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Yes / Polymer extrusion is an energy intensive production process and process energy e ciency has become a key concern in the current industry with the pressure of reducing the global carbon footprint. Here, knowledge of the pattern of energy usage and losses of each component in the plant is highly useful in the process energy optimization. Moreover, it is essential to maintain the melt quality while improving the energy e ciency in polymer processing. In this work, an investigation was made on the total energy consumption, drive motor energy consumption, power factor and the melt temperature profile across the die melt flow (as an indication of the melt thermal quality) of an industrial scale extruder with three di erent screw geometries, three polymer types and wide range of processing conditions (altogether 135 di erent processing situations were observed). This aims to widen the knowledge on process energy and thermal behaviors while exploring possible correlation/s between energy demand and melt quality (in terms of melt temperature fluctuations across the melt flow). The results showed that the level and fluctuations of the extruder’s power factor is particularly dependent upon the material being processed. Moreover, it seems that there is a relation between the level of energy demand of the heaters and the level of melt temperature fluctuations. While the extruder specific energy consumption decreases with increasing screw speed, specific energy consumption of the drive motor may have either increasing or decreasing behavior. Overall, this study provides new insights in a wide range on process energy demand and melt thermal quality in polymer extrusion. Moreover, further research is recommended to establish strong correlation/s between process energy consumption and melt thermal quality which should help to enhance process control and hence the product quality in single screw polymer extrusion.

Yes / Thermal stability is of major importance in polymer extrusion, where product quality is dependent upon the level of melt homogeneity achieved by the extruder screw. Extrusion is an energy intensive process and optimisation of process energy usage while maintaining melt stability is necessary in order to produce good quality product at low unit cost. Optimisation of process energy usage is timely as world energy prices have increased rapidly over the last few years. In the first part of this study, a general discussion was made on the efficiency of an extruder. Then, an attempt was made to explore correlations between melt thermal stability and energy demand in polymer extrusion under different process settings and screw geometries. A commodity grade of polystyrene was extruded using a highly instrumented single screw extruder, equipped with energy consumption and melt temperature field measurement. Moreover, the melt viscosity of the experimental material was observed by using an off-line rheometer. Results showed that specific energy demand of the extruder (i.e. energy for processing of unit mass of polymer) decreased with increasing throughput whilst fluctuation in energy demand also reduced. However, the relationship between melt temperature and extruder throughput was found to be complex, with temperature varying with radial position across the melt flow. Moreover, the melt thermal stability deteriorated as throughput was increased, meaning that a greater efficiency was achieved at the detriment of melt consistency. Extruder screw design also had a significant effect on the relationship between energy consumption and melt consistency. Overall, the relationship between the process energy demand and thermal stability seemed to be negatively correlated and also it was shown to be highly complex in nature. Moreover, the level of process understanding achieved here can help to inform selection of equipment and setting of operating conditions to optimise both energy and thermal efficiencies in parallel. / This work was funded through an inter-disciplinary research programme (Grant No. EP/G059330/1) by the EPSRC-UK. The technical assistance provided by Ken Howell, Roy Dixon and John Wyborn is greatly appreciated.

An iterative penalty finite element model is developed for the analysis of three-dimensional coupled incompressible fluid flow and heat transfer problems. The pressure is calculated by solving the momentum equation using known values of velocities, velocity gradients, and flow stresses from previous iteration. An iterative solution algorithm which employs the element-by-element data structure of the finite element equations is used to solve large systems of algebraic equations resulting from finite element models of real world problems. Three different iterative methods (ORTHOMIN, ORTHORES and GMRES) are implemented and tested to determine the efficiency of each algorithm terms of CPU time and storage requirements. Jacobi/Diagonal preconditioning is used to scale the system of equations and improve the convergence of the iterative solvers. The developed iterative penalty finite element model is extended to analyse three-dimensional manufacturing processes such as casting, extrusion and forming of metals. For numerical simulation of extrusion and forming, flow formulation is used since these operations involve large deformations. The viscosity of the metal at elevated temperatures is calculated from the flow stress. The formulation uses the enthalpy method to account for the transfer of latent heat during phase change. The fluid inside the mushy region (between liquid and solid regions) is assumed to obey D’Arcy’s law for flow through porous materials. The permeability of the material is determined as a function of liquid fraction. This forces the velocities in the solid region to zero. In the finite element model, the effects of convection during phase change of the material are included. A method for calculation of the movement of liquid metal-air interface during mold filling process is presented. The developed model predicts the location of the interface (defined by a pseudo-concentration value) by solving for its movement due to forced convection. Also during filling analysis, only the filled and interface elements are used for flow field calculations. / Ph. D.

