Understanding the operating principles of the brain functions is the key to building novel computing architectures for mimicking human intelligence. Neural activities at different scales lead to different levels of brain functions. For example, cellular functions, such as sensory transduction, occur in the molecular reactions, and cognitive functions, such as recognition, emerge in neural systems across multiple brain regions. To bridge the gap between neuroscience and artificial computation, we need systematic development of mechanistic models for neural computation across multiple scales. Existing models of neural computation are often independently developed for a specific scale and hence not compatible with others. In this thesis, we investigate the neural computations in the fruit fly brain and devise mechanistic models at different scales in a systematic manner so that models at one scale constitute functional building blocks for the next scale. Our study spans from the molecular and circuit computations in the olfactory system to the system-level computation of the central complex in the fruit fly. First, we study how the two key aspects of odorant, identity and concentration, are encoded by the odorant transduction process at the molecular scale. We mathematically quantify the odorant space and propose a biophysical model of the olfactory sensory neuron (OSN). To validate our modeling approaches, we examine the OSN model with a multitude of odorant waveforms and demonstrate that the model output reproduces the temporal responses of OSNs obtained from in vivo electrophysiology recordings. In addition, we evaluate the model at the OSN population level and quantify the combinatorial complexity of the transformation taking place between the odorant space and the OSNs. The resulting concentration-dependent combinatorial code determines the complexity of the input space driving olfactory processing in the downstream neuropil, the antennal lobe. Second, we investigate the neural information processing in the antennal lobe across the molecule scale and the circuit scale. The antennal lobe encodes the output of the OSN population from a concentration-dependent code into a concentration-independent combinatorial code. To study the transformation of the combinatorial code, we construct a computational model of the antennal lobe that consists of two sub circuits, a predictive coding circuit and an on-off circuit, realized by two distinct local neuron networks, respectively. By examining the entire circuit model with both monomolecular odorant and odorant mixtures, we demonstrate that the predictive coding circuit encodes the odorant identity into concentration invariant code and the on-off circuit encodes the onset and the offset of a unique odorant identity. Third, we investigate the odorant representation inherent in the Kenyon cell activities in the mushroom body. The Kenyon cells encodes the output of the antennal lobe into a high-dimensional, sparse neural code that is immediately used for learning and memory formation. We model the Kenyon cell circuitry as a real-time feedback normalization circuit converting odorant information into a time-dependent hash codes. The resultant real-time hash code represents odorants, pure or mixture alike, in a way conducive to classifications, and suggests an intrinsic partition of the odorant space with similar hash codes. Forth, we study at the system scale the neural coding of the central complex. The central complex is a set of neuropils in the center of the fly brain that integrates multiple sensory information and play an important role in locomotor control. We create an application that enables simultaneous graphical querying and construction of executable model of the central complex neural circuitry. By reconfiguring the circuitry and generating different executable models, we compare the model response of the wild type and mutant fly strains. Finally, we show that the multi-scale study of the fruit fly brain is made possible by the Fruit Fly Brain Observatory (FFBO), an open-source platform to support open, collaborative fruit fly neuroscience research. The software architecture of the FFBO and its key application are highlighted along with several examples.

