S’inscrivant dans un projet de mise en valeur du site archéologique de Saint-Blaise (Saint-Mitre-les-Remparts, 13), notre thèse propose la relecture des vestiges tardo-antiques et médiévaux de cet ensemble de référence. Grâce à la reprise de l’intégralité des archives et des minutes de terrain générées depuis 1935, à l’étude raisonnée de lots de mobilier, à l’enregistrement systématique des structures apparentes et à la réouverture de campagnes de fouilles programmées, nous présentons la première synthèse de l’évolution topo-chronologique de Saint-Blaise/Ugium entre Antiquité tardive et Moyen Age. Considérant le phasage en neuf périodes établi par Gabrielle Démians d’Archimbaud comme le point de départ de notre réflexion, nous avons élargi ses interprétations centrées sur quelques sondages à l’ensemble de l’agglomération secondaire. Si le plateau continue à être fréquenté entre le IIe siècle av. J.-C. et le IVe siècle, la deuxième moitié du Ve siècle marque l’investissement de sa partie basse (implantation d’une église et d’un habitat fixe). A partir du VIe siècle, l’agglomération se voit dotée d’une parure monumentale inspirée de la topographie urbaine (deux « quartiers », un rempart, une deuxième église et un habitat élitaire). Initiant quelques réflexions sur les modalités de la transition entre Antiquité et haut Moyen Age, nous proposons également une première approche du castrum médiéval de Castelveyre. Enfin, comparée à un corpus d’habitats groupés et perchés de l’arc méditerranéen, nous replaçons l’agglomération de Saint-Blaise/Ugium dans un contexte global. / The study takes places on development project of archaeological site of Saint-Blaise (Saint-Mitre-les-Remparts, 13, France) and the purpose of our thesis is to proofreading the late antique and medieval vestiges. Thanks to recovery of the archives and the ground surveying generated since 1935, to the study of lots of ceramics, to the systematic recording of visible structures and to the opening of news excavations, we present the first synthesis of the Saint-Blaise topo-chronological evolution from Late Antiquity to Middle Ages. Considering the division in nine periods established by Gabrielle Démians d’Archimbaud as a starting point, we extend her interpretations to the whole urban area. If the plateau is frequented between 2nd century B.C. and 4th century A.C., the second half of 5th century A.C. is the beginning of settling in low part (a church and a house). From the 6th century A.C., the town is equipped with monumental finery inspired by the urban topography (two “districts”, a city-wall, a second church and an elitist house). Introducing some thoughts on the modalities of the transition between Late Antiquity and high Middle Ages, we purpose first results about Castelveyre castrum. Finally, compared with a corpus of housing environments grouped and perched by the Mediterranean, we replace the town of Saint-Blaise/Ugium in a global context.

This thesis studies “svenner” – armed servants, bailiffs and administrators – and service ideals in late medieval Sweden by using a variety of sources including payrolls, correspondence, charters and service instructions. The study argues that in order to reach an understanding of the relationship between lord and servant, and the complexity of service ideals, questions must be asked about for whom service was open, if there was competition, and what in that case was characteristic of the people and requirements that constituted the service.The conclusion is that service was not open to all; loyalty and strong social bonds were cru-cial, while other capitals such as military competence and ancestry could increase the material and immaterial benefits of service. The social field was closely connected to the political field why those who intended to compete in the field had limited opportunities to influence the terms of service. Although serving the aristocracy could be beneficial in many ways, legisla-tion and a deeply rooted service ideal held the feudal power relations firmly intact.

(in English): The issue is focused on the survey and dig on the mining settlement Kremsiger in Ore Mountain. We discovered well planed and perhaps measured urbanism of the site. Our excavation took luckily place on the house with traces of ore assaing activity. In the issue we discuss the possibility of ore smelting directly on the mining settlements. We found out, that this activity is not exceptional, although there is no evident reason for avoiding the smelting in central smelting places. Second, the excavation brought the biggest assemblage of high mediaeval ceramic. Its analysis pointed out, that the settlement lived through two different ceramic horizonts, and due to this fact was not extremely short-living place as could be expected by mining settlement generally. Despite some exclusive finds as hollow glas, or the urbanism, we neglect the possibility of township of the site. There is no evidence for growth of mining settlement in such vicinity as by Kremsiger and the mediaeval Town Přísečnice.

