Esta tese acompanha a construção do Feed de Notícias do Facebook ao longo dos seus primeiros 10 anos (2006-2016) com o objetivo de descrever as formas como o mecanismo e a noção de algoritmo são definidos ao longo do período estudado. São analisados os conteúdos digitais, chamados de dispositivos textuais, que compõem publicamente o que o Feed de Notícias é e faz, descrevendo os atores implicados na composição dessa narrativa, mapeando seus objetivos e seus efeitos. A amostra analisada toma como ponto de partida os dispositivos textuais alocados em dois espaços digitais institucionais do Facebook: Facebook Blog e Facebook Newsroom. A partir da leitura de mais de mil publicações digitais do Facebook e de outros agentes (usuários, produtores de conteúdo, imprensa, ativistas etc.), foram selecionadas as publicações mais relevantes ao estudo, escolhidas com ênfase em eventos e circunstâncias de negociação ou mudança. A abordagem aqui construída representa uma composição de perspectivas dos estudos de ciência e tecnologia (STS) e da Teoria Ator-Rede (TAR). Trata-se do conjunto de procedimentos utilizados na descrição do caráter performativo dos textos. Na análise realizada na tese, são identificados três momentos distintos da construção da noção de algoritmo ao longo da trajetória do Feed de Notícias, chamados de Algoritmo Edgerank, Algoritmo Certo e Algoritmo Centrado no Usuário. Ao mesmo tempo, é apresentada a formulação do Feed de Notícias como um fluxo constante. É argumentado que as transformações no mecanismo são orientadas para gerar engajamento e manter usuários conectados ao Facebook. Engajamento é, na racionalidade emergente da construção do Feed de Notícias, uma mercadoria resultante de sua ação. Outra noção relevante decorrente da análise é a ideia de norma algorítmica como lógica normativa de visibilidade que busca regular o relacionamento entre produtores de conteúdo e o mecanismo, punindo os que não seguem as chamadas boas práticas. / This study follows the Facebook News Feed construction throughout its first ten years (2006– 2016). The objective of this research is to describe the way this mechanism and the notion of algorithm were compounded, enacted and transformed during that period. This is achieved through an analysis of the digital content (referred to here as ‘textual devices’) that publicly constructs what the News Feed is and how it functions. This analysis describes the actors involved within this narrative, mapping their objectives and effects. The sample is constructed beginning with the textual devices published on Facebook’s institutional websites: Facebook Blog and Facebook Newsroom. Following the reading of more than 1,000 texts of Facebook and other agents (users, content producers, media, activists, etc.), the most relevant publications were selected, emphasizing situations of change, conflict and controversy. The research approach, which was based on science and technology studies (STS) and actornetwork theory (ANT), involved constructing a body of procedures used to describe the performative character of texts. The current study found that during the development of the News Feed, Facebook’s notion of algorithm has gone through three different phases, referred to here respectively as the Edgerank Algorithm, Right Algorithm and User-centered Algorithm. One of the most interesting findings was that the changes in the News Feed are primarily oriented towards the objective of creating engagement by keeping users connected to Facebook. Engagement is an important commodity within the rationality that emerged from this scenario. It is argued that the News Feed development may be seen as a continuous flow. Another important finding was the notion called algorithmic norm, as a normative logic of visibility that rules the relationship between content producers and the News Feed. The algorithmic norm tends to enact specific judgements and to punish content producers who do not follow what Facebook calls good practices.