<p>Animals utilize information about their environments in order to adaptively modify behaviour. Such information may come from individual experience or from social sources, both of which have costs and benefits to the animal. Here I first show benefits of individual learning with respect to foraging performance, a good proxy of fitness, in bumblebees in a naturalistic setting. Second, I show that despite fitness costs associated with learning, fruit flies do not modify their investment in learning ability due to environmental complexity of larval foraging environment. Third, I show that fruit fly larvae utilize social information in their foraging decisions, including social learning, despite increased competition costs. Fourth, I show that adult fruit flies also use the presence of larvae as a source of social information to find suitable food patches. Finally, I show that larvae spontaneously form small foraging aggregations, one benefit of which may be an improved ability to dig and burrow into the surface of the food. I discuss the costs and benefits of both individual and social learning, as well as the potential for insect model systems in future studies of sociality and learning.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Thesis (DScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 1956. / Some digitised pages may appear illegible due to the condition of the original hard copy. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: no abstract available / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: geen opsomming

Visando contribuir para o manejo de moscas-das-frutas em parreirais de uva, inicialmente determinou-se, neste estudo, a concentração limiar dos limonoides azadiractina e 3-tigloilazadiractol (AzaMax®) capaz de inibir completamente a oviposição de Ceratitis capitata em frutos de uva. Em seguida, foram averiguados os estímulos envolvidos na inibição da oviposição da praga pelos referidos limonoides. Posteriormente, avaliou-se a proteção do parreiral de uva pelos limonoides contra C. capitata no polo de produção de Petrolina/PE, Brasil. Finalmente, foi avaliada a atividade biológica residual dos limonoides sobre a praga em parreiral de uva no polo de produção de Petrolina. A concentração limiar para a completa inibição da oviposição de C. capitata se dá com 100 ppm de azadiractina (+ 28,5 ppm de 3-tigloilazadiractol) na superfície de frutos de uva. A inibição da oviposição é drástica a partir de 50 ppm de azadiractina (+ 14,3 ppm de 3-tigloilazadiractol) em situação de chance de escolha do hospedeiro. A seleção hospedeira de C. capitata não é afetada por concentração igual ou inferior a 7,5 ppm de azadiractina (+ 2,14 ppm de 3-tigloilazadiractol) na superfície de frutos de uva. A concentração limiar de 100 ppm de azadiractina (+ 28,5 ppm de 3-tigloilazadiractol) impede que o hospedeiro seja reconhecido pela praga em função dos estímulos que promovem a inquietação (irritação), locomoção e consequente dispersão da praga. Assim, os limonoides (AzaMax®) podem ser qualificados como repelentes com baixa capacidade de difusão. Os limonoides em alta concentração ocasionam mortalidade sobre C. capitata, porém não evitam que os cachos ou frutos de uva sejam injuriados e ou infestados por C. capitata numa condição de baixa população natural ou artificial em campo. As conclusões registradas corroboram a hipótese de que são necessárias mais investigações pormenorizadas para avaliação do efeito de limonoides do nim sobre C. capitata em campo. A perspectiva de controle comportamental de moscas-das-frutas utilizando limonoides do nim foi discutida, com especial referência para C. capitata em parreirais de uva. / Aiming to contribute to the management of fruit flies in the vineyards, this research initially determined the concentration threshold of limonoids azadirachtin and 3-tigloylazadirachtol (AzaMax®) able to completely inhibit oviposition of Ceratitis capitata in grape fruits. Then the stimuli involved in the inhibition of oviposition of C. capitata by these limonoids were investigated. Subsequently, we evaluated the vineyard protection by limonoids against fruit flies in the production pole of Petrolina - PE, Brazil. Finally, we evaluated the residual biological activity of limonoids on C. capitata in vineyard in the production pole of Petrolina. The threshold concentration for complete inhibition of oviposition of C. capitata is 100 ppm of azadirachtin (+ 28.5 ppm of 3-tigloylazadirachtol) on the surface of grape fruits. The inhibition of oviposition is drastic from 50 ppm of azadirachtin (+ 14.3 ppm of 3-tigloylazadirachtol) with free choice of the host. The host selection by C. capitata is not affected by concentration equal to or less than 7.5 ppm of azadirachtin (2.14 ppm of 3-tigloylazadirachtol) on the fruits surface. The threshold concentration of 100 ppm of azadirachtin (+ 28.5 ppm of 3-tigloylazadirachtol) prevents the host to be recognized by C. capitata depending of the stimuli that promote caring (irritation), locomotion and consequent dispersion of insect. Thus, the limonoids (AzaMax®) can be qualified as repellents with low diffusion capacity. The limonoids in high concentration (AzaMax®) cause mortality of C. capitata, but do not prevent the injury and or infestation on grape clusters by C. capitata in a condition of low natural or artificial population in the field. The findings reported support the hypothesis that more detailed assessment for the effect of neem limonoids on C. capitata in field investigations are necessary. The perspective of behavioral control of fruit flies using neem limonoids was discussed, with special reference to C. capitata in vineyards.

