The purpose with this study is to examine how the media coverage of the train accidentoutside Kimstad, on the night of September 12th 2010, was framed in one local (Norrköpingsnyheter) and one national newspaper (Expressen) and how the coverage of the accident wasdifferent in the local newspaper compared to the national newspaper.The material is 12 articles within a fixed time limit which is from September 13th toSeptember 15th. The material consists of six articles from each newspaper.The method we use a qualitative text analysis with its basis in medialogic, news value andframing theory.In the essay’s analysis we show a synthesis of both newspapers coverage of the train accidentoutside Kimstad and how they stand in relation to the theory of news value and we end with aterminative comment about the results.The conclusion shows that the coverage of the event was different in many ways. Expressenuses a more dramatic framing and a more sensational language which describes the eventmore badly than it was. NT uses a more informative and objective information which almosttrifles the event but which informs about relevant information for the locals. Expressen mostlyturns to civil persons and the passengers on the train for quotes while NT turns to governmentpeople and cites them. Expressen also used personalization more than NT, but NT simplifiedtheir stories more than Expressen.We could also see that the crisis could be marked by the definitions of a crisis made byUlmer, Sellnow & Seeger. We could also relate the crisis event to the coverage of the crisis.They were both short and sudden.Earlier research has shown that national newspapers have a tendency to dramatize news morethan what local newspapers do.

Safety is very important for our society. In contrast, it is hard to define what this term really means. Nevertheless, one area that is considered important for safety involves accident prevention. Many methods exist within this area which aims at preventing accidents from happening. One accident prevention method is called ‘The Safety Scanning Tool (SST)’. The study conducted in this thesis aimed at exploring whether the SST could improve the safety understanding of experts from the domain of aviation. The term ‘safety understanding’, as it is used in this thesis, refers to the understanding of central scientific concepts underlying safety. These concepts relate to the area of accident prevention and they were the results of a literature study on safety. Thus, the safety understanding was addressed on two levels of abstraction. The first general abstraction level concerned the basic assumptions for studying an organization’s safety culture relating to Schein’s (1992) framework cited by Guldenmund (2000). This relates to the area of accident prevention in a more general way. The second more specific abstraction level regarded 21 different safety issues important for accident prevention. These originated from the area of resilience engineering. Furthermore, this study was structured as a field experiment using a pre-post test and a within-group design.  In order to measure the different experts’ safety understanding, the data were gathered with the help of two surveys before and after the experts’ used the SST. The SST was applied to two groups of experts. In the first group, they were six people, and, in the second 16. The questions in the surveys were created with the help of the above mentioned literature study on safety. The results were analyzed with the help of the statistics program SPSS. In addition, the results were analyzed with the help of sources from academic literature. These were used in order to determine whether there was an improvement of the safety understanding or not. Based on the results from this study, it can be concluded that undergoing the SST caused several improvements of the experts’ safety understanding. These improvements were found in both groups of experts and on both abstraction levels of the safety understanding. However, one result relating to the basic assumption level in the second group of experts could be interpreted both as an improvement and as a decrease of the safety understanding. The results of this study indicate not only that the SST has the ability to detect safety problems in an early state, before they can develop to the outcome of an accident. It has also the ability to enhance its user’s safety understanding relating to factors important for accident prevention.

Fallolyckor är en vanlig orsak till skador hos äldre vilket leder till stort lidande för den enskilde. Dessutom medför fallolyckor hos äldre stora kostnader för samhället. När antalet äldre ökar så kommer också lidandet och kostnaderna orsakade av fallolyckor att öka. Sjuksköterskor har ett ansvar i sitt omvårdnadsarbete att förebygga fallolyckor. Vårt syfte med denna studie var att beskriva sjuksköterskors erfarenhet av fallpreventivt arbete hos äldre på särskilt boende. Metoden som användes i denna studie var kvalitativ metod genom intervjuer med sjuksköterskor. Data analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Två teman framkom, att man gemensamt ser individen och miljön är inte alltid tillräckliga åtgärder samt hinder finns för att arbeta fallförebyggande Dessa teman kunde sedan beskrivas genom sex olika kategorier som benämndes mångfasetterad fysisk miljö, åtgärder kan vara otillräckliga, individuell bedömning, samarbete behövs, behov av ökade kunskaper, samt tidsbrist. Resultatet av vår studie visade att sjuksköterskor upplevde kommunens ekonomi som ett hinder då de på grund av detta inte fick utbildning och tillgång till ny kunskap samt hjälpmedel att använda i sitt fallförebyggande arbete. Sjuksköterskorna beskrev också att de hade tidsbrist vilket resulterade i att de individuella bedömningar och uppföljningar av fallrisk inom särskilda boenden inte hanns med i den utsträckning de önskade. / Falling accidents are a common reason for injuries among elderly people which leads to great suffering for the individual. Falling accidents among elderly also causes high costs for the society. As the number of elderly people increases the suffering and the cost due to falling accidents will also increase. Nurses have a responsibility in their work to prevent falling accidents. Our intention with this study was to describe nurse´s experience preventing falling accidents among elderly in nursing homes. The method used in this study was a qualitative method by interviews with nurses. Data was analyzed with qualitative content analysis. Two themes emerged, that you jointly look at the individual and the environment are not always sufficient actions and there are obstacles in the work of preventing falling accidents. These themes could then be described by six different categories: diverse natural environment, actions may be insufficient, individual estimation, need for cooperation, need for increased knowledge and lack of time. The result of our study showed that nurses experienced the economy of the municipality as an obstacle when they due to this did not get education and access to new knowledge and technical aids to use in the work of preventing falling accidents. The nurses also described that they did not have the time they wished, for the individual estimation for following up the risk of falling in the nursing homes.

