The author argues that maternal mortality can easily be avoided and that the right to health and life is as much a developmental issue as it is one of human rights. Focuses on the maternal mortality ratio and relevant laws protecting women’s right to life and health in Nigeria and Ethiopia. / A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Dr. Salah Hammad, Faculty of Law, Addis Ababa University, Addis / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa))--University of Pretoria, 2009. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

This dissertation is divided into five Chapters. The first chapter provides the background and thereafter justifies the need for this research. It also includes the research questions, the methodology employed in undertaking this research, the literature review, and the limitations of the study. Chapter Two is the theoretical framework of this dissertation. It provides the theories which underpin and explain the interplay between JW guardians’ authority which form the basis of their children’s healthcare decisions on one hand, and children’s RTH on the other hand. Chapter Three examines the legal frameworks for the protection of children’s RTH in the United Kingdom and South Africa and further provides an analysis of the norms and operation of both legal frameworks. This is in order to highlight learning points for possible law reform in Zambia for attaining an effective framework for the protection of children’s RTH. Subsequently, Chapter Four delves into Zambia’s legal framework for the protection of children’s RTH. In view of the comparative study in the preceding Chapter, this Chapter identifies the weaknesses and gaps in Zambia’s children RTH framework by drawing lessons from the foreign laws examined. Subsequently, Chapter Five concludes the study. It summarises the findings and provides the appropriate recommendations for the implementation of effective and adequate children’s RTH framework in Zambia. / Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2021. / Centre for Human Rights / LLM / Unrestricted

This thesis explores a recent innovation in First Nations health, the formation of Canada's First provincial-wide First Nations Health Authority (FNHA). Analyzing this service model against Indigenous assertions of a Treaty Right to Health expressed in the Numbered Treaties, I argue that the realizations of the Treaty Right to Health cannot solely be met under neoliberal models of increased Indigenous capacity in health care service administration. I assert that these models of devolution do not enable Treaty First Nations to achieve Indigenous self-determination in accordance with Treaty rights, relationships and responsibilities. The current discourse on First Nations health care only minimally accounts for the Treaty Right to Health, and where it does, it is devoid of Indigenous understandings of a Treaty Right to Health that encompasses access to healthy lands, waters, and livelihood for an achievement of holistic wellness. Mobilizing an Indigenous auto ethnographic approach which accounts for my own embodied positionally, this thesis problematizes the exclusion of holistic visions of health and well-being against settler governments' orientations toward a neoliberalized health care system. This thesis extends a comparative analytical lens to the political mobilizations of Indigenous advocacy bodies in the province of British Columbia, whose efforts under the New Relationship paradigm in Indigenous-state relations has resulted in an unprecedented practice of health care devolution. / Graduate

The principle of non-discrimination is recognised as vital to the human rights field. In May 2013 the Swedish parliament passed a law that provides undocumented migrants the same limited health care as asylum seekers. In relation, the Swedish Red Cross in a partnership with Malmö University created and distributed a questionnaire amongst Swedish politicians, that in part pertains to this law and also the situation of undocumented migrants’ right to health care.In applying the perspective of non-discrimination, legal challenges to undocumented migrants’ access to health care in Sweden, and the political attitudes surrounding this issue are duly examined. This produces the observation that the non-discrimination principle’s application is of relevant use. In concluding that the legislation examined fails to meet international standards regarding the principle of non-discrimination and the right to health care for undocumented migrants, it provides examples to illustrate that this conclusion is not necessarily representative of the views held by the selected group of politicians included in the twofold questionnaire study.

Yes / Laying claim to highest attainable standard of health is a human right. Support for this right is provided by the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights (United Nations [UN], 1948) and a small number of legally binding international treaties. Among the most important of these for health are the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) (UN, 1966a) and the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) (UN, 1989). Both these human rights treaties are legally binding for those countries that have ratified them. The ICESCR, in particular, articulates a comprehensive view of the obligations of state members of the United Nations (UN) to respect, protect and fulfil the right to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health – known as ‘the right to health’. It provides for both freedoms, such as the right to be free from non-consensual and uninformed medical treatment, medical experimentation, or forced HIV testing, as well as entitlements. These entitlements include the right to a system of protection on an equal basis for all, a system of prevention, treatments and control of disease, access to essential medicines, and services for sexual and reproductive health; and access to information and education about health for everyone. The Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ECSCR) monitors compliance with these provisions. Most states have ratified the ICESCR, and all but two (Somalia and the US) have ratified the CRC.