Este trabalho foi conduzido na área abrangida pelo campus Luiz de Queiroz/Universidade de São Paulo, no município de Piracicaba, Estado de São Paulo. Teve como objetivos, determinar a composição do gênero Anastrepha Schiner, sua distribuição e a análise quantitativa da população. Além disso, verificou-se a relação da flutuação populacional com variáveis bióticas e abióticas e a associação das espécies de plantas hospedeiras, estabelecidas na área, com as espécies de Anastrepha.Foram examinadas 23.263 fêmeas de Anastrepha coletadas em armadilhas McPhail e 18 espécies pertencentes a 9 grupos infragenéricos foram assinaladas. A distribuição das fêmeas por armadilha foi fortemente agregada, com 5 armadilhas (6%) capturando 50% do total de fêmeas. Apenas A. fraterculus (Wiedemann) e A. obliqua (Macquart) foram dominantes. A. fraterculus foi a espécie mais freqüente, representando 80,2% do total de fêmeas capturadas no campus e a mais constante ocorrendo em 98,04% das amostras. Em ordem decrescente de freqüência, seguiram-se A. obliqua (12,6%), A. pseudoparallela (Loew) (3,1%) e A. bistrigata Bezzi (2,1%). As demais espécies apresentaram freqüência menor que 1%. O valor elevado do índice de Simpson (0,66) e os valores baixos do índice de Shannon (0,7521) e de eqüitatividade (0,459) resultaram da alta freqüência de A. fraterculus. Um aumento no nível populacional das espécies de Anastrepha ocorreu de agosto a novembro com um pico máximo em setembro. A disponibilidade de frutos hospedeiros foi mais determinante na variação do tamanho da população das espécies mais abundantes de Anastrepha que as variáveis climáticas. Um total de 565 amostras de frutos pertencentes a 11 famílias e, pelo menos, 25 espécies botânicas foi coletado em 47 estações de capturas. Foram identificadas 10.290 fêmeas e das 18 espécies de Anastrepha capturadas em armadilhas somente 6 emergiram das amostras de frutos: A. bistrigata Bezzi, A. fraterculus (Wiedemann), A. obliqua (Macquart), A. pseudoparallela (Loew), A. serpentina (Wiedemann) e A. sororcula Zucchi. A. fraterculus foi a espécie que infestou maior diversidade de frutos. Os hospedeiros preferidos de A. obliqua foram as espécies da família Anacardiaceae. A. pseudoparallela e A. serpentina infestaram exclusivamente Passifloraceae e Sapotaceae, respectivamente. Uma nova associação de mosca-das-frutas com planta hospedeira foi constatada: A. fraterculus em Syagrus romanzoffiana (Cham.) Glassman (coquinho). Foi reportado o primeiro registro da associação de A. fraterculus em Manilkara zapota L. (sapoti) no Brasil. / This study was conducted in the Luiz de Queiroz campus of the Universidade de São Paulo, in Piracicaba, state of São Paulo. The aim of this study was to determine the number of species in the genus Anastrepha Schiner on campus, their distribution and the quantitative analysis of the population. Moreover, this study correlated populational fluctuations with biotic and abiotic factors as well as the association between host plant species and the Anastrepha species in that area. A total of 23,263 females of Anastrepha collected in MacPhail traps was examined, and 18 species belonging to nine infrageneric groups were registered. The distribution of females per trap was strongly clustered, with 5 traps (6%) capturing 50% of the total of females. Only A. fraterculus (Wiedemann) and A. obliqua (Macquart) were considered dominant species. A. fraterculus was by far the most frequent species, representing 80.2% of the total of females captured on campus, and the most constant, occurring in 98.04% of the analyzed samples. In decreasing order of frequency, A. obliqua (12.6%), A. pseudoparallela (Loew) (3.1%), and A. bistrigata Bezzi (2.1%) comprised the other major species. The remaining species showed frequency lower than 1%. The high value of the Simpson’s index (0.66) as wel as the low values of Shannon’s index (0.7521) and the equitability index (0.459) resulted from the high frequency of A. fraterculus. The populational level of Anastrepha increased from August to November with the highest peak in September. The availability of host fruit, more than climatic parameters determined most of the variation of population size in the most abundant species of Anastrepha. A total of 565 fruit samples representing at least 25 plant species from 11 families was collected in 47 capture sites. 10,290 females were identified. Of the 18 Anastrepha species captured in traps, only 6 also emerged from fruit samples: A. bistrigata Bezzi, A. fraterculus (Wiedemann), A. obliqua (Macquart), A. pseudoparallela (Loew), A. serpentina (Wiedemann) e A. sororcula Zucchi. A. fraterculus infested the greatest diversity of hosts. The preferred hosts of A. obliqua were plant species in the family Anacardiaceae. A. pseudoparallela and A. serpentina infested only species in the families Passifloraceae and Sapotaceae, respectively. A new fruit fly and host plant association was registered: A. fraterculus with Syagrus romanzoffiana (Cham.) Glassman (queen palm). The association of A. fraterculus with Manilkara zapota L. (sapodilla) was reported here for the first time in Brazil.

