Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:48:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mauricio de Castro e Souza.pdf: 867012 bytes, checksum: ad34ac90702a719d6b776a15b9d8efd6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-12-05 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / The practice on interest on lent is present in everyday life. The Bible dealt with this issue, and the matter was a subject treated in the Code of Hammurabi and in the Roman Law. The loan interest, in the Middle Ages, was important to promote development, trade, marine exploration trips, and even in the Crusades. The Christian Church simultaneously condemned the practice of usury, that is, the lent on interest. But sometimes it not only authorized the practice, the Church did also benefit from it. Calvin, although personally contrary to the practice of lent on interest, realized the impossibility of its abolition and showed himself in favor of the lent on interest. Nonetheless, he separated between the loan for consumption and the loan for production, to be used to promote development. In his understanding, the loan for production was fair because the borrower, working out the money, intends to obtain a superior amount than the money taken. However, conscious that the interest affects directly the cost of living, resulting negatively to the poor, Calvin restricts and systematizes the loan on interest to aim two targets: 1) Our actions must glorify God; 2) Our benefits must affect positively the surrounding community. / A prática do empréstimo a juros sempre esteve presente na vida das pessoas, visto que a Bíblia, o Código de Hamurabi e o Direito Romano já tratavam do assunto. O empréstimo a juros na Idade Média foi importante para promover o desenvolvimento, sendo utilizado no comércio, nas viagens marítimas, e até mesmo nas épocas das Cruzadas. A Igreja Cristã, ao mesmo tempo em que condenava a prática da usura, isto é, empréstimo a juros, por muitas vezes não só autorizou mas, também, usufruiu de ganhos adquiridos com juros. Calvino, apesar de contrário à prática do empréstimo a juros, mas por perceber que seria impossível aboli-lo, manifestou-se de certa forma favorável à temática em questão. Todavia, separou o empréstimo de consumo, do empréstimo de produção, o qual foi utilizado para promover o desenvolvimento. No entender de Calvino, o empréstimo de produção era justo, pois, o que empresta nesta linha de ganho, pretende ganhar outro tanto superior o valor emprestado. Mas, consciente que os juros afetam diretamente o custo de vida, e os menos favorecidos financeiramente serão os mais afligidos, restringe e sistematiza o empréstimo a juros, com a dupla finalidade: 1) que as nossas atitudes glorifiquem a Deus; 2) que devem beneficiar a comunidade em que vivemos.

Submitted by Maria Dulce (mdulce@ndc.uff.br) on 2014-02-21T20:36:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva, Marcio-Dissert-2013.pdf: 1161349 bytes, checksum: 3c38783be5647b14e00a7a6441138b96 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-02-21T20:36:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva, Marcio-Dissert-2013.pdf: 1161349 bytes, checksum: 3c38783be5647b14e00a7a6441138b96 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Nossa pesquisa analisa os conceitos de fronteira a serem empregados para o estudo do reino de Castela no século XIII. O recorte temporal que adotamos se concentra no período compreendido entre a vitória cristã em Las Navas de Tolosa e os anos finais do Reinado de Afonso X. Acreditamos que esta ofensiva marcou o início da projeção castelhana sobre Andaluzia, além de acentuar o processo de avanço das fronteiras de Castela em direção ao sul Mais do que isso, um estudo da sociedade de fronteira e sua forma de vida tem sua credibilidade como fator histórico precisamente por seu caráter de separação, não só de duas sociedades, mas de duas identidades distintas. Mesmo investigando com certo ardor o período do governo de Fernando III, nossa pesquisa mantém o foco nos anos em que Afonso X esteve à frente da coroa castelhana. / This dissertation examines the concepts of border to be used for the study of the Kingdom of Castile in thirteenth century. The time frame was adopt focuses on the period between the Christian victory in the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa and late reign of Alfonso X. We believe that victory marked the beginning of Castilian drive on Andalucia, and accentuates the process of advancing the frontiers of Castile towards south. Moreover, a study of frontier society and their way of life has its credibility as a historical factor precisely for its character of splitting not only two societies, but two distinct identities. Even investigating quite heartily the rule of Fernando III, our research keeps the focus on the years in which Alfonso X held the Castilian crown.