Avec plus de 100.000 transactions chaque année, les marchés publics représentent près de 10 % du PIB français. Pourtant, peu de travaux en sciences de gestion ont tenté de comprendre les manoeuvres stratégiques qui facilitent l'accès des entreprises à la commande publique. En s'appuyant sur la théorie des réseaux, le but de cette thèse est, justement, d'étudier l'impact de l'environnement relationnel des entreprises. Nous proposons, ainsi, un modèle qui décrit comment les réseaux d'alliances influencent l'attribution des marchés publics. Pour réaliser ce travail de recherche, nous observons 4.242 transactions de marchés publics dans lesquelles sont impliquées des alliances stratégiques. Une analyse structurale des données nous permet, alors, de détecter les réseaux d'alliances. L'organisation de ces réseaux révèle des propriétés relationnelles non-triviales, et identiques à celles des réseaux sociaux. Ces propriétés sont testées à partir d'équations structurelles (PLS-path modeling). Les résultats montrent un effet significatif de 4 propriétés relationnelles (l'encastrement, l'attachement préférentiel, la force des liens et la transitivité) sur l'obtention des marchés publics. Nous décrivons, ensuite, la façon d'organiser, efficacement, des manoeuvres d'alliances. Nous posons, ainsi, les fondements d'un système d'intelligence économique pour former des coalitions. Ce système repose sur une cartographie des réseaux qui permet aux entreprises de comprendre et d'influencer leur environnement relationnel. / With over 100 000 exchanges per years, public procurement represent almost 10% of French GDP. Nevertheless, few scientific management studies have investigated strategies which ease accessibility to public procurement to companies. Based on network theory, my thesis purpose was to study the impact of the company relational environment. We now characterize a model that illustrates the effect of strategic networks on contract awarding. We investigated 4242 transactions in French public market with strategic alliances involvement. A structural data analysis highlighted strategic networks characterized by an organization having non trivial relational properties, which are identical to social networks. We used structural equations modeling (PLS-path modeling) to validate this observation. Indeed, we demonstrated that 4 different relational properties (embeddedness, preferential attachment, strength of ties and transitivity) influence significantly the public contract awarding. What are these model applications? This model draws a company network map, a useful tool for company to manage and understand their possible coalitions. We propose how to organize efficient strategic alliances which is one of the bases of competitive intelligence system.

Estudos de redes de médicos com vínculos profissionais no setor público e privado de saúde são praticamente inexistentes na literatura de saúde. Este trabalho objetiva desenvolver uma análise da rede de médicos com vínculos profissionais em unidades de saúde públicas e privadas. Adicionalmente, busca-se identificar os principais Hubs nas unidades de saúde no Município de Bauru e propor um esquema conceitual para análise da rede em estudo. A delimitação desse estudo foi feita a partir de unidades de saúde vinculadas ao Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) no município sede de um Departamento Regional de Saúde (DRS) do Estado de São Paulo. A principal fonte de dados utilizados nesse trabalho foi o sistema de Cadastro Nacional dos Estabelecimentos de Saúde (CNES). O mapeamento dessa rede envolveu três níveis de análise: Unidades de Saúde (organização); Médicos (pessoas) e Ocupações (cargos). Desenvolveu-se uma pesquisa empírica, de cunho quantitativo, por meio do mapeamento da rede com o auxílio do software de análise de redes organizacionais. Adaptou-se a fórmula do modelo Hub and Spoke, proposta originalmente para a área de logística por Derudder et al. (2007), para avaliar o grau de Hubiness das unidades de saúde. Adicionalmente, foi proposto um esquema conceitual de análise da rede de médicos no SUS que auxiliou no entendimento dessa rede e ilustra os atores tipicamente encontrados nos diferentes níveis de atendimento do SUS. Os Hubs tipicamente encontrados foram atores que atuam nos níveis de Alta Complexidade (AC) e, usualmente compostos pelos hospitais gerais. Os médicos que declaram as ocupações Médico da Estratégia de Saúde da Família, Ginecologista e Pediatra são aqueles atores típicos que atendem no nível Atenção Básica (AB). Portanto, este trabalho contribui tanto para a teoria, com o estabelecimento de questões de pesquisa descritivas para serem refinadas na forma de hipóteses, passíveis de serem testadas em estudos futuros, quanto para a prática, com a proposição de um esquema conceitual de análise da rede de médicos no SUS, pela adaptação da fórmula do modelo Hub- and-Spoke para identificação das as unidades de saúde que atuam como Hub e, finalmente, pela identificação da necessidade de políticas para a gestão dos vínculos profissionais médicos no SUS. As principais limitações do estudo envolvem, a delimitação da pesquisa em um município e do fato dos médicos vinculados ao Programa Mais Médicos não serem registrados nesse sistema. / Studies of physicians\' networks with professional ties in the public and private healthcare sector are virtually non-existent in the healthcare literature. This study aims to develop a physician network analysis with professional links with public and private healthcare facilities. In addition, it seeks to identify the main \"Hubs\" in the healthcare sector in Bauru (Brazil), and to propose a conceptual framework for analysis of this