With 9.9 million new dementia cases each year, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease (AD and PD) are the most prevalent form of neurodegenerative disorder (NDG) affecting the aging population. Despite years of pharmaceutical research, no cure is yet available. Most neuropathological aspects of these diseases are extremely complex but the study of the rare genetic cases allowed to model these diseases in animals and uncover key pathophysiological processes. Transgenic Drosophila NDG models have been used for in vivo studies for many years with a range of relevant phenotypes. The cellular and molecular biology of the Central Nervous System, as well as the mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration, are well conserved between Drosophila and Humans (with a 75% of human disease-related genes having homologs in flies). Most NDG studies are performed in the aging flies. However, there are reports of measurable phenotypes for a variety of AD and PD models in juvenile Drosophila melanogaster (larval stage) with an unexploited considerable potential for drug discovery and screening for this outstanding model. Here I sought to develop a new assay for research into NDGs that focus on the earliest phenotypes. During this Ph.D. project a customized crawling assay apparatus was developed, for the assessment of locomotor ability in humanised larval Drosophila (overexpressing human proteins/peptides linked to AD and PD). A locomotor phenotype was identified in larvae overexpressing different variation of Amyloid-β42, tau and α-Synuclein pan neutrally: these animals crawl on agarose surface at a reduced mean speed when compared to controls. The defect was proven partially rescuable by administration of Tacrine and Methylene Blue, renewing the importance of such models for future applications in drug discovery and screening. The motor impairment supports the hypothesis of a neurotoxic effect of the protein/peptide. Thus, to test this further, the overexpression of the human transgenes was restricted to neurons involved in larval olfaction (olfactory impairment is often the earliest symptom in PD and AD) and odour associated learning tasks (both PD and AD are characterized by severe cognitive dysfunction). Interestingly, larvae overexpressing the Amyloid-β42 ARC peptide in the Olfactory Sensory Neurons showed a subtle navigation defect during chemotaxis (in 1-Hexanol odour gradient) that could possibly be addressed to premature neural habituation to the olfactory stimulus. Furthermore, the overexpression of the peptide in the larval Mushroom Bodies influenced the performances of the animals in associative learning tasks. Lastly, using immunohistochemistry and confocal imaging techniques I showed that the gross morphology of neurons is not altered by the targeted overexpression of the Amyloid-β42 ARC. Even though physiological studies are required to characterize the chemosensory/learning defect shown by the Amyloid-β42 ARC larvae, this Ph.D. work further confirms that the effects of the overexpression of the human transgenes are robust and measurable already at larval stage. These findings may also be relevant to the development of new, fast, and cost-effective compound screening procedures, for applications in early stages of the drug discovery process.

Orientador: Arlindo Leal Boiça Júnior / Coorientador: Jacinto de Luna Batista / Banca: Antônio Baldo Geraldo Martins / Banca: Maria José Araújo Wanderley / Banca: Terezinha Monteiro dos Santos Cividanes / Banca: Juliana Altafin Galli / Resumo: A geração de informações sobre o potencial de táticas alternativas no controle de moscas-das-frutas tem despertado crescente interesse, tanto dos produtores quanto dos pesquisadores. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos de variedades de goiaba e de substâncias de origem vegetal sobre parâmetros biológicos de Anastrepha fraterculus (Wied., 1830) (Diptera:Tephritidae) e sobre o parasitóide Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). A pesquisa foi realizada no Laboratório de Resistência de Plantas do Departamento de Fitossanidade da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinária - UNESP. Os frutos de goiaba foram adquiridos da Empresa Val frutas, localizada no município de Vista Alegre do Alto-SP. As moscas-das-frutas e os parasitóides foram oriundos de criação mantida em dieta artificial no Laboratório de Radioentomologia do CENA. Foram realizados 6 bioensaios: 1. Determinação do estágio de maturação dos frutos de goiaba preferidos para oviposição de A. fraterculus 2. Não preferência para oviposição de A. fraterculus por frutos de variedades de goiaba; 3. Efeito de produtos naturais aplicados em frutos de goiaba na oviposição de A. fraterculus; 4. Associação dos efeitos dos frutos de variedades de goiaba e de produtos naturais no parasitismo de D. longicaudata; 5. Teste de antibiose em A. fraterculus criadas em frutos de variedades de goiaba e 6. Efeito da resistência extrínseca de frutos de variedades de goiaba sobre o parasitóide D. longicaudata. Os frutos foram tratados com os seguintes produtos: óleo de nim, óleo essencial de erva-doce, óleo essencial de citronela, e teste padrão com água. Foram realizados testes com e sem chance de escolha. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA), as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (P = 0,05). Fêmeas de A. fraterculus preferem os estádios ... / Abstract: The generation of information about the potential of alternative tactics in the control of fruit flies has attracted a growing interest, both producing and researchers. This research aimed to evaluate the effects of guava cultivars and substances from plant metabolism on biological parameters of Anastrepha fraterculus (Wied., 1830) (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). The study was conducted in the Laboratory of Plant Resistance, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine - UNESP. The guava fruits were obtained from Company Val fruits, located in "Vista Alegre do Alto" - SP. The fruit-flies and parasitoids were derived from rearing on artificial diet in the laboratory Radioentomologia - CENA. 6 bioassays were conducted: 1- Determining the maturity stage of guava fruits preferred for egg-laying of A. fraterculus, 2- No preference for egg-laying of A. fraterculus fruits of the guava cultivars, 3- Effect of natural products used in guava fruit on egg-laying of A. fraterculus, 4- Association of the effects of the fruits of guava cultivars and natural products on parasitism of D. longicaudata, 5- Antibiosis test of fruit varieties of guava and on A. fraterculus and 6- Effect of extrinsic resistance of cultivars of guava fruit on the parasitoid D. longicaudata. Fruits were treated with the following products: neem oil, essential oil from fennel and citronella, and controle. Tests with and without choice has been made. The results were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA), means were compared by Tukey test (P = 0.05). A. fraterculus female prefer stadiums "semi-ripe" and ripe for egg-laying. The Século XXI cultivar is more susceptible to attack by A. fraterculus. Products which showed the lowest infestation rates were oils of neem and citronella, from the 1.0% concentration. The fruits when ... / Doutor

Este trabalho teve por objetivos: avaliar o efeito do pH inicial e o tempo de permanência no campo do atrativo alimentar Milhocina® com o conservante bórax (tetraborato de sódio) na captura de moscas-das-frutas em armadilhas do tipo McPhail; estudar densidades de armadilhas para monitoramento de moscas-das-frutas e determinar um nível de dano e de controle em cultura de laranja. Foram realizados três experimentos de campo, o primeiro em junho de 2002 em pomar de laranja de maturação precoce, cultivar Hamlin, em Itaju, região central do estado de São Paulo, para se avaliar a captura de moscas-das-frutas em armadilhas com os atrativos Milhocina® em pH 4,5, Milhocina® com bórax em pH 4,5, 6,5 e 8,5, aos 2, 4, 6 e 8 dias após a instalação no pomar. O segundo experimento foi desenvolvido de junho a agosto de 2002 (inverno seco) com laranja Hamlin em Itaju, e o terceiro experimento foi realizado de janeiro a março de 2003 (verão chuvoso) com laranja de maturação tardia, cultivar Natal, em Porto Feliz, região sul do estado, ambos para se avaliar as densidades de uma, duas, quatro e oito armadilhas por hectare e a relação entre a captura de moscas-das-frutas nas armadilhas e frutos danificados. Em Itaju, as maiores capturas de Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) ocorreram nas armadilhas com o atrativo protéico Milhocina® e bórax em pH 8,5, aos 2, 4 e 6 dias. A espécie predominante, com quase 99% das moscas-das-frutas capturadas, foi C. capitata, sendo a proporção de fêmeas capturadas de 80% em pomar com frutos e 46% em pomar sem frutos. As capturas de fêmeas, machos, e total (fêmeas e machos) de C. capitata por armadilha, nas densidades de uma, duas, quatro e oito armadilhas por hectare, foram semelhantes, indicando que C. capitata pode ser monitorada com uma armadilha por hectare em áreas de altas populações de moscas. Houve correlações entre a captura de fêmeas, e fêmeas e machos de C. capitata, e o número de frutos de laranja precoce ‘Hamlin’ danificados, sete e quatorze dias após a coleta, nas densidades de uma e duas armadilhas por hectare. Foram obtidas equações que relacionam a captura com o dano. Assim, para um dano de um fruto por árvore, o nível de controle poderia ser de 8 a 16 indivíduos de C. capitata por armadilha por dia. As perdas médias estimadas devido ao ataque de C. capitata em laranja precoce chegaram a 2,5 toneladas de frutos por hectare, ou 7,5% da produção. Em Porto Feliz, onde predominou Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann, 1830), as capturas foram baixas e o dano foi