Performativity” is employed in this study as a methodological approach to an understanding of patriarchy and its effects. As the materialized effect of the use of language and symbolization (speech acts, larger discourses, rituals) it fits within the broad frame of rhetorics, where the last highlights the creational or shaping force of language. Specifically the study focuses on an adapted version of Judith Butler’s notion of “performativity” in an analysis of the lives of various women. The term “performativity” is used in two fundamentally different senses. In the first, it refers to the prescriptions and expectations of patriarchy in regard to the identity and behaviour of its subjects, presented to them through master narratives. This sense of the word is pejorative in that “performativity” is a means of oppression and control. In the other sense of the word, “performatives” are those alternative ways of behaving and responding, chosen by women in their attempts to free themselves from the stifling effects of patriarchy and the master-narrative that it dictates. In this sense, the term actually refers to contra-performatives. Any study focusing on patriarchy necessarily requires an understanding of the origins and workings, as well as the effects, of that phenomenon. The study traces the development of the patriarchal system from pre-history, through Antiquity, into the Middle Ages and the Modern Era. This examination reveals the universality of patriarchy around the world and throughout history. The phenomenon is defined as an oppressive system of male domination within the family and society. As the study focuses particularly on the lives of two fourteenth century English women, Margery Kempe and Julian of Norwich, an examination of English society of that period as a strongly gendered culture, is undertaken. The very limited options available to women are delineated: the choice confronting them was either marriage and procreation, or church and chastity. Margery Kempe initially chose the former, while Julian of Norwich chose the latter. How did these choices impact on their lives, and in what ways may they be regarded as “performative”? Through various speech acts and rituals, as well as their writing, these women confronted patriarchy, sometimes directly and overtly, and at other times subtly and covertly, in their endeavours to create for themselves an alternative to patriarchal oppression. Alternative discourses informed alternative “performances”. In order to demonstrate the universality over time and place of patriarchy and the universal, “performative” response of women to it, the focus then shifts to nineteenth and twentieth century South Africa, where the life-worlds of a diverse group of women are studied. Again, “performativity” as a tool of liberation in the hands of women such as James Barry, Olive Schreiner, Johanna Brandt and Ellen Kuzwayo, is examined. The value of “performativity” is then, emphasised in this study, particularly as a means for those who have for whatever reason – gender, sexual orientation, race, etcetera – been “othered”, to overcome the regime under which they suffer. Regimes which have existed throughout history. This study in a sense serves as a springboard for further research into the why and how of liberation from patriarchal and other oppression. / Prof. H. Viviers

Le Liber Prefigurationum Christi et Ecclesie est un poème anonyme latin datable de la fin du XIème siècle. Il n’est présent en entier que dans un seul manuscrit parisien. Il s’agit d’une réécriture de la Bible comportant 2670 hexamètres dactyliques. L’auteur a paraphrasé un certain nombre d’épisodes de l’Ancien Testament et a ajouté des commentaires exégétiques et moraux. La thèse comprend, dans une première partie, une introduction au texte et à sa traduction. Elle étudie la structure du poème, les techniques de réécriture, l’utilisation des commentaires exégétiques et des poètes antérieurs à la rédaction. Elle compare le Liber avec d’autres réécritures bibliques tardo-antiques ou médiévales. Elle dresse enfin un portrait de l’anonyme en insistant sur sa culture, ses techniques de versification, ses structures de pensée et ses intentions. La deuxième partie de l’ouvrage comprend une nouvelle édition critique du texte ainsi que sa première traduction. Elle s’accompagne d’un apparat des gloses et des sources bibliques. La troisième partie du travail est constituée d’un commentaire « épisode par épisode » de l’ensemble du poème. Il évoque la place de chaque passage dans l’économie de l’œuvre (en particulier dans les cas d’antéposition ou de postposition par rapport à la matière biblique), la réécriture de l’hypotexte biblique, la présence et la fonction des commentaires, les sources patristiques ainsi que la justification de nos choix d’édition lorsqu’ils diffèrent du texte établi par G. Dinkova en 2007. / The Liber Prefigurationum Christi et Ecclesie is an anonymous poem, written in Latin, which can be dated from the end of the eleventh century. The unabridged version is to be found in only one Parisian manuscript. The verse composition is a bible rewriting containing 2670 hexameters. The author has versified many episodes of the Old Testament and has added exegetical and moral commentaries. The thesis contains, in its first part, an introduction to the Latin text and its translation, which studies the poem structure, the rewriting modes, the exploitation of the exegetical commentaries and of the poets who have written prior to the Liber composition. It also compares the Liber with other biblical rewritings either from late Antiquity or from the Middle Ages. Finally it draws the portrait of the anonymous poet by emphasizing his culture, his versification, his way of thinking and his aims. The second part of the work comprises a new critical edition of the text as well as its first translation. It also includes an apparatus of the glosses and of the biblical references. The third part is a commentary “episode by episode” of the whole poem which mentions the place of each passage in the work (particularly in case of anteposition or postposition), the rewriting of the biblical hypotext, the presence and function of the commentaries, the doctores used by the author, as well as the explanation of our edition choices, when they are different from the text written by G. Dinkova in 2007.