Cette étude envisage de mettre en parallèle deux personnages féminins (Yseut et Wîs) issus de plusieurs récits médiévaux : les romans de Tristan et Le roman de Wîs et Râmîn. Ces personnages seront analysés sous l’optique de la théorie junguienne des archétypes et de l’Inconscient collectif. Le postulat de base sera donc de considérer que le même principe archétypique est à l’arrière-plan des deux personnages : le Féminin archétypique. Yseut et Wîs font partie de récits qui ont pour origine la mythologie celtique, pour la première, et la mythologie persane, pour la deuxième. A partir de ce constat, on peut voir comment l’élaboration des deux personnages est redevable d’autres images mythiques de la Féminité et de la Femme dans les contextes culturel et mythologique qui entourent chaque récit. Que savons-nous à vrai dire des héroïnes de ces histoires, de leur fonction et de leur rôle dans la construction de ces récits qui les mettent en scène? Retracer cette élaboration qui va de la mythologie à la littérature, repérer les échos des contes folkloriques et populaires qui résonnent encore dans les récits tels que nous les connaissons aujourd’hui, tels sont deux des objectifs primordiaux de cette étude. Une analyse des deux personnages féminins, en tant que symboles d’un même archétype, nous permettra de comparer la dynamique à l’égard du Feminin archétypique dans les deux productions littéraires, ainsi que de repérer leur rôle narratif dans les dénouments si différents des deux histoires. Yseut et Wîs seraient donc les cristallisations d’un imaginaire collectif autour de la Femme et de la Féminité. Elles sont apparues dans deux cultures différentes, à une même époque de l’histoire : le Moyen Âge. / In this work we will be comparing two feminine characters (Iseult and Vis) from several medieval stories: the romances of Tristan and the romance of Vis and Ramin. These characters will be analyzed using Jungian theory about archetypes and Collective Unconscious. Our basic premise considers that the same archetypal principle drives the two characters: The Archetypal Feminine. We know that the characters of Iseult and Vis belong to stories whose origins are mythological: Celtic origins for the heroine of Tristan romances and Persian origins for the heroine of Gorgani’s romance. Based on this, one can see how the drawing up of these two characters owes much to other mythical images of Femininity and Woman, in the cultural and mythological context of each literary work. What do we truly know and understand about the heroines of these important stories? What do we truly know and understand about their function and their role in the plot of these romances? This work holds two objectives related to these questions. One, to trace the drawing up of the characters from mythology to literature. The other, to identify the echoes of folktales and traditional literature which resonate in these stories even today. Analyzing these two characters as symbols of the same archetype, can allow us to compare the dynamic of the Archetypal Feminine into these literary works, and to identify their narrative function in the two different outcomes of the stories. Iseult and Vis would be then the crystallizations of a collective image about Woman and Femininity. They appeared in two different cultures, at the same moment of history: The Middle Ages.

Dans le roman d’aventures médiéval, le thème de la fuite ne peut être perçu de manière uniforme mais en fonction du sexe du personnage principal. L’homme qui fuit est un couard déshonoré, la femme en fuite un nouveau prototype d’héroïne. En effet, être en fuite, suppose d’errer dans un univers inconnu, regorgeant de territoires pas toujours domestiqués par l’homme et largement inexplorés par la femme, l’espace extérieur restant traditionnellement un terrain de chasse masculin. Identités mouvantes trahies par le déguisement et la mouvance de leur nom, étapes laborieuses marquées par la nécessité de gagner sa vie, virilité parfois à toute épreuve, ces jeunes demoiselles sillonnent les contrées en quête d’elles-mêmes. Seul rempart contre le suicide, la fuite féminine synthétise une révolte avouée et exprimée. Donner ainsi la parole à des femmes dans des schémas narratifs éprouvés, les faire coexister aux côtés des chevaliers errants, c’est bien leur permettre de poser, ou de redécouvrir, les bases de leur identité. Parfois assistées dans leur démarche brutale, elles s’attribuent désormais la responsabilité d’elles-mêmes et acquièrent peu à peu une indépendance qui, jusque-là, était irréalisable à l’intérieur des murs de leur forteresse androcentrique. Aussi, fuir leur confère-t-elles un contrôle tout à fait inédit de leur personne. La circulation des femmes dans les romans du Moyen Âge demeure donc un enjeu non seulement narratif, mais aussi social, privé, humain. A l’heure de la redécouverte des grandes aventurières des XIXe et XXe siècles, l’accent est porté sur une nouvelle mobilité de la femme. Notre thèse regarde plus en avant et examine des femmes nomades dans les fictions romanesques médiévales. Ce motif fédérateur rassemble vraisemblablement quelques topoï notoires issus de sources anciennes mythologiques récupérées par la littérature du Moyen Âge. Il s’agira de décrypter l’architecture de ce motif pour en déterminer les origines. / In medieval adventure novels, the theme of escape is not treated in an balanced manner but depends on the gender of the main character. The man who flees is a dishonored coward while the fleeing woman represents a new prototype of heroin. It appears that being on the run involves wandering into an unknown world full of territories which are not always domesticated by men and which are largely unexplored by women, because, traditionally, this outer space represents a male hunting territory. Their changing identities betrayed by the disguise and by the instability of their names, laborious steps marked by the need to earn a living, and sometimes a virility in every challenge, this is what defines these young women who go across the countries as seekers of themselves The feminine at flight which implies an admitted and spoken rebellion, is the only defense against suicide. Thus, giving voice to women in proven narrative patterns, making them coexist alongside the errant knights, it is a perfect way which allows them to settle, or to rediscover, the basis of their identity. Even though they are sometimes assisted in their brutal steps, henceforth they assume the responsibility upon themselves, and gradually acquire an independence which, hitherto, was impossible within the walls of their androcentric fortress. Fleeing gives them also a completely new control of themselves. The women running in the novels of the Middle Ages represents a challenge not only from a narrative aspect but also from a social, private, and human view point. At the time of the rediscovery of the great adventurers of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the emphasis falls on a new mobility of women. Our thesis looks further away and examines nomadic women in medieval romance fiction. This unifying pattern is likely to bring together some known topoi from ancient mythological sources, retrieved by the literature of the Middle Ages. Our aim is to decrypt the architecture of this pattern in order to determine its origins as well.

