This work is devoted to the contacts between North-Western Rus' and Scandinavia in the early Middle Ages. The work pays attention to disclosure of the nature of the Scandinavians stay in the territory of Rus'. This is done through the description and evaluation of the archaeological finds in the most important economic centers along the trade routes of the Middle Ages. Information on research in the territory of Russia and found objects is taken from the modern Russian scientific publications. In the work the modern vision of the presence of Scandinavian immigrants is disclosed. The result is the recognition of northerners as permanent inhabitants in several economic centers along with the Finno- Ugric and Slavic population. Keywords Scandinavia, North-West of Russia, archaeological finds, trade and craft centers, early Middle Ages

Conclusion Novgorod is one of the most archeologically excavated medieval cities in the world. Archaeological research has shown that the highest power was concentrated in the hands of few boyars families, which was controlled all city. This families had the clan organisation which was based on the patronimic princip. They lived in the large properties where was concentrated their household and production areas. In these properties also lived inhabitants of non-boyar originality, who was worked there and was in client relationships with boyar families. This paper is about social bindings between citizens, their power assignment and equity ratios, also kinds of families which existed in the city and which social prospects had members of social strates.

This thesis aims to assess the social structure of budeč hillfort settlement during the second half of the 9th century to the 10th century in terms of biological anthropology. The first part deals with the processing of skeletal remains from a mass grave "Na Týnici" from the perspective of traumatology. The second part is devoted to anthropologically not assesed burial place around the church of St. Peter, which is the oldest example of the church necropolis in Bohemia. Thesis presents an anthropological analysis of human skeletal remains and their statistical comparison with cemeteries on Budeč hillfort and its hinterland (Zákolany, Na Týnici and Brandýsek) and other early medieval cemeteries in Bohemia and Moravia.

1 Abstract Plant macro remains from archaeological situations were studied in order to trace the history of gradual formation of today's synanthropic vegetation. Synanthropic plants represent a heterogeneous group of species with various qualities and strategies, as well as with various immigration histories. In general, the synanthropic flora is rich in aliens, so it is important to know, when exactly these species immigrated to our territory (to know their residence time). Besides the determination of the residence time of alien plants, also the dynamics of formation of urban flora and vegetation was studied. Special attention was paid to the Medieval Period, when the urbanisation process started. The emergence of urban agglomeration may have been the cause of the emergence of new habitats, followed by formation of new plant associations - the predecessors of the today's ones. In general, towns represent a special case of anthropogenic environment with many various synanthropic habitats, causing their species richness. Questions 1. When exactly the synanthropic flora of medieval towns emerged? Was the transition from the Prehistory to the Medieval Period rather gradual or sudden? 2. What particular species took place in the medieval change of synanthropic vegetation? Where did these species come from? Was...

During the later part of the 13th century, two female convents of the Dominican order were founded in the realm of Sweden, both in the diocese of Linköping. The Dominican order first came to Sweden as early as in the 1220’s, and the history of the brothers’ convents has been described to a much greater extent – at least up to the end of the 14th century –than the history of the sisters. Therefore, a conclusive history of the female convents is still lacking. In this master thesis, I aim to describe the foundation and the history of the Swedish sisters of the Order of Preachers from around 1270 to the closing of the convents in the Reformation Era, around 1540, and also attempt to clarify who the benefactors of the convents were. In part due to the fervour of the reformators, there is a substantial deficiency when it comes to source material pertaining to the Dominican order’s history in Sweden and especially concerning the sisters’ convents. I will therefore try to compile all available relevant source material, in order to build a comprehensive picture of the history of the convents. This is however not enough when it comes to describing the everyday life of the sisters. To this end, it becomes necessary to partake of research concerning the female convents of the Order of Preachers and the spiritual development in the rest of Europe, mainly in France, Germany and Italy, and compare it to what the Swedish source material can reveal. This research will also be used as a comparison with prominent features in the Swedish convents. Primarily the Swedish source material consists of charters and annals, but there are also some literary sources that will come into consideration. The theoretical framework discusses the possibilities of applying gender theory to the history of the sisters’ convents, furthermore a sociological approach to networks of families as well as any possible mentalities that could have influenced medieval women in their decision to enter a monastery. Certain modern research on Swedish female monasteries of different orders, or with a different historical aim from the one applied in this thesis, will also be discussed. The conclusions reached are that a modified version of gender theory might possibly be applied to the results, furthermore that there were visible connections between the patrons of the convents even though they are difficult to interpret, and that the mentality of women has to be taken into consideration when trying to outline the history of medieval monasteries. Another conclusion is that there still remains a great academic effort to establish and write the history of the Order of Preachers in Sweden in the middle ages, and the Orders’ impact on society, in its entirety.

The first part of the thesis deals with Romanesque rotundas. These are introduced and set in historical and cultural context of the early Middle Ages to understand the cause of their origin. A substantial part is devoted to formal analysis of individual rotundas located in Prague and its close surroundings, their function in various interpretations of Czech researchers. The next part of the thesis is dedicated to the work itself where the original parts of the individual rotundas are drawn. The theoretical principles are applied in the last part of the thesis, where they are united with a/r/tography research. It is described and used for subsequent methodical series of art education, which were taught at the first grade of primary school.

The History of the Cistercian monastery in Žďár nad Sázavou from the middle of 14th century to 1520 Abstract This diploma thesis thematically continues my bachelor thesis The Beginnings of the Cistercian Monastery in Žďár nad Sázavou written and defended at this Faculty in 2010/2011. It focuses on the historical development of the Cistercian monastery in Žďár nad Sázavou from the middle of the 14th century to 1520. The history of the monastery reflects political and religious circumstances at that time: the accession of the Luxembourg dynasty to the Bohemian throne, the rise and flourishing of the country during the reign of Charles IV and the decline of the country connected with the reign of Wenceslas IV which resulted in the Hussite revolution and the religious and political crisis and instability in Bohemia. All that left its mark also on the destiny of the monastery. The internal situation of the Žďár monastery in this period was especially influenced by frequent changes in exercising founders' rights. After the last member of the Lords of Obřany died in 1312 the first to take over the role of the founders was the Lichtenburk family and their relatives, the Lords of Ronov and Bítov. Around the middle of the 14th century the monarch's influence grew as well as the influence of the Margraviate of...

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