observado mais freqüentemente não sendo correlacionado com as capturas de moscas-das-frutas nas armadilhas. / This research aimed to evaluate the effect of different levels of pH and the exposure time of the trap in the field, baited with Milhocina® and borax (sodium borate), on capturing fruit flies, to study different densities of McPhail trap for monitoring fruit flies and to establish the relation between fruit fly catches in traps and damaged orange fruits to determine injury and action threshold levels for fruit flies in orange groves. Three field experiments were carried out: the first one conducted in June of 2002 in a ‘Hamlin’ orange grove in Itaju, central region of state of Sao Paulo, to evaluate the trap with Milhocina® as attractant at pH 4.5 and Milhocina® and borax at pH 4.5, 6.5 and 8.5. Counts of fruit fly numbers were done at 2, 4, 6 and 8 days after placing the trap in the orange grove. The second experiment was conducted from June to August of 2002 (during dry winter) in a ‘Hamlin’ orange grove in Itaju, and the third one was conducted from January to March of 2003 (during rainy summer) in a ‘Natal’ orange grove in Porto Feliz, in southern region of state of Sao Paulo, both to evaluate the densities of one, two, four and eight traps per hectare and to study the relationship between fruit fly catches in the traps and damaged fruits. In Itaju, the highest catches of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) were observed in traps baited with Milhocina® and borax at pH 8.5 after 2, 4 and 6 days. The most abundant fruit fly species was C. capitata, comprising almost 99% of the fruit flies captured, and the proportion of female catches was 80% in groves with fruits and 46% in groves without fruits. The fruit fly catches per trap were similar at different trap densities, indicating that C. capitata could be monitored by using one trap per hectare in areas with high fruit fly populations. Significant linear correlations were observed between females, males and females catches and damaged fruits in the following week and one week later, at densities of one and two traps per hectare. The action threshold level estimated ranged from 8 to 16 C. capitata per trap per day for one damaged fruit per tree. The mean estimated damage caused by C. capitata in ‘Hamlin’ orange was 2,500 kg of fruits per hectare which corresponds to 7.5% of the total yield. Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann, 1830) was the predominant species in Porto Feliz. In this experiment, the fruit fly catches were low, the intensity of damaged fruits was higher and there was no correlation with fruit fly catches in the traps.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:30:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2203796 bytes, checksum: a60469c7fe26cdd5741f5b033b2d5daa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-21 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This study shows the diversity of species of tephritid flies, their parasitoids and hosts in the region of Viçosa, Minas Gerais, located in the Zona da Mata Mineira. McPhail traps containing hydrolyzed protein, were installed in orchards with diverse species of fruit trees and a nature reserve, the Atlantic forest, forest known as the Mata do Paraíso. In addition, collections were made periodically cultivated and wild fruits in the region. Were obtained in 21 species of tephritid collections: Ceratitis capitata (Wied.), Anastrepha bahiensis Lima, A. barbiellinii Lima, A. bezzii Lima, A. bistrigata Bezzi, A. dissimilis Stone, A. distincta Greene, A. fraterculus (Wied.), A. furcata Lima, A. grandis (Macquart), A. leptozona Hendel, A. manihoti Lima, A. minensis Lima, A. montei Lima, A. obliqua (Macquart), A. pseudoparallela (Loew), A. pickeli Lima, A. serpentina (Wied.) and A. sororcula Zucchi, and two new species of Anastrepha. Deposited at the Regional Museum of Entomology (UFVB) found five species of tephritid A. connexa Lima, A. consobrina (Loew), A. kuhlmanni Lima, A. turpiniae Stone and A. xanthochaeta Hendel. 39 species of wild and 22 cultivated plant families sampled, we obtained C. capitata, A. bezzii, A. fraterculus, A. grandis, A. obliqua and A. sororcula. Parasitoids were also collected: Braconidae - Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti), D. brasiliensis (Szépligeti), Opius bellus Gahan, Utetes anastrephae (Viereck) Figitidae - Aganaspis pelleranoi (Brèthes) and Pteromalidae - Sycophila sp.1, Sycophila sp.2, Torymus sp. and Pteromalidae sp.3. A taxonomic key for identification of species collected in Viçosa region is presented. An analysis for the fauna of Tephritidae species collected in the region of Viçosa, Minas Gerais. Assessing the population dynamics of three species was also performed, taking into account the influence of temperature, relative humidity and rainfall in addition to the dominance of these survey sites. Through this study added 19 