Orientador: Ruy de Oliveira Andrade Filho / Banca: Milton Carlos Costa / Banca: Germano Miguel Favaro Esteves / Banca: Ana Paula Tavares Magalhães / Banca: Yone de Carvalho / Resumo: A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar os discursos que ressoam no Tratado do Amor Cortês, evidenciando, dentre outros aspectos, os mecanismos discursivos que reforçam as relações de poder que regem a sociedade medieval. Escrito no século XII por André Capelão, o Tratado do Amor Cortês constitui uma importante fonte de estudo e de referência dos novos padrões de sensibilidade e de representações instituídos pela temática do amor cortês. Composta por três livros, a obra tornou-se alvo de estudo e de polêmicas, principalmente, em razão da discrepância entre os dois primeiros livros e o terceiro. Se no primeiro e no segundo livro vislumbramos o enaltecimento da prática do amor denominado cortês e a exaltação do papel feminino no processo de enobrecimento do amante, no terceiro e último livro o autor assume uma postura oposta, enumerando os males ocasionados por esse amor dito profano e vilipendiando as mulheres. Nesta tese, buscaremos demonstrar que tal contraste é resultado dos diferentes discursos, em especial o discurso cortês e o discurso religioso, representados no Tratado, caracterizando-o como uma obra polifônica. Dentre os diversos elementos discursivos, priorizamos analisar aqueles que reproduzem, reforçam e divulgam as relações de poder e dominação entre os homens e entre os sexos, em suas diferentes manifestações / Abstract: The present research aims to investigate the discourses that resonate in the The Art of Courtly Love, evidencing, among other aspects, the discursive mechanisms that reinforce the relations of power that govern the medieval society. Written in the twelfth century by Andreas Capellanus, The Art of Courtly Love is an important source of study and reference for the new patterns of sensibility and representations instituted by the theme of courtly love. Composed by of three books, the work became the subject of study and controversy mainly due to the discrepancy between the first two books and the third. If in the first and second books one can see the praising of love called courteous and the exaltation of the feminine role in the process of ennoblement of the lover, in the third and last book the author assumes an opposite position, enumerating the hexes occasioned by this profane love, while vilifying women. In this thesis we‟ll try to show that this contrast is a result of the different discourses, especially the courtly discourse and the religious discourse, represented in The Art of Courtly Love, characterizing it as a polyphonic work. Among the various discursive elements, we prioritize to analyze those who reproduce, reinforce and divulge the relations of power and domination between men and between the sexes, in their different manifestations / Doutor

Centrée sur le règne des trois premiers Valois (1328-1380), cette thèse a pour objectif d’étudier la construction, le fonctionnement et les pratiques du groupe social formé par les notaires et secrétaires exerçant à la chancellerie royale française. Elle se fonde pour cela sur l’examen combiné de leurs pratiques scripturales et de leurs parcours.Ce travail s’appuie sur l’étude de l’intégralité des registres de chancellerie de Philippe VI, Jean le Bon et Charles V. Sujets d’une archéologie textuelle, ces documents sont considérés comme des unités de sens composées de plusieurs strates d’actions humaines s’échelonnant de leur création au XIXe siècle. Une étude comparative avec les registres du Parlement civil contemporains est menée dans le but de déterminer s’il existe, au sein de l’administration royale, un ou plusieurs arts du registre.Les mentions extra sigillum, la signature et les sceaux personnels de plusieurs notaires et secrétaires sont également analysées. Ces marqueurs personnels nous donnent accès tant à des pratiques administratives qu’à l’expression d’une individualité.En pleine expansion sous les trois premiers Valois, l’ornementation des chartes et des registres est également l’objet d’une étude. Pratique connexes aux deux genres documentaires, elle développe une rhétorique visuelle dans le temps long.Les parcours d’une vingtaine de notaires et secrétaires royaux sont enfin appréhendés afin de mettre en évidence les caractéristiques et points de cohésion de ce groupe professionnel devenu communauté confraternelle suite à la création de leur confrérie en mars 1351. / Centered on the reign of the first three Valois (1328-1380), this thesis aims to study the construction, functioning and practices of the social group formed by the notaries and secretaries of the French royal chancellery. It is based on the combined examination of their scriptural practices and their experiences.This work is based on the study of the totality of the chancery registers of Philippe VI, Jean le Bon and Charles V. At the center of textual archeology, these documents are treated as units of meaning composed of several layers of human actions ranging from their creation to the 19th century. A comparative study with registers of civil Parliament is being conducted to determine whether one or more arts of registry within the royal administration are implied.The extra sigillum entries, the signature and the personal seals of several notaries and secretaries are also analysed. These personal markers give us access to administrative practices as well as to the expression of an individuality.In full expansion under the first three Valois, the ornamentation of the charters and registers is also the subject of a study. A practice related to the two documentary genres, it develops a visual rhetoric over time.The careers of some twenty notaries and royal secretaries are finally apprehended in order to highlight the characteristics and points of cohesion of this professional group that became a brotherly community following the creation of their confraternity in March 1351.

