are understood as social constructions. From that perspective the content of dating shows are viewed as constructions shaped by, for example, the producers. The purpose of this study is to examine how love ideals and gender roles are constructed within the Swedish dating shows Farmers wants a wife [Bonde söker fru] and Faith, hope and love [Tro, hopp och kärlek].Further this study aims to compare the constructions from each show. To investigate this, an adjusted version of Norman Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis has been used. There is not much previous sociological research done concerning reality TV in general, or dating TV more specifically. However, other disciplines have investigated these fields more. For example, several feminist studies have shown that dating TV shows enforces stereotypic gender roles, and a research study in psychology has shown that dating shows may affect attitudes toward sexual behavior among youths. The study shows that the constructions about love and gender roles are similar in both dating shows. In the shows constructed ideal of love, intimacy is one of the most important things. This love ideal could be understood in the context of Anthony Giddens theory of the pure relationship. The gender role constructions in the shows contain contradictions. In many aspects the constructed gender roles reflect upon the show’s love ideal, in sense of equality and the importance of mutual commitment to the dating process. But in some ways there are more traditional gender role expressions, for example women’s criticism towards passivity amongst men. / Tv-sända dejtingprogram har blivit en alltmer populär företeelse de senaste åren. Produktionerna bakom denna form av dokusåpor anser ofta att programmen speglar en sann social verklighet. Utifrån ett socialkonstruktivistiskt perspektiv förstås samhället och socialt beteende som sociala konstruktioner. Med ett sådant perspektiv ses skildringar i dejtingprogram som en konstruktion formad av bland annat produktionen. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur kärlek och könsroller konstrueras i de svenska upplagorna av dejtingprogrammen Bonde söker fru och Tro, hopp och kärlek. Vidare syftar studien till att göra en jämförelse av programmens konstruktioner rörande kärlek och könsroller. För att undersöka detta har studien utförts enligt en anpassning av Norman Faircloughs kritiska diskursanalys. En översikt av tidigare forskning visar att det inte finns mycket sociologisk forskning på området dokusåpor i allmänhet, och dejtingprogram mer specifikt. Angränsande discipliner har dock utforskat problemområdet mer. Bland annat har flera feministiska studier visat att stereotypa könroller förstärks i dejtingprogram och en studie i psykologi visade att ungdomars konsumtion av dejtingprogram kan påverka deras attityder kring sexuellt beteende. Denna studie visar att de båda programmens konstruktioner, gällande kärlek och könsroller, har stora likheter. I dejtingprogrammens genomsyrande kärleksideal betonas bland annat vikten av intimitet. Detta ideal kan förstås utifrån Anthony Giddens begrepp det rena förhållandet. Studien visar även att könrollskonstruktionerna i programmen präglas av en slitning. Till stor del går könsrollerna i linje med dejtingprogrammens kärlekskonstruktioner, då könsrollerna utmärks av en jämlikhetssträvan och vikten av ömsesidigt engagemang i dejtingen. Samtidigt innehåller könsrollkonstruktionerna bland annat kvinnors kritik mot passiva män, vilket kan förstås som ett uttryck för mer traditionella könsroller.

Analysis and reflection of selected utopian writings with the aim of presenting utopia as a hope for society about the possibility of the existence of better worlds, as well as a valuable historical source from the times when their authors lives. Introducing utopia as a fictious, artificial place with ideal social structure, attributed to its their authors, and focusing, with use the probe of personal choice, especially regarding the social order, property and religion in these "ideal" states. Submitting a comprehensive and well-arranged elaboration of the whole topic from its general characteristics, through the analysis of selected writings to the final reflection. Brief characteristics of the work content: "Fantastic voyage of the barque of emotions and reason under the rudder of ancient philosophers on the vast oceans criticizing the social conditions inside the soul of the ideal states."

There is a consensus in the law and development field and international policy circles that a Theoretically Ideal Legal Climate is necessary to attract foreign investment into an emerging economy. This research study analyses and attempts to build on this 'Dominant Theory' in the context of Russia. The Dominant Theory has little direct empirical support: the methods that are most often used to assert that law as a determinant of foreign investment are inappropriate to the task, and the findings of such studies are inconsistent and unconvincing. Further, the studies that purport to assert the importance of a Theoretically Ideal Legal Climate to foreign investors leave three important questions unanswered: - How do foreign investors perceive the host legal climate before investing? - Why do they invest in countries that lack a Theoretically Ideal Legal Climate? - What factors affect the importance that foreign investors attach to host legal climates? A range of existing research provides preliminary answers to these questions, suggesting that the Dominant Theory is not entirely accurate. They form the basis of two hypotheses. Interviews of foreign investors and their advisors in London and Moscow are carried out to address the research agenda. The evidence verify the hypotheses. While foreign investors would prefer a Theoretically Ideal Legal Climate, and welcome improvements in the quality of the Russian legal climate, it is clear that a notable faction of them do not conform to the Dominant Theory. First, according to the interviewees, the quality of Russia's legal climate does determine whether investors choose to invest there or not. Second, foreign investors can operate successfully in the absence of a Theoretically Ideal Legal Climate. Finally, the impact of the Russia's legal climate depends significantly on the characteristics of the investor and nature of the investment.

The topic of this diploma thesis is the search for a feminine ideal in Gainsbourg's and Baudelaire's works. The image of an ideal woman is apparent in the works of both authors. In Gainsbourg's case, we partly dealt with the image in our bachelor thesis Lolita in Serge Gainsbourg's life and works. We try to follow up on the study. The first part of this thesis deals with Gainsbourg, especially his relationship with women. The second part treats of Baudelaire and his perception of a perfect woman. In the third part, we present selected Gainsbourg's texts, and on their basis we define the author's perception of the feminine beauty. Analogously, the fourth part deals with the analysis of Baudelaire's poetry. In the fifth part, we marginally mention also the works of other authors, where we can see a similar search for a feminine ideal. Keywords : Gainsbourg, Baudelaire, woman, ideal, myth