Es wurde ein hydrostatischer Verbundstrangpressprozess analysiert, bei dem das Kernmaterial aus Magnesium und das Mantelmaterial aus Aluminium besteht. Ausgehend von der Problematik, dass die Verbunde eine starke Vorschädigung in Form von Rissen im Bereich der Grenzschicht zwischen den Verbundpartner aufwiesen, wurde der Prozess analysiert. Mit Hilfe der numerischen FEM-Simulation wurde ein Berechnungsmodell aufgebaut, anhand dessen der Prozess detailliert und maßgeblich hinsichtlich der wirkenden Spannungen und auftretenden Dehnungen untersucht wurde. Es wurden die Größen Kontaktschubspannung und axiale Umformgraddifferenz identifiziert, die einen Zusammenhang aufzeigten zwischen ihrer Änderung und der aufgetretenen Qualität im Strang. Für eine verbesserte Aussagequalität und bedingt durch die vielen Wechselwirkungen der beeinflussenden Parameter im Prozess wurde die Methode der statistischen Versuchsplanung (DoE) hinzugezogen. Auf Basis dieser Ergebnisse wurde der Prozess optimiert, in dem die Matrizengeometrie als ein beeinflussender Parameter angepasst worden ist, so dass ein gleichmäßigerer Werkstofffluss gewährleistet und die Strangqualität verbessert werden konnte. Im Folgenden wurde ein integratives, empirisches Verbundstrangpressmodell entwickelt, das es ermöglicht, die Verbundqualität, die Verbundfestigkeit und die Dicke der sich ausbildenden Grenzschicht zu berechnen. / A compound made of aluminum (sleeve material) and magnesium (core material) was analyzed. The compound was built up in a hydrostatic co-extrusion process. First investigations showed damage (cracks) in the interface between the aluminum and the magnesium. Regarding the damage an optimization of the process was necessary. The FEM simulation was used to analyze the process. The focus of the analysis was the stresses and strains in the forming zone. A first result was that high contact shear stresses occurred in the interface. These stresses damaged the interface. Further investigations showed big strain differences between both of the materials. These differences caused in the different flow behaviour (yield stresses) of both materials. A better understanding was reached by a design of experiment (doe). This analysis showed the interactions between the different parameters and the influence of the parameters itself. Parameters with a big influence on the compound quality are the yield stresses, the die design, the friction and the billet design. The first result was an improvement of the compound quality by changing the die design. Therefore, an impeccable compound quality could be reached. Furthermore the results of analysis lead to an embracing empirical compound extrusion model. This consists of three single models. The first model was the quality model. This model allows to predict the compound quality with respect to the big influencing parameters. The second model was a bond strength model. This model gives the possibility to compute the strength of the interface. And at last the third model was the diffusion model. The embracing compound extrusion model allows to make a statement about the compound quality and strength before any real trials are carried out.