network. The delimitation of this study was made from healthcare units linked to the Brazilian Unified Healthcare System (Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS) in a municipality that headquarters a Regional Healthcare Department (DRS).The main data source used in this work was the DATASUS/CNES system. The mapping of the network involved three levels of analysis: Healthcare Units (organization); Physicians (people) and Occupations (positions). An empirical research of quantitative nature was developed, through the healthcare network mapping with organizational networks analysis software. The Hubiness degree formula, originally proposed for the Hub-and-Spoke model of logistics sector for Derudder et al. (2007), was adapted to assess the degree of Hubiness of healthcare units. In addition, it was proposed a conceptual framework for the analysis of physician network in SUS that supported the understanding of that network, and illustrated the actors typically found in different SUS service levels. Hubs are typically composed by actors who act in the levels of High Complexity (AC) and usually consist of the general hospitals. Physicians that declare Medical occupations of the Family Healthcare Strategy, Gynaecologists and Paediatricians are those typical actors that meet the Primary level (AB). Therefore, this study contributes to both, theory, with the proposition of descriptive research questions to be refined in the form of hypotheses that can be tested in future research, and practice, with the proposition of a conceptual framework of the physicians network in SUS, the adaptation of the Hubiness degree formula for identification of healthcare units that act as Hubs and, finally by identifying the need for public policies for the management of physicians professional linkages in SUS. The main limitations of the study involve the delimitation of research in a municipality and the fact that physicians linked to the Program \"More Physicians\" are not registered in the system.

Existem diversas pesquisas que tratam o assunto do processo de implementação dos Sistemas de Gestão Empresarial (SGE) no setor empresarial. A maioria delas focalizada no planejamento e o controle do gerenciamento no contexto formativo e abrangente que as envolve. Contudo, ainda existe uma lacuna ao estudar o processo de implementação nas pequenas e médias empresas que tenham orientação empreendedora. Devido ao fato de que estas empresas encontram-se num ambiente descontrolado, evidenciando saídas de rumo diante qualquer planejamento (drifting), tornam-se interessante os estudos de caso neste setor. Sendo assim, compreender como acontece o processo de implementação de um SGE e quais são as práticas que podem ser executadas para promover sua utilização sucedida é o foco deste trabalho de pesquisa. Para tanto foram utilizados os conceitos teóricos trazidos pelo trabalho de Ciborra (2002, 2000, 1999) em conjunto com a abordagem da Teoria do Ator- Rede (TAR) proposta pelo Latour (2005), Callon (1998) e Law (1992). O trabalho mostra a forma de utilização da TAR, evidencia os conceitos trazidos pelo Ciborra (2002, 2000, 1999) e propõe práticas para promover a utilização dos SGE para a fornecedora do estudo. Além disso, demonstra a necessidade de fazer mais pesquisas, no setor empresarial objeto deste estudo, uma vez que este tipo de empresa não aplica as melhores práticas mostradas nas diversas pesquisas apresentadas na literatura. Assim também, sugere-se a continuação deste estudo analisando outros atores que introduzam o ambiente tecnológico, econômico e social desse setor para poder identificar outros motivos pelos quais os atores executaram e fizeram as escolhas relatadas, pois com a TAR estudou-se a interação entre os atores envolvidos no processo de implementação do SGE, apresentando uma descrição de como foi construído esse processo. / There are several researches that deal with the matter of ERP implementation process on enterprise sector. Most of them focused on planning management control on overarching formative context that involves them. However, there is still a gap when a study is made on implementation for small and medium sized companies with entrepreneur orientation. Because these companies are settled in a non-controlled environment, noticing miss-routing upon any planning (drifting), it is interesting to have case studies in this sector. Thus, understanding how ERP implementation process is made and which are the procedures that can be applied to promote a succeed utilization is the focus of this research work. For this, it has been used theorical concepts brought by the work of Ciborra (2002, 2000, 1999) and the theorical approach of actor-network theory (ANT) proposed by Latour (2005), Callon (1998) and Law (1992). This work has shown the utilization of the ANT, it has evidenced the concepts brought by Ciborra (2002, 2000, and 1999) and suggests practices to promote the utilization of ERP for the supplier followed on this study. Besides, it is suggested to continue this study by introducing actors that represents the technological, economical and social environment of the studied sector to identify others reasons for actors’ options, once with the ANT was shown the interaction between the actors during the implementation process as a description of how the process was constructed as a result of this interaction.