This thesis examines the place of the Virgin Mary in the intellectual culture of Benedictine and Cistercian monasticism in medieval England, between c. 1050 and c. 1200. Drawing high profile thinkers, including Anselm of Canterbury (d. 1109), into dialogue with lesser known figures, it reveals the richness of monastic contributions to Marian doctrine and devotion, in many cases for the first time. The shape of the analysis is provided by five key 'moments' from Mary's life, unfolded consecutively across six chapters. Chapters 1 and 2, on Mary's conception, reveal a confident and pioneering monastic culture which drove the evolution of an obscure Anglo-Saxon feast into a theological doctrine, despite fierce opposition at home and abroad. Chapter 3 explains how Mary's virginity was adopted as a blueprint for the monastic life by Ælred of Rievaulx (d. 1167) and Baldwin of Forde (d. 1190), both of whom were inspired by its fruitfulness in the Incarnation of Christ. Chapter 4 brings to light the contributions made to exegesis of the Song of Songs as a poem about Mary's humility by the mysterious Honorius Augustodunensis (d. 1140) and John of Forde (d. 1214). Chapter 5, on the divine maternity, demonstrates how English monastic theologians gave new life to understanding of Mary as Theotokos ('God-bearer') by drawing out its significance for their own spiritual maternity as leaders of religious communities. Chapter 6 shows how Mary was believed to have entered into the pain of the Crucifixion through her own spiritual martyrdom, and how monks sought to share the experience with her by a communion of charity. These and other insights offer a compelling glimpse into the culture of English monasticism between the demise of the Anglo-Saxons and the advent of the friars. Inspired by a desire to understand and ultimately to know Mary, Benedictine and Cistercian monks produced theological and spiritual works which were imaginative, often intimate and occasionally pioneering. Most of all, they were profoundly pastoral, composed in the belief that Mary could inspire and support those who had embarked upon the monastic via perfectionis.

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(in English): The thesis is devoted to hunting in Early Middle Ages in Czech Republic. The work summarizes the current knowledge of written sources and iconography. This knowledge are compared with zooarchaeological dates from sites dating to the Early Middle Ages. The thesis deals with the hunting law, hunting reserves and the hunting organization. The major part of this work is focused on game and its use. A portion of game on several hill forts and rural sites was also studied because hunting was not available for all social classes.

The main topic of this diploma thesis is to describe the genre "novella", specifically its evolution from the Middle Ages to 17th century in the Italian territory. The objective of this thesis is: 1. Create a panoramic view of the most important "novella" authors and their writings, show their language and stylistic device which they use and show how those change throughout the centuries. 2. On selected works show the variable and invariable elements, which are used in the "novella", in above quoted period. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

À travers les exemples de Lagrasse, Alet-les-Bains et Caunes-Minervois, cette thèse propose de déterminer les mécanismes et le rôle des acteurs du développement des bourgs monastiques du VIIIe au milieu du XVIe siècle en pays d’Aude. Les modalités du peuplement des sites sont appréhendées, ainsi que les relations entre la communauté des religieux et celle des habitants. La construction de l’espace urbain de ces villes moyennes du Moyen Âge est un des thèmes principaux, abordé à travers l’inventaire des maisons, l’analyse des plans anciens et les sources écrites médiévales et modernes. L’espace périurbain est envisagé comme un secteur permettant aux deux communautés d’assurer une partie de leur approvisionnement et, en ce sens, comme un espace qu’elles devaient se partager et qui devenait essentiel dans les relations qu’elles entretenaient. / Through the examples of Lagrasse, Alet-les-Bains and Caunes-Minervois, this thesis intends to determine the mechanisms and the stakeholders’ role in the development of monastic towns in the Aude department from the 8th century to the mid-16th century. The modes of settlement on these sites are examined, as well as the relations between the religious community and the inhabitants. The construction of urban space in these medium-sized medieval towns is one of the main topics addressed through the inventory of houses, the analysis of historic plans and of medieval or modern written sources. The peri-urban space is regarded as an area allowing both communities to secure a part of their supplies and, in this sense, as a space they had to share and that was essential to the relations between them.

Cette thèse a pour but d'étudier les diverses représentations du Moyen Âge au Québec à travers un corpus d'expositions parcourant le XXe siècle et le début des années 2000. Nous nous intéressons au rôle joué par l'espace muséal québécois dans la diffusion de discours sur cette période européenne. Chaque exposition est replacée dans son contexte de création afin de mettre en évidence les raisons d'ordres religieux, culturels, politiques et linguistiques qui incitent les musées à privilégier telle ou telle représentation du Moyen Âge. / This thesis aims to study the various representations of the Middle Ages in Quebec through a corpus of temporary exhibitions held during the twentieth century and the early 2000s. We question the role played by the Quebec museums in the diffusion of discourses about this European period. In order to highlight the religious, cultural, political or linguistic reasons for museums to focus on a specific representation of the Middle Ages, each exhibition is replaced within its original context of creation.