species of fruit flies in Viçosa, Minas Gerais, bringing to 32 species of tephritid in Minas Gerais. Anastrepha barbiellinii, A. connexa, A. consobrina, A. furcata, A. kuhlmanni, A. leptozona and A. xanthochaeta were found first for the state and two new species of Anastrepha findings. Anastrepha fraterculus was the most frequent species in the samples of infected hosts and first observed occurrence in Lauraceae, Solanaceae Siparunaceae and in Brazil. The association of A. obliqua with tangerine and Ponkan cambucá and A. fraterculus with sweet cherry and passion fruit was also first observed through this study. The four species of parasitoids the Pteromalidae family, Sycophila sp.1, Sycophila sp.2, Torymus sp and a fourth species of Pteromalidae not yet identified, are new records for the state, passing 12 species of parasitoids of fruit flies in Minas Gerais. The population fluctuation of Anastrepha fraterculus and Ceratitis capitata in the region of Viçosa was influenced by temperature. Anastrepha minensis population fluctuation was influenced by temperature and precipitation. Fruticultura/Campus and Fruticultura/Fundão were more similar environments for the presence and absence of species of fruit flies (43%) while the small farm the environment was less similarity in terms of presence and absence of species (31 %). / Este estudo apresenta a diversidade de espécies de tefritídeos, seus parasitóides e hospedeiros na região de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, localizada na Zona da Mata Mineira. Armadilhas do tipo McPhail, contendo proteína hidrolisada, foram instaladas em pomares com espécies diversificadas de fruteiras e em uma reserva natural, remanescente da Mata Atlântica, conhecida como Mata do Córrego do Paraíso. Além disso, foram feitas coletas periódicas de frutos cultivados e silvestres na região. Foram obtidas 21 espécies de tefritídeos nas coletas: Ceratitis capitata (Wied.), Anastrepha bahiensis Lima, A. barbiellinii Lima, A. bezzii Lima, A. bistrigata Bezzi, A. dissimilis Stone, A. distincta Greene, A. fraterculus (Wied.), A. furcata Lima, A. grandis (Macquart), A. leptozona Hendel, A. manihoti Lima, A. minensis Lima, A. montei Lima, A. obliqua (Macquart), A. pseudoparallela (Loew), A. pickeli Lima, A. serpentina (Wied.) e A. sororcula Zucchi, além de duas novas espécies de Anastrepha. Depositadas no Museu Regional de Entomologia (UFVB) foram encontradas cinco espécies de tefritídeos: A. connexa Lima, A. consobrina (Loew), A. kuhlmanni Lima, A. turpiniae Stone e A. xanthochaeta Hendel. Das 39 espécies silvestres e cultivadas de 22 famílias botânicas amostradas, obtiveram-se C. capitata, A. bezzii, A. fraterculus, A. grandis, A. obliqua e A. sororcula. Foram coletados também os parasitóides: Braconidae - Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti), D. brasiliensis (Szépligeti), Opius bellus Gahan, Utetes anastrephae (Viereck); Figitidae - Aganaspis pelleranoi (Brèthes); e Pteromalidae - Sycophila sp.1, Sycophila sp.2, Torymus sp. e Pteromalidae sp.3. Uma chave taxonômica para a identificação das espécies coletadas na região de Viçosa é apresentada. Foi realizada uma análise faunística para as espécies de Tephritidae coletados na região de Viçosa, Minas Gerais. A avaliação da flutuação populacional de três espécies também foi realizada, levando em conta a influência da temperatura, umidade relativa e precipitação pluviométrica, além da dominância destas para as áreas amostradas. Através deste estudo foram acrescentadas 19 espécies de moscas-das-frutas em Viçosa, Minas Gerais, elevando assim para 32 espécies de tefritídeos em Minas Gerais. Anastrepha barbiellinii, A. connexa, A. consobrina, A. furcata, A. kuhlmanni, A. leptozona e A. xanthochaeta foram constatadas pela primeira vez para o estado e duas espécies novas de Anastrepha descobertas. Anastrepha fraterculus foi a espécie mais frequente nas amostras de hospedeiros infestados e observada pela primeira vez a sua ocorrência em Lauraceae, Siparunaceae e Solanaceae no Brasil. A associação de A. obliqua com tangerina Ponkan e cambucá e de A. fraterculus com acerola e maracujá-doce também foi observada pela primeira vez por meio deste estudo. As quatro espécies de parasitóides da família Pteromalidae, Sycophila sp.1, Sycophila sp.2, Torymus sp e uma quarta espécie de Pteromalidae ainda não identificada, são novas ocorrências para o estado, passando para 12 espécies de parasitóides de moscas-das- frutas em Minas Gerais. A flutuação populacional de Anastrepha fraterculus e Ceratitis capitata na região de Viçosa foi influenciada pela temperatura. Anastrepha minensis teve a flutuação populacional influenciada pela temperatura e precipitação. Fruticultura/Campus e Fruticultura/Fundão foram os ambientes mais similares quanto à presença e ausência de espécies de moscas-das- frutas (43%) enquanto o Sítio foi o ambiente com menor similaridade quanto à presença e ausência de espécies (31%).