Es wurde ein hydrostatischer Verbundstrangpressprozess analysiert, bei dem das Kernmaterial aus Magnesium und das Mantelmaterial aus Aluminium besteht. Ausgehend von der Problematik, dass die Verbunde eine starke Vorschädigung in Form von Rissen im Bereich der Grenzschicht zwischen den Verbundpartner aufwiesen, wurde der Prozess analysiert. Mit Hilfe der numerischen FEM-Simulation wurde ein Berechnungsmodell aufgebaut, anhand dessen der Prozess detailliert und maßgeblich hinsichtlich der wirkenden Spannungen und auftretenden Dehnungen untersucht wurde. Es wurden die Größen Kontaktschubspannung und axiale Umformgraddifferenz identifiziert, die einen Zusammenhang aufzeigten zwischen ihrer Änderung und der aufgetretenen Qualität im Strang. Für eine verbesserte Aussagequalität und bedingt durch die vielen Wechselwirkungen der beeinflussenden Parameter im Prozess wurde die Methode der statistischen Versuchsplanung (DoE) hinzugezogen. Auf Basis dieser Ergebnisse wurde der Prozess optimiert, in dem die Matrizengeometrie als ein beeinflussender Parameter angepasst worden ist, so dass ein gleichmäßigerer Werkstofffluss gewährleistet und die Strangqualität verbessert werden konnte. Im Folgenden wurde ein integratives, empirisches Verbundstrangpressmodell entwickelt, das es ermöglicht, die Verbundqualität, die Verbundfestigkeit und die Dicke der sich ausbildenden Grenzschicht zu berechnen.:Inhaltsverzeichnis V Vorwort VII Einleitung 1 1 Stand der Technik 3 1.1 Allgemeines, Historische Entwicklung und Einteilung des Strangpressens 3 1.2 Wissenschaftliche Arbeiten auf dem Gebiet des Verbundstrangpressens, der Schädigung und der Haftfestigkeit 9 1.2.1 Prozess - Verbundstrangpressen 11 1.2.2 Schädigung 21 1.2.3 Haftfestigkeitsmodelle 28 1.3 Schlussfolgerung aus dem Stand der Technik 33 1.4 Zielsetzung und Struktur der Arbeit 35 2 Experimentelle Untersuchungen- Strangpressversuche 38 2.1 Ergebnisse der Pressversuche - Projektphase I 43 2.2 Ergebnisse der Projektphase II 52 2.3 Ergebnisse der Projektphase III 54 2.4 Besonderheiten, Oberflächenqualität, Verfahrenscharakteristika 56 3 Numerische Untersuchungen 64 3.1 Numerische Modellbildung 64 3.1.1 Materialbeschreibung/Fließkurven 66 3.1.2 Thermische Modellbildung 70 3.2 Ergebnisse der numerischen Analyse für das hydrostatische Strangpressen 81 3.2.1 Ermittlung einer indikativen Schädigungsgröße innerhalb der Simulation 91 3.2.2 Einfaktorielle Variationsrechnungen 95 3.3 Statistische Versuchsplanung und Analyse 103 3.3.1 Allgemeines und Versuchsplanung 103 3.3.2 Auswertung Versuchskern und erweiterter Versuchsplan 107 3.3.3 Fehleranalyse zu Versuchsplanergebnissen 113 3.4 Axiale Umformgraddifferenz als Indikatorgröße für die Schädigung 120 3.4.1 Volumenstromanalyse 128 3.4.2 Statistische Analyse hinsichtlich der Zielgröße axiale Dehnungsdifferenz 133 4 Integrativer Modellansatz zur Bestimmung qualitativer und quantitativer Merkmale des Verbundes 138 4.1 Allgemeines 138 4.2 Qualitätsmodell 139 4.2.1 Diskussion 139 4.2.2 Qualitätsmodell - Modellformulierung 145 4.3 Haftfestigkeitsmodell 155 4.4 Diffusionsmodell 163 5 Zusammenfassung 170 6 Ausblick 172 7 Quellen 174 Abbildungsverzeichnis IX Tabellenverzeichnis XV Kurzzeichenverzeichnis XVI Abkürzungsverzeichnis XIX / A compound made of aluminum (sleeve material) and magnesium (core material) was analyzed. The compound was built up in a hydrostatic co-extrusion process. First investigations showed damage (cracks) in the interface between the aluminum and the magnesium. Regarding the damage an optimization of the process was necessary. The FEM simulation was used to analyze the process. The focus of the analysis was the stresses and strains in the forming zone. A first result was that high contact shear stresses occurred in the interface. These stresses damaged the interface. Further investigations showed big strain differences between both of the materials. These differences caused in the different flow behaviour (yield stresses) of both materials. A better understanding was reached by a design of experiment (doe). This analysis showed the interactions between the different parameters and the influence of the parameters itself. Parameters with a big influence on the compound quality are the yield stresses, the die design, the friction and the billet design. The first result was an improvement of the compound quality by changing the die design. Therefore, an impeccable compound quality could be reached. Furthermore the results of analysis lead to an embracing