In the aftermath of the nuclear accidents at Chernobyl in Russia, at the Three Mile Island reactor in the United States and the nuclear criticality accident at the Tokai-mura JCO in Japan, the need for serious attention has been directed toward response planning for nuclear emergencies. Currently Taiwan has one of the highest population densities in the world. To handle energy needs, there are three nuclear facilities. Recently the first serious electrical failure occurred at the third nuclear reactor (3A). This incident in particular brought the need for proper measures to handle accidents to the attention of the public. The main purpose of this thesis is to investigate the effectiveness of the national planning for handling nuclear emergencies under the existing laws for nuclear accident emergency response and the laws for disaster prevention at the local government level. Attention is given to the capability of the design and organizational system for handling nuclear emergencies and whether this plan can be realized in actual practice. Having reached a thorough understanding through the analysis, the paper makes suggestions about the procedures to be followed for the national government¡¦s handling of nuclear plant emergencies.

Untersuchung von insgesamt 1537 Schulunfällen von Kindern und Jugendlichen im Alter von 6 bis einschließlich 17 Jahren, die in den Jahren 1998 und 1999 an den Kliniken für Unfall- und Wiederherstellungschirurgie und für Kinderchirurgie am Universitätsklinikum Dresden behandelt wurden. Auswertung unter Einbeziehung von Geschlecht, Alter, Schulart, Art der schulischen Veranstaltung, Wegeunfälle, Unfallort, Unfallmechanismus, Unfallumstände, Verletzungslokalisation, Verletzungsart, Diagnose, Behandlungsdauer, Diagnostik, Therapie, Verletzungsfolgen, usw. / Examination of 1537 school accidents of pupils aged between 6 and 17 years who where treated at the university hospital of Dresden in the years 1998 and 1999. Analysis of sex, age, type of school, type of school activity during which injury occured, accident on the way to school, place of accident, mode of accident, backgrounds of accident, localization of injury, type of injury, diagnosis, duration of treatment, clinical diagnostics, therapy, consequences of injury, etc.

<p>Fallolyckor är en vanlig orsak till skador hos äldre vilket leder till stort lidande för den enskilde. Dessutom medför fallolyckor hos äldre stora kostnader för samhället. När antalet äldre ökar så kommer också lidandet och kostnaderna orsakade av fallolyckor att öka. Sjuksköterskor har ett ansvar i sitt omvårdnadsarbete att förebygga fallolyckor. Vårt syfte med denna studie var att beskriva sjuksköterskors erfarenhet av fallpreventivt arbete hos äldre på särskilt boende. Metoden som användes i denna studie var kvalitativ metod genom intervjuer med sjuksköterskor. Data analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Två teman framkom, att man gemensamt ser individen och miljön är inte alltid tillräckliga åtgärder samt hinder finns för att arbeta fallförebyggande Dessa teman kunde sedan beskrivas genom sex olika kategorier som benämndes mångfasetterad fysisk miljö, åtgärder kan vara otillräckliga, individuell bedömning, samarbete behövs, behov av ökade kunskaper, samt tidsbrist. Resultatet av vår studie visade att sjuksköterskor upplevde kommunens ekonomi som ett hinder då de på grund av detta inte fick utbildning och tillgång till ny kunskap samt hjälpmedel att använda i sitt fallförebyggande arbete. Sjuksköterskorna beskrev också att de hade tidsbrist vilket resulterade i att de individuella bedömningar och uppföljningar av fallrisk inom särskilda boenden inte hanns med i den utsträckning de önskade.</p> / <p>Falling accidents are a common reason for injuries among elderly people which leads to great suffering for the individual. Falling accidents among elderly also causes high costs for the society. As the number of elderly people increases the suffering and the cost due to falling accidents will also increase. Nurses have a responsibility in their work to prevent falling accidents. Our intention with this study was to describe nurse´s experience preventing falling accidents among elderly in nursing homes. The method used in this study was a qualitative method by interviews with nurses. Data was analyzed with qualitative content analysis. Two themes emerged, that you jointly look at the individual and the environment are not always sufficient actions and there are obstacles in the work of preventing falling accidents. These themes could then be described by six different categories: diverse natural environment, actions may be insufficient, individual estimation, need for cooperation, need for increased knowledge and lack of time. The result of our study showed that nurses experienced the economy of the municipality as an obstacle when they due to this did not get education and access to new knowledge and technical aids to use in the work of preventing falling accidents. The nurses also described that they did not have the time they wished, for the individual estimation for following up the risk of falling in the nursing homes.</p>