Made available in DSpace on 2015-01-26T13:21:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-03-10Bitstream added on 2015-01-26T13:30:26Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000802130.pdf: 1723844 bytes, checksum: 40dbfc47ebdfcaaa6c3a88fc4ab89551 (MD5) / A geração de informações sobre o potencial de táticas alternativas no controle de moscas-das-frutas tem despertado crescente interesse, tanto dos produtores quanto dos pesquisadores. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos de variedades de goiaba e de substâncias de origem vegetal sobre parâmetros biológicos de Anastrepha fraterculus (Wied., 1830) (Diptera:Tephritidae) e sobre o parasitóide Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). A pesquisa foi realizada no Laboratório de Resistência de Plantas do Departamento de Fitossanidade da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinária - UNESP. Os frutos de goiaba foram adquiridos da Empresa Val frutas, localizada no município de Vista Alegre do Alto-SP. As moscas-das-frutas e os parasitóides foram oriundos de criação mantida em dieta artificial no Laboratório de Radioentomologia do CENA. Foram realizados 6 bioensaios: 1. Determinação do estágio de maturação dos frutos de goiaba preferidos para oviposição de A. fraterculus 2. Não preferência para oviposição de A. fraterculus por frutos de variedades de goiaba; 3. Efeito de produtos naturais aplicados em frutos de goiaba na oviposição de A. fraterculus; 4. Associação dos efeitos dos frutos de variedades de goiaba e de produtos naturais no parasitismo de D. longicaudata; 5. Teste de antibiose em A. fraterculus criadas em frutos de variedades de goiaba e 6. Efeito da resistência extrínseca de frutos de variedades de goiaba sobre o parasitóide D. longicaudata. Os frutos foram tratados com os seguintes produtos: óleo de nim, óleo essencial de erva-doce, óleo essencial de citronela, e teste padrão com água. Foram realizados testes com e sem chance de escolha. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA), as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (P = 0,05). Fêmeas de A. fraterculus preferem os estádios ... / The generation of information about the potential of alternative tactics in the control of fruit flies has attracted a growing interest, both producing and researchers. This research aimed to evaluate the effects of guava cultivars and substances from plant metabolism on biological parameters of Anastrepha fraterculus (Wied., 1830) (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). The study was conducted in the Laboratory of Plant Resistance, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine - UNESP. The guava fruits were obtained from Company Val fruits, located in “Vista Alegre do Alto” - SP. The fruit-flies and parasitoids were derived from rearing on artificial diet in the laboratory Radioentomologia - CENA. 6 bioassays were conducted: 1- Determining the maturity stage of guava fruits preferred for egg-laying of A. fraterculus, 2- No preference for egg-laying of A. fraterculus fruits of the guava cultivars, 3- Effect of natural products used in guava fruit on egg-laying of A. fraterculus, 4- Association of the effects of the fruits of guava cultivars and natural products on parasitism of D. longicaudata, 5- Antibiosis test of fruit varieties of guava and on A. fraterculus and 6- Effect of extrinsic resistance of cultivars of guava fruit on the parasitoid D. longicaudata. Fruits were treated with the following products: neem oil, essential oil from fennel and citronella, and controle. Tests with and without choice has been made. The results were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA), means were compared by Tukey test (P = 0.05). A. fraterculus female prefer stadiums semi-ripe and ripe for egg-laying. The Século XXI cultivar is more susceptible to attack by A. fraterculus. Products which showed the lowest infestation rates were oils of neem and citronella, from the 1.0% concentration. The fruits when ...