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O cinema é uma expressão artística mediada pela tecnologia desde o seu surgimento no século XIX. A partir dessa constatação, investigam-se neste trabalho as relações entre tecnologia e documentário e de que forma elas impactam as linguagens midiáticas, tomando como aplicação a obra de Eduardo Coutinho - mais especificamente o uso do vídeo pelo cineasta. Para desenvolver este estudo, foi usado como referenciais teóricos a Teoria Ator-Rede e a Teoria das Materialidades da Comunicação, que têm em comum a análise de atores humanos (homem) e não humanos (técnica), além de permitir a justaposição de descrições histórica, biográfica, analítica e empírica a cerca do objeto do estudo. Essas análises mostram que há uma influência mútua e simultânea entre tecnologia e documentário, onde tecnologia influencia a linguagem documental, ao mesmo tempo em que o documentário, ao buscar novas maneiras de se expressar, acossa e afeta os aparatos técnicos, demandando aprimoramentos e transformações nos mesmos. No cinema documental, a tecnologia permitiu diversas contribuições estéticas que vinham sendo requeridas pela prática, como a necessidade de um cinema mais ágil e sonoro que foi viabilizado pelo advento de câmeras menores e do som direto. Esse encontro entre técnica e estética foi visto de perto na obra de Eduardo Coutinho. / The film is an artistic expression mediated by technology since its emergence in the nineteenth century. From this observation, this work investigates the relationship between documentary and technology and how they impact the media languages, taking as applying Eduardo Coutinho's films - specifically the use of video by filmmaker. To develop this study, was used as the theoretical references Actor-Network Theory and the Theory of Materialities of Communication, which have in common the analysis of human (man) and nonhuman (technical) actors, besides allowing the juxtaposition of historical descriptions, biographical, analytical and empirical about the object of study. These analyzes show that there is a simultaneous and mutual influence between documentary and technology, where technology influences language documentary, while the documentary, to seek new ways to express themselves, affects and harasses the technical apparatus, demanding improvements and changes in themselves. In the documentary film, technology has allowed various aesthetic contributions that had been required by the practice, as the need for a more agile and sonorous cinema that was made possible by the advent of smaller cameras and direct sound. This encounter between technical and aesthetic was seen closely with the analysis of Eduardo Coutinho's films.

Estudos de redes de médicos com vínculos profissionais no setor público e privado de saúde são praticamente inexistentes na literatura de saúde. Este trabalho objetiva desenvolver uma análise da rede de médicos com vínculos profissionais em unidades de saúde públicas e privadas. Adicionalmente, busca-se identificar os principais Hubs nas unidades de saúde no Município de Bauru e propor um esquema conceitual para análise da rede em estudo. A delimitação desse estudo foi feita a partir de unidades de saúde vinculadas ao Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) no município sede de um Departamento Regional de Saúde (DRS) do Estado de São Paulo. A principal fonte de dados utilizados nesse trabalho foi o sistema de Cadastro Nacional dos Estabelecimentos de Saúde (CNES). O mapeamento dessa rede envolveu três níveis de análise: Unidades de Saúde (organização); Médicos (pessoas) e Ocupações (cargos). Desenvolveu-se uma pesquisa empírica, de cunho quantitativo, por meio do mapeamento da rede com o auxílio do software de análise de redes organizacionais. Adaptou-se a fórmula do modelo Hub and Spoke, proposta originalmente para a área de logística por Derudder et al. (2007), para avaliar o grau de Hubiness das unidades de saúde. Adicionalmente, foi proposto um esquema conceitual de análise da rede de médicos no SUS que auxiliou no entendimento dessa rede e ilustra os atores tipicamente encontrados nos diferentes níveis de atendimento do SUS. Os Hubs tipicamente encontrados foram atores que atuam nos níveis de Alta Complexidade (AC) e, usualmente compostos pelos hospitais gerais. Os médicos que declaram as ocupações Médico da Estratégia de Saúde da Família, Ginecologista e Pediatra são aqueles atores típicos que atendem no nível Atenção Básica (AB). Portanto, este trabalho contribui tanto para a teoria, com o estabelecimento de questões de pesquisa descritivas para serem refinadas na forma de hipóteses, passíveis de serem testadas em estudos futuros, quanto para a prática, com a proposição de um esquema conceitual de análise da rede de médicos no SUS, pela adaptação da fórmula do modelo Hub- and-Spoke para identificação das as unidades de saúde que atuam como Hub e, finalmente, pela identificação da necessidade de políticas para a gestão dos vínculos profissionais médicos no SUS. As principais limitações do estudo envolvem, a delimitação da pesquisa em um município e do fato dos médicos vinculados ao Programa Mais Médicos não serem registrados nesse sistema. / Studies of physicians\' networks with professional ties in the public and private healthcare sector are virtually non-existent in the healthcare literature. This study aims to develop a physician network analysis with professional links with public and private healthcare facilities. In addition, it seeks to identify the main \"Hubs\" in the healthcare sector in Bauru (Brazil), and to propose a conceptual framework for analysis of this network. The delimitation of this study was made from healthcare units linked to the Brazilian Unified Healthcare System (Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS) in a municipality that headquarters a Regional Healthcare Department (DRS).The main data source used in this work was the DATASUS/CNES system. The mapping of the network involved three levels of analysis: