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[pt] A pesquisa recorda as três maiores pandemias da Era Cristã: a Peste Justiniana, no século VI, a Peste Negra, no século XIV e a Gripe Espanhola, no século XX. Investiga-se em cada moléstia a natureza da doença, sua origem, sintomas, percursos e impactos. Enfatiza-se a maneira como a Igreja atravessou cada período pandêmico, revelando suas crenças e interpretações para as pragas, a forma como tentava afastar o mal e a assistência que fornecia aos enfermos e enlutados. A pesquisa revela ainda se os cristãos amadureceram suas respostas às crises, se aspectos litúrgicos foram adaptados e se interpretações escatológicas sofreram alguma alteração. Seguindo a ordem cronológica em que as pestilências se sucederam, dedica-se o primeiro capítulo ao estudo da Peste Justiniana, revelando, por exemplo, como o contexto geográfico e social da época contribuía para a disseminação de doenças. A pesquisa avança até a Baixa Idade Média, quando Europa, Ásia e África são assoladas pela Peste Negra, e mostra, entre outras coisas, as frustrantes tentativas médicas e religiosas de lidar com a praga. Finalmente, o último capítulo explora a maior pandemia da história, a Gripe Espanhola, dissertando sobre sua alta letalidade e a maneira diversa como os cristãos oriundos de diferentes denominações reagiram. / [en] The research recalls the three greatest pandemics of the Christian Era: the Jus-tinian Plague, in the 6th century, the Black Death, in the 14th century and the Spanish Flu, in the 20th century. The nature of the disease, its origin, symptoms, routes and impacts are investigated in each sickness. It emphasizes how the Church went through each pandemic period, revealing its beliefs and interpretations for the plagues, the way it tried to ward off evil and the assistance it provided to the sick and mourning. The survey also reveals whether Christians have matured their responses to crises, whether liturgical aspects have been adapted and whether eschatological interpretations have undergone any changes. Following the chronological order in which the pestilences followed one another, the first chapter is devoted to the study of the Justinian Plague, revealing, for example, how the geographic and social context of the time contributed to the spread of diseases. The research advances to the Late Middle Ages, when Europe, Asia and Africa were ravaged by the Black Death, and shows, among other things, the frustrating medical and religious attempts to deal with the plague. Finally, the last chapter explores the greatest pandemic in history, the Spanish Flu, discussing its high lethality and the diverse way in which Christians from different denominations reacted.

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This thesis examines whether and how historians’ reliance on medical treatises has limited the historiography of contagion as it relates to fourteenth through sixteenth century England. It analyses the context, contents, audience, and codicology of six English tractates, four on the plague and two on the sweating sickness. Before the early seventeenth century, most English tractates were translations/adaptations of Continental works, with ‘uniquely English’ content added. Although the plague dominates studies of pre-modern disease, focusing on the plague hinders comparative analyses that can reveal much about contemporary understanding of contagion. The socio-political-professional contexts in which the tractates were written and disseminated affected their contents, circulation and, ultimately, audiences. Although largely ignored by historians, the tractates’ prefatory dedications, together with their codicology, reveals that the texts were likely accessible to non-elite audiences. Rather than being limited to its medical sense, contagion formed part of the larger discourse about the human condition.

This thesis examines whether and how historians’ reliance on medical treatises has limited the historiography of contagion as it relates to fourteenth through sixteenth century England. It analyses the context, contents, audience, and codicology of six English tractates, four on the plague and two on the sweating sickness. Before the early seventeenth century, most English tractates were translations/adaptations of Continental works, with ‘uniquely English’ content added. Although the plague dominates studies of pre-modern disease, focusing on the plague hinders comparative analyses that can reveal much about contemporary understanding of contagion. The socio-political-professional contexts in which the tractates were written and disseminated affected their contents, circulation and, ultimately, audiences. Although largely ignored by historians, the tractates’ prefatory dedications, together with their codicology, reveals that the texts were likely accessible to non-elite audiences. Rather than being limited to its medical sense, contagion formed part of the larger discourse about the human condition.