empirical compound extrusion model. This consists of three single models. The first model was the quality model. This model allows to predict the compound quality with respect to the big influencing parameters. The second model was a bond strength model. This model gives the possibility to compute the strength of the interface. And at last the third model was the diffusion model. The embracing compound extrusion model allows to make a statement about the compound quality and strength before any real trials are carried out.:Inhaltsverzeichnis V Vorwort VII Einleitung 1 1 Stand der Technik 3 1.1 Allgemeines, Historische Entwicklung und Einteilung des Strangpressens 3 1.2 Wissenschaftliche Arbeiten auf dem Gebiet des Verbundstrangpressens, der Schädigung und der Haftfestigkeit 9 1.2.1 Prozess - Verbundstrangpressen 11 1.2.2 Schädigung 21 1.2.3 Haftfestigkeitsmodelle 28 1.3 Schlussfolgerung aus dem Stand der Technik 33 1.4 Zielsetzung und Struktur der Arbeit 35 2 Experimentelle Untersuchungen- Strangpressversuche 38 2.1 Ergebnisse der Pressversuche - Projektphase I 43 2.2 Ergebnisse der Projektphase II 52 2.3 Ergebnisse der Projektphase III 54 2.4 Besonderheiten, Oberflächenqualität, Verfahrenscharakteristika 56 3 Numerische Untersuchungen 64 3.1 Numerische Modellbildung 64 3.1.1 Materialbeschreibung/Fließkurven 66 3.1.2 Thermische Modellbildung 70 3.2 Ergebnisse der numerischen Analyse für das hydrostatische Strangpressen 81 3.2.1 Ermittlung einer indikativen Schädigungsgröße innerhalb der Simulation 91 3.2.2 Einfaktorielle Variationsrechnungen 95 3.3 Statistische Versuchsplanung und Analyse 103 3.3.1 Allgemeines und Versuchsplanung 103 3.3.2 Auswertung Versuchskern und erweiterter Versuchsplan 107 3.3.3 Fehleranalyse zu Versuchsplanergebnissen 113 3.4 Axiale Umformgraddifferenz als Indikatorgröße für die Schädigung 120 3.4.1 Volumenstromanalyse 128 3.4.2 Statistische Analyse hinsichtlich der Zielgröße axiale Dehnungsdifferenz 133 4 Integrativer Modellansatz zur Bestimmung qualitativer und quantitativer Merkmale des Verbundes 138 4.1 Allgemeines 138 4.2 Qualitätsmodell 139 4.2.1 Diskussion 139 4.2.2 Qualitätsmodell - Modellformulierung 145 4.3 Haftfestigkeitsmodell 155 4.4 Diffusionsmodell 163 5 Zusammenfassung 170 6 Ausblick 172 7 Quellen 174 Abbildungsverzeichnis IX Tabellenverzeichnis XV Kurzzeichenverzeichnis XVI Abkürzungsverzeichnis XIX

A novel on-line capillary rheometer (OLR) was used to examine the shear and extensional characteristics of polyolefin melts during twin screw extrusion (TSE). Comparisons with off-line rheometry were made using a twin-bore capillary rheometer and a modular in-line slit die rheometer (ILR) provided in-line rheometry comparisons. Both capillary rheometers were controlled via PCs running dedicated software, and the extrusion line and ELR were fully instrumented allowing real-time process monitoring to be carried out by IBM compatible PCs via data acquisition hardware and software. The prototype OLR was developed by the re-design of several key features including an instrumented transfer section and capillary die block which facilitated the use of various die geometries. Shear and extensional on-line rheometry of three polyethylenes (linear and branched), and four molecular weight grades of polypropylene were examined, and a direct comparison with off-line capillary rheometry showed a good correlation. The effect of a high loading of filler on two of the polyethylenes was investigated. In-line shear stress and entry pressure measurements showed a reasonable correlation with on-line rheometry. A study of entry flows in the OLR using capillary dies approaching orifice showed non-linearities occurred at very low capillary length to diameter(L:D) ratios, and this was repeatable using off-line rheometry. Predicted zero length entry pressures (Po) were used to estimate apparent extensional viscosity using a number of standard models. Melt instability and capillary wall slip were also investigated using on-line rheometry. Melt pressure and temperature in the twin screw extruder and OLR were monitored at various process conditions to examine the ability of the OLR to condition melt during testing, and the effect of OLR testing on extrusion conditions. Pressure variation in the extruder, OLR and off-line rheometer were compared in order to quantify process noise. The effect of OLR testing on melt rheology and polymer molecular weight were examined using off-line rheometry and gel permeation chromatography(GPC).