Healthcare Units (organization); Physicians (people) and Occupations (positions). An empirical research of quantitative nature was developed, through the healthcare network mapping with organizational networks analysis software. The Hubiness degree formula, originally proposed for the Hub-and-Spoke model of logistics sector for Derudder et al. (2007), was adapted to assess the degree of Hubiness of healthcare units. In addition, it was proposed a conceptual framework for the analysis of physician network in SUS that supported the understanding of that network, and illustrated the actors typically found in different SUS service levels. Hubs are typically composed by actors who act in the levels of High Complexity (AC) and usually consist of the general hospitals. Physicians that declare Medical occupations of the Family Healthcare Strategy, Gynaecologists and Paediatricians are those typical actors that meet the Primary level (AB). Therefore, this study contributes to both, theory, with the proposition of descriptive research questions to be refined in the form of hypotheses that can be tested in future research, and practice, with the proposition of a conceptual framework of the physicians network in SUS, the adaptation of the Hubiness degree formula for identification of healthcare units that act as Hubs and, finally by identifying the need for public policies for the management of physicians professional linkages in SUS. The main limitations of the study involve the delimitation of research in a municipality and the fact that physicians linked to the Program \"More Physicians\" are not registered in the system.

abstract: Robotic swarms can potentially perform complicated tasks such as exploration and mapping at large space and time scales in a parallel and robust fashion. This thesis presents strategies for mapping environmental features of interest – specifically obstacles, collision-free paths, generating a metric map and estimating scalar density fields– in an unknown domain using data obtained by a swarm of resource-constrained robots. First, an approach was developed for mapping a single obstacle using a swarm of point-mass robots with both directed and random motion. The swarm population dynamics are modeled by a set of advection-diffusion-reaction partial differential equations (PDEs) in which a spatially-dependent indicator function marks the presence or absence of the obstacle in the domain. The indicator function is estimated by solving an optimization problem with PDEs as constraints. Second, a methodology for constructing a topological map of an unknown environment was proposed, which indicates collision-free paths for navigation, from data collected by a swarm of finite-sized robots. As an initial step, the number of topological features in the domain was quantified by applying tools from algebraic topology, to a probability function over the explored region that indicates the presence of obstacles. A topological map of the domain is then generated using a graph-based wave propagation algorithm. This approach is further extended, enabling the technique to construct a metric map of an unknown domain with obstacles using uncertain position data collected by a swarm of resource-constrained robots, filtered using intensity measurements of an external signal. Next, a distributed method was developed to construct the occupancy grid map of an unknown environment using a swarm of inexpensive robots or mobile sensors with limited communication. In addition to this, an exploration strategy which combines information theoretic ideas with Levy walks was also proposed. Finally, the problem of reconstructing a two-dimensional scalar field using observations from a subset of a sensor network in which each node communicates its local measurements to its neighboring nodes was addressed. This problem reduces to estimating the initial condition of a large interconnected system with first-order linear dynamics, which can be solved as an optimization problem. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Mechanical Engineering 2018

Since 2005, most midsize company information technology (IT) projects had a 62.4% failure rate because of wrong project team communication skills or cost overruns. IT leaders expect negative IT project outcomes will cost over $2 billion by 2020. Using the actor-network theory, the purpose of this single case study was to explore strategies used by IT leaders from a midsize IT company in Washington, D.C. to plan and execute projects under budget and on time. Using purposeful sampling, 5 IT leaders were selected for this study because of their experience in implementing successful strategies for projects. Data were collected using face-to-face semistructured interviews, company documentation, and internal organizational risk reports. Yin's 5-step process was used for data analysis to compile, disassemble, reassemble, interpret, and conclude the data. The interpretation of data, subjected to methodological triangulation and member checking to strengthen the dependability and credibility of the findings, yielded 3 themes of IT leader communication skills: IT leader strategy, IT leader knowledge, and implementation of cost savings. The findings indicated that IT leaders serve as the key actors in the IT project network, and leader communication skills are essential for implementing strategies for IT project completion and cost savings. With this knowledge, IT leaders can implement strategies to plan and execute projects under budget and on time. The implications for a positive social change includes the potential for IT leaders to reduce project production waste and contribute to economic expansion.