A presente Dissertação centra-se no estudo da busca de um conceito amplo de saúde. Constata-se que a Doutrina Jurídica Sanitária não se preocupa com o real conteúdo da saúde, remetendo a conceituação para as leis e tratados internacionais, que também não o alcançam. Assim, foca o debate na questão da obrigatoriedade ou não das prestações de saúde pelo Estado, fundamentando-se, para tanto, na realidade do que é Judicializado. Tal modo de observar a saúde restringe o seu conteúdo, não se coadunando com o referido conceito amplo de saúde assegurado constitucionalmente. Revela-se, assim, uma incongruência entre a conceituação, que deve ser ampla, e o tratamento conferido pela Doutrina Jurídica acerca do direito à saúde, que o restringe. Por isso, recorreu-se à Doutrina da Medicina Social, a fim de se buscar a essência da saúde e, em conseqüência, possibilitar uma cincepção mais ampla. A saúde é entendida, então, como um direito social, fundamental e humano, cuja prestação efetiva é essencial para o bem estar dos cidadãos. Como pano de fundo teórico utiliza-se a vinculação do Estado a sua finalidade, que não pode ser outra, senão a felicidade genuína de seu povo. / This dissertation intends to study the search for a "broad concept of health". It appears that the Legal Sanitary Doctrine doesnt concern about the actual content of health and leaves it for international laws and treaties, which dont reach the broad concept aimed. Thus, the debate focuses on the question of whether or not the requirement for health services by the state, basing himself to do so, the reality of what is judicialized. This way of looking at health restricts its content and is not consistent with the aforementioned "broad concept of health" constitutionally guaranteed. It is, therefore, an incongruity between the concept, which should be ample, and the treatment given by the Legal Sanitary Doctrine, which restricts them. Therefore, we resorted to the Doctrine of Social Medicine, in order to find the essence of which is health and, consequently, its broad concept. Health is understood, then, as a social right, fundamental and human, whose actual provision is essential for the well being of citizens. As theoretical background, it uses the linking of the state to its purpose, which can not be other than the genuine happiness of his people.

A presente Dissertação centra-se no estudo da busca de um conceito amplo de saúde. Constata-se que a Doutrina Jurídica Sanitária não se preocupa com o real conteúdo da saúde, remetendo a conceituação para as leis e tratados internacionais, que também não o alcançam. Assim, foca o debate na questão da obrigatoriedade ou não das prestações de saúde pelo Estado, fundamentando-se, para tanto, na realidade do que é Judicializado. Tal modo de observar a saúde restringe o seu conteúdo, não se coadunando com o referido conceito amplo de saúde assegurado constitucionalmente. Revela-se, assim, uma incongruência entre a conceituação, que deve ser ampla, e o tratamento conferido pela Doutrina Jurídica acerca do direito à saúde, que o restringe. Por isso, recorreu-se à Doutrina da Medicina Social, a fim de se buscar a essência da saúde e, em conseqüência, possibilitar uma cincepção mais ampla. A saúde é entendida, então, como um direito social, fundamental e humano, cuja prestação efetiva é essencial para o bem estar dos cidadãos. Como pano de fundo teórico utiliza-se a vinculação do Estado a sua finalidade, que não pode ser outra, senão a felicidade genuína de seu povo. / This dissertation intends to study the search for a "broad concept of health". It appears that the Legal Sanitary Doctrine doesnt concern about the actual content of health and leaves it for international laws and treaties, which dont reach the broad concept aimed. Thus, the debate focuses on the question of whether or not the requirement for health services by the state, basing himself to do so, the reality of what is judicialized. This way of looking at health restricts its content and is not consistent with the aforementioned "broad concept of health" constitutionally guaranteed. It is, therefore, an incongruity between the concept, which should be ample, and the treatment given by the Legal Sanitary Doctrine, which restricts them. Therefore, we resorted to the Doctrine of Social Medicine, in order to find the essence of which is health and, consequently, its broad concept. Health is understood, then, as a social right, fundamental and human, whose actual provision is essential for the well being of citizens. As theoretical background, it uses the linking of the state to its purpose, which can not be other than the genuine happiness of his people.

The Issue of the Just Distribution of Limited Resources in the Health Sector The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the current state and development of the principal legal institutes concerning health care financing and to define their relationship to the main principles of distributive justice. Health care financing is a specific issue, from both the economic as well as legal point of view, especially because human life is dealt with in this domain. The first chapter therefore deals with distributive justice in health care as a potentially leading principle for elaborating legislation. The history of philosophy has provided legislators with some useful tools which can help them to decide whether a norm can be labelled as "just". The following part of the text consists of three chapters which deal with different levels of redistribution. In the first chapter, the national level is focused on, the key issues being the evolution of health care systems, their typology according to the financial sources (taxes, insurance or private financing) and main advantages and disadvantages of each of the options. Furthermore, this part of the text discusses the total amount of money provided for health care by the state, extra financial resources and the question of the right to health. A characteristic...