This thesis examines whether and how historians’ reliance on medical treatises has limited the historiography of contagion as it relates to fourteenth through sixteenth century England. It analyses the context, contents, audience, and codicology of six English tractates, four on the plague and two on the sweating sickness. Before the early seventeenth century, most English tractates were translations/adaptations of Continental works, with ‘uniquely English’ content added. Although the plague dominates studies of pre-modern disease, focusing on the plague hinders comparative analyses that can reveal much about contemporary understanding of contagion. The socio-political-professional contexts in which the tractates were written and disseminated affected their contents, circulation and, ultimately, audiences. Although largely ignored by historians, the tractates’ prefatory dedications, together with their codicology, reveals that the texts were likely accessible to non-elite audiences. Rather than being limited to its medical sense, contagion formed part of the larger discourse about the human condition.

Based on extended research on Chinese medical and epidemiological archival material dating back to the beginning of the 20th century, and on six months of internship in epidemiology in Beijing’s Medical School and in Haidian District’s Centre of Disease Control and Prevention, this thesis explores the conjunction of three major epidemiological crises in modern Chinese history with processes of State formation: the 1911 Manchurian pneumonic plague, the 1952 germ-warfare, and the 2003 SARS outbreak. Analysing the three crises as Events in line with Alain Badiou’s epistemology it seeks to establish how different strategies of governmental fidelity to the imagined cause of each crisis have led to distinct modes of organisation and valorisation of the social: Republican China and its decline to fascism; the clash between professional revolutionaries and technocrats in Maoist China; and the emergence of the “Harmonious Society” of mass exploitation and repression today. This conjunction between State formation and epidemiological Events is explored with the use of Foucault’s genealogical method in a quest for a historical materialist approach that posits at its epicentre processes of class composition, decomposition and recomposition, and their contested enclosure by the governmental apparati of capture. The present thesis thus examines the three major epidemiological crises of modern China as forming grounds for biopolitical strategies that give rise to modes of subjectivation and circuits of debt/guilt within the context of the class struggle. And at the same time, it aims to create a new field of investigation for anthropology: the relation of State and Event, from a viewpoint that contests the accepted relation of event and structure expounded by Marshall Sahlins, proposing as the main object of this investigation the conjunction between necessity and will that can never be reduced either to the naturalism of historical determinism, nor to the culturalism of subjective contingency.

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La present tesi intenta obtenir noves dades referents a la biologia i ecologia de la formiga argentina que poden arribar a ser cabdals per al disseny o millora de noves metodologies de control de l'expansió de la plaga en ecosistemes naturals. Així doncs, l'estudi de l'activitat de cerca d'aliment i del seu espectre dietari en ecosistemes naturals, juntament amb el de les fluctuacions estacionals de la densitat de reines en nius naturals, obre les portes a la millora de mètodes de control de la plaga mitjançant esquers tòxics d'efecte retardat i a l'aplicació de noves metodologies de control sense l'ús d'agents químics basats en l'eliminació massiva de reines. La tesi també aporta noves dades sobre la fisiologia reproductiva de l'espècie en relació a la temperatura, la qual cosa permet la integració de l'aspecte fisiològic en models de predicció del rang potencial d'establiment de la plaga en ecosistemes naturals, aspecte fins ara pràcticament oblidat en aquest tipus de models predictius. / The present work attempts to obtain new information about the biology and ecology of this species in order to improve or design new control methods to stop the expansion of the plague in natural ecosystems. In that sense, the study of its foraging activity and dietary spectrum in natural environments, as well as the report of its annual fluctuations in the queen's densities of natural nests, open the door to the improvement of control methodologies based on the use of toxic baits, as well as to the design of new control methods based on the mechanical elimination of queens without the use of chemical procedures. This work also provides new data about the species' reproductive physiology according to temperature, which allow the application in predictive models of the physiological needs of the species to establish in a certain natural area.

The aim of this thesis was to verify the success of previous reintroduction of noble crayfish (Astacus astacus) in main streams and selected reservoirs in the protected area Třeboňsko. Further expansion took place monitoring invasive signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) and spiny cheek crayfish (Orconectes limosus) in these streams. Both are a carrier of crayfish plague. Thus, where they already exist, would not make sense to try to strengthen further the population of noble crayfish.