Les travaux de cette thèse proposent le développement d’un procédé de fabrication de composants micro-structurés à base d’unmatériau magnétocalorique. A plus long terme, ces composants de type lame mince seront intégrés à des dispositifs deréfrigération magnétique. Leur réalisation par les procédés conventionnels tels que l’usinage n’est pas envisageable dansl’optique d’une industrialisation. La solution envisagée est basée sur la mise en forme de composants par réplication d’uncomposite magnétocalorique. Ce micro-composite est défini par le mélange des poudres magnétocaloriques hydrogénées detype La(Fe,Si)13 dans une matrice thermoplastique (PP, LDPE). Cette technique permet de bénéficier des avantages desprocédés de mise en forme des polymères comme l’extrusion ou le moulage par injection. Le développement d’un tel procédéest divisé en deux parties. La première partie concerne l’élaboration et la caractérisation du micro-compositemagnétocalorique. Les tests réalisés en mélangeur ont permis de proposer plusieurs formulations micro-compositesmagnétocaloriques selon différents taux de charge. Cette première partie du développement étudie les différents aspects dumatériau micro-composite comme la rhéologie et les propriétés magnétocaloriques des mélanges. La caractérisationrhéologique basée sur les tests au rhéomètre capillaire est réalisé afin d’évaluer la capacité de mise en forme des mélangesassociée au procédé d’extrusion-conformage. Les propriétés propres aux matériaux magnétocaloriques telles que la variationde température adiabatique (ΔT) et la température de Curie (Tc) sont investiguées. Le contrôle de la Tc par mesure DSC a misen évidence des problématiques de déshydrogénation des poudres liées à la température d’élaboration. L’impact du taux decharge en poudre est étudié par la mesure des ΔT permettant d’estimer les performances finales du micro-composite. Ladeuxième partie traite du développement du procédé de mise en forme par extrusion-conformage. Une ligne d’outillages dédiéeà l’extrusion-conformage des lames micro-structurées a été réalisée et validée à l’échelle du laboratoire. La stabilité de latempérature de Curie a été vérifiée tout au long du processus d’élaboration des composants micro-structurés. Les paramètresd’extrusion tels que la température d’extrusion ont pu être définis afin d’éviter la déshydrogénation des poudresmagnétocaloriques. Les composants extrudés sont caractérisés en termes d’homogénéité du taux de charge en poudre et detolérances géométriques aboutissant à la / This thesis proposes the development of a method of manufacturing micro-structured components made of a magnetocaloricmaterial. In the long term, these blade-type components will be integrated in magnetic refrigeration devices. On an industrialscale, their production by the conventional process, machining, is not possible. The solution proposed is based on shaping thecomponent by a replication process via a magnetocaloric composite material. This micro-composite is defined by the mixtureof hydrogenated magnetocaloric powders of La(Fe,Si)13 in a thermoplastic matrix (PP, LDPE). This technique allowsutilization of the polymer shaping process, extrusion. The development of this process is divided into two parts. The first partconcerns the development and characterization of the magnetocaloric micro-composite. Results from tests performed with themixer allow the proposal of several micro-composite formulations under different loading rates. These formulations are thenstudied for various aspects of micro-composite material. The rheological characterization based on capillary rheometer tests istaken to evaluate the shaping ability of the mixtures associated with the extrusion process. Specific properties ofmagnetocaloric materials such as the adiabatic temperature variation (ΔT) and the Curie temperature (Tc) are also investigated.The control of the Tc by DSC measurement highlighted problematic dehydrogenation of the powders as a result of theelaboration temperature. The impact of loading rate is studied by measuring the ΔT in order to estimate the final performanceof the micro-composite. The second part deals with the development of the shaping process by extrusion. A tooling linededicated to extrusion of the micro-structured blades is carried out and validated at the laboratory scale. The stability of Tc ischecked throughout the elaboration process of the micro-structured components. The extrusion parameters are defined to avoidthe dehydrogenation of magnetocaloric powders. The extruded components are characterized in terms of homogeneity of thepowder loading rate and geometric tolerances resulting in the validation of the developed process. The industrial transfer isnow possible to a large scale production.

