The common law notions of profession, quasiprofession, professional and quasi-professional categories in tort are analysed. The basis of liability before Hedley Byrne and Co. Ltd. v. Heller and Partners Ltd.1 involving the various stages of evolution, transition, reversion, regeneration and conflict is analysed. The focus of interpretation is to identify the relevance of professionalism and quasi-professionalism as the basis of third party liability. The relationship between Hedley Byrne2 and its impact on quasi-professional categories is analysed. The Hedley Byrne3 principle and policy model of special relationship, together with its core concepts and its theoretical and practical implications in subsequent cases is examined. The theoretical and practical problems of analysis in the application of Hedley Byrnd4 to Ross v. Cauntersr' is redefined and defended on the footing of professional ism. The theoretical and practical difficulties in the application of Hedley Byrn and to architect, consulting engineer, valuation surveyor, local authority skilled employee and specialist sub-contractor is analysed. The conceptual and practical problems of analysis arising from the decisions in Yianni v. Edwin and Sons,7 Smith v. Eric S Bush; Harris v. Wyre Forest D.C.,6 Ministry of Housing and Local Government v. Sharp,9 Junior Books v. Veitchi Co. Ltd.10 are examined within the principle and policy analysis. The competing policy interpretations in Caparo Industries plc v. Dickman11 by the Court of Appeal and the House of Lords is contrasted. The similarity in their theoretical framework and the difference in their applications and conclusions are identified. The House of Lords decision in Caparo12 is examined to ascertain how much it has redirected Hedley Byrne.13 The subsequent applications of Caparo14 is examined. It is suggested that the previous cases be categorised within both principle and policy contexts. It concludes with a recommendation towards a theory of special relationship based on the experience of the last two centuries.

This thesis evaluates the position of the NDP as Canada’s third party in federal electoral politics. It analyzes three external factors, the electoral system, the party finance system and the effects of voter behaviour and low voter turnout on the electoral success of the NDP. This work aims to discover why the NDP is seemingly caught in what this thesis refers to as a third party curse. Each of the three external factors which are susceptible to change are analyzed individually to discover whether they have a negative effect on the electoral success of the party.

This thesis evaluates the position of the NDP as Canada’s third party in federal electoral politics. It analyzes three external factors, the electoral system, the party finance system and the effects of voter behaviour and low voter turnout on the electoral success of the NDP. This work aims to discover why the NDP is seemingly caught in what this thesis refers to as a third party curse. Each of the three external factors which are susceptible to change are analyzed individually to discover whether they have a negative effect on the electoral success of the party.

No description available.

Le Code de procédure civile écarte expressément, de l’exercice de la tierce-opposition, la « partie » et le « tiers représenté » sans définir ce dernier. L’exclusion de la partie ne pose pas de difficulté, la notion de sa définition peut être trouvée dans le régime de l’appel. En revanche, à la question de savoir qui est « tiers représenté » aucune réponse n’est donnée. Ni la qualité de tiers, ni celle de partie, ne soulève a priori de difficultés, à l’inverse de celle de « tiers représenté ». C’est donc que cette représentation constitue un élément perturbateur des qualifications classiques, en conduisant à la remise en cause de la dichotomie de « tiers » et « partie ». Représentation qui ne produit pas de représentation du représenté (qui reste tiers), il ne s’agirait que d’une étrangeté dont il faudrait s’accommoder au seul motif de sa consécration textuelle. Les auteurs en font d’ailleurs état en mettant l’accent sur sa spécificité, sans autre justification que les dispositions du code et le régime prétorien secrété en la matière, en majeure partie sous l’empire de l’ancien code de procédure civile. Au-delà de la pluralité des cas de figure, ressort la préexistence de cette « représentation » reconnue en droit substantiel, préalablement à tout litige. Il ne saurait être alors question d’une particularité processuelle. L’étude à l’aune du droit processuel de ces décisions permet de détecter la constance de l’absence d’un droit propre du « représenté », soit qu’il n’en a pas, soit que ceux dont il est titulaire n’ont pas été affectés par la décision rendue. Le « représenté » est donc soit un tiers sans intérêt, soit une partie. La représentation ne constitue ici aucunement un critère de rattachement à une catégorie intermédiaire qui serait celle de « tiers représenté ». L’exerçant n’est donc jamais, en définitive, « tiers représenté » qui n’est qu’une description et non une prescription, ni une catégorie de rattachement. Cette représentation n’est d’aucun apport au droit processuel, et l’article 583 alinéa 1er du Code de procédure civile ne fait que consacrer la réception d’un élément exogène perturbateur. Cette disposition pourrait être abrogée, et la« représentation du tiers » tout comme la notion, sinon le concept, de « tiers représenté » qui en procède, être abandonnés. / In accordance with article 583 of the Code of Civil Procedure “any person who shows an interest if he was neither a party to nor he is represented in the judgement which he impugns, will be admissible to bring third party proceedings”. The law hereby introduces the notion of a “represented third party”, but fails to define it. Neither party nor third party, the “represented third party” seems to be an incongruity that the jurist should accommodate with solely because of its textual recognition. A procedural law analysis of the judicial decisions regarding third-party proceedings consistently reveals the absence of a direct claim pertaining to the “represented third party”. This leads to the conclusion that the “represented third party” is either a third party who has no claim, or a party. As a matter of fact, the representation of this so-called third party is merely a description, and has no impact on procedural law. It rather is a disturbing exogenous element of no legal consequence. Hence, the concept of a representation of a third party, as well as that of a “represented third party” ought to be withdrawn from the Code of Civil Procedure.