This research project began with the objective of obtaining a deeper understanding of the conduct of business on the Internet. Research regarding the overall performance of business on the Web has been limited due to several constraining factors. Firstly, the shear size, volume, and perceived complexity of business on the Web made it an imposing target for research. Secondly, the interdisciplinary nature of the field had an initial dampening effect on research activity. Kuhn (1962) describes this phenomenon as the insufficiency of methodological directives. He writes (p. 3) ‘Instructed to examine electrical or chemical phenomena, the man who is ignorant of these fields but who knows what it is to be scientific may legitimately reach any one of a number of incompatible conclusions. Among those legitimate possibilities, the particular conclusions he does arrive at are probably determined by his prior experience in the other fields’. Thirdly, academic interest in Web businesses was somewhat diminished by the bursting of the dot com bubble during 2000-2001 as evidenced by the fact that many academic programs in electronic commerce have been discontinued or significantly reduced (Featherstone, Ellis & Borstorff 2004). Lastly, methodological issues arose which limited the application of previously available sampling methods. The impact of this meant that drawing representative samples of websites in order to examine business behaviour became a more complex endeavour. As a result, many fundamental questions regarding business on the Web have remained unanswered. For example, there has been no clear answer to the question of what new business models, if any, are evolving within the Web environment. What is the role of entrepreneurship employing the Web? What are the key elements or mechanisms driving business expansion in the Web? Some have suggested that Web use necessitates greater business cooperation than may be necessary in the non-virtual world. Is there evidence that this is so? This thesis addresses these questions. It accomplishes this by reducing the function of business on the Internet to its simplest element, the domain name, and by employing innovative methodologies to explore the business environment of the Web. Using Complexity and Network Theories as a contextual framework , and based upon a review of existing literature, this thesis develops a series of propositions regarding both the conduct and attributes of Web business, and proceeds to present evidence of confirmation or refutation of these propositions.

<p>This study investigates forces and organizational structures that facilitate or hinder sustainabledevelopment to be introduced and integrated in the core activities of public institutions.Specifically, the way global national sustainable development goals find their way into thelocal curriculum and overall-encompassing strategy of a few Swedish high-schools isidentified.To facilitate the search, the study is assisted by actor-network theory to find human and nonhuman―power-brokers‖ that can ensure the adoption and continuous application of newconcepts in a school. A pre-study of several schools, consisting of explorative interviews,located and classified factors and processes of potential importance for the implementation ofactivities related to sustainable development. At the same time, the large variety ofdefinitions of sustainable development encountered was recorded.The main study expanded on the findings from the pre-study and provided a more detailedanalysis of one senior high-school (upper secondary school). Several examples oforganizational structures and other factors– macro-actors in the theoretical model - werelocated with the potential to influence the furthering of the cause of sustainable developmentin that particular school. The possibility is discussed that the school would profit fromdeveloping a common mode of communication based on exploring experiences from applyingthe many issues that can be related to sustainable development. Such an endeavor could resultin organizational change typical of a learning organization. In that case, the resilience andcapacity of the organization to handle abrupt changes in national policy would be increased aswell as the preparedness of its students – our future – to handle rapidly changing situations intomorrow‗s society.The study further suggest that a similar ―tool-box‖ of theoretical models could be applied tothe local implementation of other national issues in an institutional setting.</p>