Cette thèse porte sur l’étude des systèmes de lois de conservation couplés par une interface mobile. Un modèle dynamique d’un procédé d’extrusion obtenu à partir des bilans de masse, de taux d’humidité et d’énergie est proposé. Ce modèle exprime le transport de la matière et de la chaleur dans une extrudeuse par des systèmes d’équations hyperboliques définis sur deux domaines complémentaires variant dans le temps. L’évolution des domaines est dictée par une Equation aux Dérivées Ordinaires (EDO) issue du bilan de masse total dans une extrudeuse. Par le principe des applications contractantes l’existence et l’unicité de la solution pour cette classe de système sont prouvées. Le problème de stabilisation de l’interface mobile est aussi abordé en utilisation le formalisme des systèmes à retard. La méthode des caractéristiques permet de représenter le système composé des équations issues du bilan de masse par un système à retard sur l’entrée. Au moyen d’un contrôleur prédictif la position de l’interface est stabilisée autour d’un point équilibre. La dernière partie de ce travail est dédiée à l’étude des systèmes Hamiltoniens à ports frontière couplés par une interface mobile. Ces systèmes augmentés de variables couleur qui sont des fonctions caractéristiques du domaine peuvent s’exprimer comme des systèmes Hamiltoniens à ports frontière / This thesis is devoted to the analysis of Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) which are coupled through a moving interface. The motion of the interface obeys to an Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE) which arises from a conservation law. The first part of this thesis concerns the modelling of an extrusion process based on mass, moisture content and energy balances. These balances laws express heat and homogeneous material transport in an extruder by hyperbolic PDEs which are defined in complementary time-varying domains. The evolution of the coupled domains is given by an ODE which is derived from the conservation of mass in an extruder. In the second part of the manuscript, a mathematical analysis has been performed in order to prove the existence and the uniqueness of solution for such class of systems by mean of contraction mapping principle. The third part of the thesis concerns the transformation of an extrusion process mass balance equations into a particular input delay system framework using characteristics method. Then, the stabilization of the moving interface by a predictor-based controller has been proposed. Finally, an extension of the analysis of moving interface problems to a particular class of systems of conservations laws has been developed. Port-Hamiltonian formulation of systems of two conservation laws defined on two complementary time-varying intervals has been studied. It has been shown that the coupled system is a port-Hamiltonian system augmented with two variables being the characteristic functions of the two spatial domains

Le remplacement des systèmes de distribution d’énergie actuels dans les avions (pneumatiques, hydrauliques, mécaniques et électriques) par des systèmes 100% électriques est un enjeu majeur dans le cadre du projet de l’avion « plus électrique ». Le processus d’électrification de l’avion conduit à une augmentation de la puissance embarquée à bord des aéronefs, et par conséquent à une augmentation de la masse du réseau filaire. Afin de pallier à cette augmentation, un nouveau matériau composite possédant des propriétés électriques supérieures à celle du cuivre a été développé dans le but d’augmenter la capacité de courant admissible dans le conducteur à section constante. Ce travail de thèse présente le procédé d’élaboration du matériau composite cuivre-nanotubes de carbone développé ainsi que les techniques de caractérisation utilisées et les résultats associés. Différents paramètres tels que la qualité de la dispersion des renforts dans la matrice, le type de nanotubes de carbone utilisés (multi-parois vs mono-paroi), la nature de l’interface créée entre le cuivre et les renforts (mécanique vs chimique) ainsi que les techniques de mise en forme du matériau (pressage uni-axial à chaud, extrusion à chaud) et de post-traitements (recuit, laminage à chaud) ont été étudiés afin d’obtenir des propriétés physiques optimales. Il en résulte une augmentation des propriétés thermiques (+6,8% pour la conductivité thermique), mécaniques (+32% pour la dureté Vickers) et également électriques - pour la première fois observée- (+3,4 % pour la conductivité électrique) et ce en comparaison avec à une matrice de cuivre pur. / The substitution of the current energy chains in aircrafts (pneumatic, hydraulic, mechanical and electrical) by a 100% electrical chain is a major issue in the field of the “more electric” aircraft. The electrification process leads to an increase of the inboard power of aircrafts, and therefore to an increase of the wired network weight. To counterbalance this increase of mass, a new composite material with higher electrical properties that copper should be considered, in order to increase the current density in the conductor at constant cross section. Several parameters have been studied such as the quality of the carbon nanotubes dispersion, the type of CNTs used (single-walled vs. multi walled), the interface between the matrix and the reinforcements (mechanical vs. chemical), the shaping of material (uni-axial hot pressing, hot extrusion process) and the post treatments processes (heat treatment, hot lamination process). An enhancement of the thermal properties (+ 6.8% of thermal conductivity), the mechanical properties (+32% of Vickers hardness) and for the first time an increase of the electrical properties (+3.4 % for the electrical conductivity) have been observed in comparison with pure copper.