Abstract This thesis discusses how the impact and effectiveness of sanctions has shifted to be less significant in parallel with the shift to global multipolarity from a previously bipolar world. This topic is analysed by conducting a comprehensive case study of how Russia, despite being the most sanctioned state in the world, is able to maintain its economic stability and even growth due to the new multipolar landscape of global power relations. The case of Russia’s avoidance of sanctions is analysed by conducting a mixed method case study which uses both qualitative and quantitative data through the theoretical framework of Realism and Realist conceptualisations of power. This thesis contributes to the academic discussion regarding sanctions by building upon Early’s (2009) triadic model to describe more accurately the methods by which third party states assist in the avoidance of sanctions. Through this case study, Russia’s success at sanction avoidance is attributed to the involvement of third-party states in circumventing sanctions’ restrictions.

No description available.

Logistics has been an important part of every economy and every business entity. The worldwide trend in globalization has led to many companies outsourcing their logistics function to Third-Party Logistics (3PL) companies, so as to focus on their core competencies. This paper attempts to broadly identify and categorize the challenges faced by 3PL companies and discover potential gaps for future research. Some of the challenges will be related with the experience and information collected from interviews with two 3PL companies. / Singapore-MIT Alliance (SMA)

<p>This study examines whether taxpayers intentionally avoid IRS third-party reports. In 2017 an IRS amendment created an exogenous shock that impacted how third parties report gambling winnings to the IRS. In thoroughbred racing, this shock had a substantial impact on certain types of wagers. This paper considers how gamblers reallocated their money following the shock. Using a difference-in-differences research design that compares U.S. tracks to Canadian tracks, I find that gamblers increased their investment in wager types that had become less likely to trigger third-party reports by 27 percent. In the U.S., over $400 billion in tax revenue goes uncollected annually, largely due to unreported income. Third-party IRS reporting is considered the most effective way to reduce underreporting, but there is limited understanding of how taxpayers interact with third-party reporting rules. This paper provides evidence on this interaction, showing that taxpayers purposefully avoid third-party reports to facilitate tax evasion.</p>

Previous researchers have established that social networks can influence an individual’s romantic relationship. Two studies examined whether one third party’s opinion was more influential than another when multiple parties’ opinions conflict or concur. The first study was a 2 (Parent Opinion: approval, disapproval) x 2 (Friend Opinion: approval, disapproval) between-subjects factorial design experimental survey which examined how third party opinions influenced an individual’s current romantic relationship state. Analyses revealed that both friend and parent opinion had significant effects on an individual’s romantic relationship. The second study incorporated a virtual dating game in which participants received feedback about one of their interaction partners. The study employed a 2 (Parent Opinion: good match, bad match) x 2 (Friend Opinion: good match, bad match) x 2 (Interaction Partner: Target, Control – within-subjects) mixed factorial design. Friend opinion emerged as playing an important role in individuals’ perceptions and choices of a potential romantic partner.