Considering the unlikely core melt down scenario for a light water reactor (LWR) a possible failure mode of the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) and its failure time has to be investigated for a determination of the loadings on the containment. Worldwide several experiments have been performed accompanied with material properties evaluation, theoretical, and numerical work. At the Institute of Safety Research of the FZR a finite element model has been de-veloped simulating the thermal processes and the viscoplastic behaviour of the ves-sel wall. An advanced model for creep and material damage has been established and has been validated using experimental data. The thermal and the mechanical calculations are sequentially and recursively coupled. The model is capable of evalu-ating fracture time and fracture position of a vessel with an internally heated melt pool. The model was applied to pre- and post test calculations for the FOREVER test se-ries representing the lower head RPV of a PWR in the geometrical scale of 1:10. These experiments were performed at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stock-holm. The results of the calculations can be summarised as follows: # The creeping process is caused by the simultaneous presence of high tem-perature (>600 °C) and pressure (>1 MPa) # The hot focus region is the most endangered zone exhibiting the highest creep strain rates. # The exact level of temperature and pressure has an influence on the vessel failure time but not on the failure position # The failure time can be predicted with an uncertainty of 20 to 25%. This uncer-tainty is caused by the large scatter and the high temperature sensitivity of the viscoplastic properties of the RPV steel. # Contrary to the hot focus region, the lower centre of the vessel head exhibits a higher strength because of the lower temperatures in this zone. The lower part moves down without significant deformation. Therefore it can be assumed, that the vessel failure can be retarded or prevented by supporting this range. # The development of a gap between melt crust and vessel wall could not be proofed. First calculations for a PWR geometry were performed to work out differences and commonalities between prototypic scenarios and scaled experiments. The results of the FOREVER-experiments cannot be transferred directly to PWR geometry. The geometrical, mechanical and thermal relations cannot be scaled in the same way. Because of the significantly higher temperature level, a partial ablation of the vessel wall has to be to expected in the PWR scenario, which is not the case in the FOREVER tests. But nevertheless the FOREVER tests are the only integral in-vessel retention experiments up to now and they led to a number of important insights about the behaviour of a vessel under the loading of a melt pool and pressure.

No description available.

No description available.

<p>The licentiate dissertation “Safety and Sustainability in the Community Planning Process – Actors’ Interests, Roles and Influence” has in three case studies over detailed development planning processes examined how issues related to safety and sustainability are handled in Swedish municipal planning. The research project has focused on three municipal actors; the Planning Office, the Environmental Agency and the Fire and Rescue Services. The complete planning process has been assessed, starting with comprehensive planning, to detailed development planning and on to building permit assessment. The project’s aim has been to investigate how actors’ roles, interests, responsibilities and position influence the planning process.</p><p>A handling procedure of preventing accidents instead of treating damages caused by accidents is increasingly stressed in society, with the effect that emphasis of handling these matters is given to community planning. This shift in turn has the effect that safety and sustainability become central in community planning, at the same time as new actors’ active participation is requested. One outcome is that municipal authorities such as the Environmental Agency and the Fire and Rescue Services are increasingly invited to actively participate in the plan work. Both actors have important roles in guarding safety and sustainability issues. Their approaches to these issues however differ, which influences how the matters are handled. The Planning Office has the role of balancing and transforming other planning participants’ contribution to the planning process. They also have responsibility of directing the process ahead. Actors participate in planning based on their knowledge, competence, interests and perspectives, but have to relate to conditions in-built in the planning context.</p><p>The study has provided a view of actors work with safety and sustainability in community planning. Especially regarding collaboration between actors, actors’ access to planning as well as their possibilities for influence. A number of key issues have been extracted, which adjusted to the local planning context can favour the development of a safe and sustainable urban environment.</p>