Introdução: O direito sanitário esbarra na noção precípua do conceito de saúde e mais especificamente, na definição de seu conceito jurídico, cujo significado permite delimitar os limites do exercício da saúde enquanto direito dos cidadãos e dever do Estado. Objetivo: O presente trabalho teve como principal objetivo compreender o dever constitucional à saúde, instituído pelo artigo 196 da Constituição Federal de 1988, o qual se volta à garantia de acesso universal e igualitário às ações e serviços de saúde, tanto no aspecto promocional, quanto protetivo e preventivo. Métodos: Revisão bibliográfica relacionada ao Direito da Saúde, Estado Democrático de Direito, Efetivação dos Direitos Humanos, Poderes do Estado; Pesquisa legislativa, no âmbito nacional; Revisão bibliográfica sobre judicialização da saúde; E levantamento das principais políticas de saúde normatizadas pelo Poder Executivo, em nível federal. Resultados. Tal dever desdobra-se entre os Poderes Legislativo, Executivo e Judiciário, impondo-se a cada um deles uma gama de atribuições para o seu devido cumprimento. Ao Legislativo incumbe a criação de leis regulamentadoras dos direitos previstos na Constituição, ao Executivo, a escolha das prioridades na área de saúde para a promoção de políticas públicas e ao Judiciário, a complementação dos demais poderes, coibindo omissões e abusos. Conclusões. Além dos poderes estatais, a responsabilidade pela efetiva implementação do direito à saúde também compete à comunidade, a qual deve participar das instâncias de participação popular criadas, delineando suas necessidades em saúde. / Introduction: The right to health care is hindered by the primary concept of \"health\" and more specifically, in the definition of its legal concept whose meaning allows to define the limits of the exercise of health as a right of the citizens and the State\'s duty. Objective: The present study had as its main objective to understand the constitutional duty to health, established by Article 196 of the Federal Constitution of 1988, which focuses on the guarantee of universal and equal access to actions and health services including the promotional aspect as well as protective and preventive measures. Methods: Review of the literature related to Health Law, Democratic State, Enforcement of Human Rights, the State\'s Powers; Legislative research, at the national level; Bibliographic review of judicialization of health; And survey of the main policies of health established by the Executive Branch, at the federal level. Results: This duty unfolds between the Legislative, Executive and Judiciary, imposing to each one of them a range of tasks. The legislature is responsible for the creation of laws regulating the rights provided by the Constitution; the Executive Branch makes the choices of health priorities for the promotion of public policies and to the Judiciary complements the action of the other powers, watching for omissions and abuses. Conclusions: In addition to the responsibility of the state powers, the effective implementation of the right to health also remains on the acting of the community that should participate in the instances of popular participation, outlining the real needs in health.

A judicialização dos serviços de saúde é um tema controverso, pois tem grande impacto na gestão pública. O presente trabalho analisa a judicialização da política pública de assistência farmacêutica focando em como duas justificativas diferentes para o direito à saúde interferem na tensão entre os Poderes Executivo e Judiciário. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de revisão bibliográfica e de análise teórica das abordagens do direito à saúde baseadas na dignidade humana e na equidade. A principal hipótese do trabalho é de que a dignidade humana não é a justificativa mais adequada para definir as prestações na área da saúde, pois ela tende a ser tratada como um valor absoluto, o que pode levar a injustiças. Dessa forma, decisões judiciais que nela se baseiam poderiam intervir de forma indevida nas escolhas de outras instituições ao desconsiderarem aspectos relevantes do sistema público de saúde. Além da introdução e da conclusão, o trabalho possui três capítulos. O primeiro deles descreve as principais caraterísticas do sistema de saúde brasileiro – em especial a política pública de assistência farmacêutica – e apresenta o fenômeno da judicialização da política de saúde. O segundo e o terceiro capítulos apresentam e examinam as justificativas da dignidade da pessoa humana e da equidade, respectivamente, e sua utilização para a tomada de decisões sobre quais prestações devem ser incluídas no direito à saúde. O terceiro capítulo analisa ainda possíveis problemas distributivos relacionados à judicialização. A conclusão é que, embora a dignidade da pessoa humana não deva ser totalmente ignorada enquanto parâmetro social, ela não deve ser o critério para a distribuição de bens no âmbito da política pública de saúde, pois desconsidera a necessidade de eliminação de desigualdades injustas e evitáveis, o papel dos determinantes sociais da saúde e a escassez de recursos. Por isso, a equidade deve ser o critério primordial das decisões judiciais sobre assistência farmacêutica. / The judicialization of health services is a controversial topic since it has huge impacts on public management. This study analyses the judicialization of pharmaceutical policy focusing on how two alternative justifications of the right to health interfere on the tension between the executive and the judicial powers. It is a review of the pertinent literature and a theoretic analysis of two approaches to the right to health, the one based on human dignity and the one based on equity. The central hypothesis defended here is that human dignity is not the most adequate justification to define state obligations on health issues, given that it is suitable to be taken as an absolute value, what may lead to injustices. Thus, judicial sentences based on it  may interfere unjustifiably on decisions of other institutions, since they do not take account of some important features of the public health system. Besides the introduction and the concluding remarks, the study has three chapters. The first one describes the main lines of the Brazilian health system, especially  its pharmaceutical policy, and exposes the phenomenon of the judicialization of health policy. The second and third chapters describe and examine the justifications based on dignity and equity, respectively, and their role in deciding which obligations must be included on the right to health. The third chapter also investigates possible distributive problems related to the judicialization of health services. The conclusion is that, although human dignity should not be totally ignored as a social parameter, it also should not be the criterion to distribute goods in the domain of health policy, given that it ignores the need to avoid unnecessary and unfair inequalities, the role of the social determinants of health and the scarcity of resources. Therefore, equity should be the overriding criterion in judicial decision making on pharmaceutical policy.