This dissertation examines three literary treatments of patience in late medieval English literature. I argue that patience appears in the literature of late medieval England in a new and surprising form. Langland’s Patience in the B-text of Piers Plowman is an impoverished minstrel that disrupts and antagonizes his interlocutors through gnomic riddles and comic vignettes. The homiletic poem Patience, through a narrator hyperactively keen to transform suffering into “play” or “jape,” unpicks the deficiencies of a theology that views patience as “ease” or even pleasure and illuminates the Book of Jonah as a unique scriptural witness to the difficulty and estrangement of living within the patientia Dei. The “morality play” Mankind stages its grappling with the difficulties of Jobean patience through the antics of foul-mouthed diabolical and hamartiological agents who perpetually trouble the patience of both the characters and the audience. By reading these poems and plays very closely amidst their scriptural and patristic intertexts I argue that the works studied in this dissertation constitute an intense literary interest in the theology of patience in late medieval England, both as a spiritual and as a hermeneutic ideal. In Piers Plowman, Patience and Mankind, patience becomes a discomforting concatenation of mirth and despair. In Piers Plowman, Haukyn is brought to the belief that living “[s]o hard it is” by Patience’s comic vignettes. God’s “meschef” in Patience brings Jonah to cry, twice, that his life is “to longe.” Mankind loses his patience and sinks into acedia in Mankind via a theatrical “jape” by the professional minstrel Titivillus, a “jape” that the audience are repeatedly invited to be patient for. I argue that this unusual collocation of frivolity and sorrow can be understood partly in relation to the patristic focus on differentiating Christian patience from stoic fortitude and apatheia. This created a foundational concept of patience as participatory with the patientia Dei. The patience of God, as conceived in patristic treatises on patience, was a non-suffering (impassible) patience. The problem of conceptualizing the impassible patience of God produced, I argue, enduring formulations of God’s patience as a form of pleasure and, accordingly, of human patience as participatory with the pleasure of God. Yet, the pleasures that Piers Plowman, Patience and Mankind associate with their treatments of patience are not rarefied spiritual joys. Rather, in each text studied here, patience is particularly associated with the low-brow entertainments of minstrelsy, “jape” and “game.” This produces a disorienting concatenation of low-comedy and grave suffering through which, I argue, these writers align their explorations of the theology of patience with their own literary practice. In Piers Plowman, through Patience’s strange minstrelsy, Langland is making an important statement of his own learned “meddling with makings.” In Patience, the poem speaks in multiple voices to produce a contradictory and dissonant account of God’s patience and how it might be understood. In Mankind, the play’s central episode of the breaking of Mankind’s patience turns to the social and economic realities of the theatrical production itself to explain a theology of patience that will attend to a Creation of invisible and visible parts. Patience, often a wan-faced and inscrutable virtue, has a vibrant and unique life in the vernacular literature of late medieval England. The three texts studied here are a case study in the under-explored novelty of late medieval conceptions of patience that, I hope, might illuminate unexpected areas of late medieval devotional and literary practice.

Jews were integral part of medieval urban society. For Christians, there was a widespread prohibition of lending money on interest, that's why were Jews focused on this part of urban economy. It is documented also in Znojmo, where are kept well preserved municipal books, containing records of Jewish credit from time span 1415- 1438. Based on these records we can analyse details of the loans: names of creditors and debtors, place of their origin, sums owed etc. Results of this analysis are noteworthy. As debtors, we can meet citizens and other residents of Znojmo and suburb, clergy, nobility, as well as artisans and peasantry. Based on the book from 1425-1426 I'll reconstruct the contacts between Jewish creditors and their debtors.

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