The accepted scientific opinion is that anthropogenic activities and correlated greenhouse gases are the main cause of climate change, with carbon dioxide releases from fossil fuels being one of the main culprits. In South Africa, the main sources of energy have always been coal and other fossil fuels. Society and the economy alike are heavily reliant on energy consumption. In light of the above, it is clear that drastic steps need to be taken to "clean up" the nation's energy sector and usage patterns. There is an international tendency towards a so-called "green economy," which finds the relation between economic development, social upliftment and conservation of the natural environment. A green economy relies less on carbon inputs, and utilises resources efficiently, whilst taking a "socially inclusive" approach. It therefore makes sense to draw on renewable natural resources in greening the economy. Some of the advantages of renewable energy are that they result in limited or no emissions, the creation of sustainable jobs, improved health of consumers and enhanced energy security. A shift to a green economy cannot take place in a vacuum. The laws and policies regulating the various sectors of the environment; energy generation, distribution and use; investment opportunities and economic factors must stimulate and drive this move, and must create an optimal atmosphere to this end. This study determines how suitable the current South African legal framework is for a shift towards a green economy based on renewable energy, and whether it can successfully catalyse and drive such a shift. / LLM (Environmental Law and Governance), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

The purpose of this research is to show how business and enterprise can align sustainability and sustainable development to create strategic sustainability (SS) procedures, which can be used for planning towards sustainability in an island context. Even with the 3Ps depiction of sustainable development (SD), the idea continues to be difficult to make operational (Azar, Holmberg and Lindgren 1996) and has failed in many of its applications (Baumgartner and Korhonen 2010). Moreover, businesses wishing to operate in perpetuity are challenged by the socio-ecological system that constitutes sustainability. But all businesses have materials, energy and waste flows, (MEWFs) and a more strategic approach to managing these flows can assist businesses with the sustainability challenge. Firstly however, sustainability described as a successful socio-ecological system must be understood. Secondly the process of reducing the MEWFs within the business, referred to as sustainable development actions must be seen as separate but congruent to sustainability. By adapting the framework for strategic sustainable development and using a mixed methods approach, the necessary strategy content for the SS procedures are researched in the tourist accommodation sector-Grenada. It is shown that in an island context, defined as an isolated system with scarce resources, (Deschenes and Chertow 2004) the challenges of sustainability, especially for businesses such as the tourist accommodation sector, are exacerbated. The research concludes with three important groups of steps for the SS procedures: 1) visioning and vision linking; 2) developing sector strategic actions and 3) monitoring and evaluation. A tourism symbiosis was proposed as a critical action for reducing MEWFs. Considerations for implementing aspects of a proposed green economy roadmap using the SS procedures are addressed. The research can assist both policy makers and business leaders to operationalise sustainable development and to do so with some degree of certainty of achieving sustainability in an island context.

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar as potencialidades econômicas do Distrito Eco Industrial de Palmas/TO, a partir da interação das dimensões de sustentabilidade ambiental e social. Trata-se de uma pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e estudo de caso. Para o estudo de caso, aplicou-se um questionário semiestruturado às empresas localizadas no Distrito Eco Industrial e Atacadista de Palmas/TO. O estudo abrangeu 24 de um total de 171 empresas, em atividades diversas no local, no período de setembro de 2015, para se obter a caracterização das empresas alocadas no distrito, identificando as redes internas de cooperação existentes e a observância dos aspectos ambientais, sociais e econômicos. Os resultados indicam que a cooperação entre as empresas é mínima, tendendo a ser nula. Percebeu-se que as empresas, apesar de estarem em uma tendência de redução do consumo dos recursos naturais, como matérias-primas, energia e água, não reúnem elementos suficientes para caracterizar que estão em um distrito eco industrial. Verificou-se que não há uma interação entre os agentes relacionados ao ambiente de negócios e ao meio ambiente que leve a uma simbiose industrial. Identificou-se, também, que há geração de resíduos passíveis de comercialização, entretanto as empresas não despertaram para a possibilidade se obter receita a partir desses resíduos, com sua venda para serem utilizados em outro processo produtivo. Dentre as principais possibilidades econômicas, voltadas à questão ambiental e social, destaca-se a probabilidade da comercialização de parte desse resíduo. / He objective is to analyze the economic potential of Eco Industrial District Palmas/TO from the interaction of the dimensions of environmental and social sustainability. It is a bibliographical research, document and case study. For the case study applied a semi-structured questionnaire to companies located in the District Eco Industrial and Wholesale Palmas/TO. The study covered 24 companies of 171 in various activities at the site in September 2015 to obtain the characterization of the companies allocated in the district, identifying the existing internal networks of cooperation and compliance with the environmental, social and economic aspects. The results indicate that the cooperation between companies is minimal tending to zero. It was noticed that companies, despite being on a downward trend in the consumption of natural resources such as raw materials, energy and water, do not gather sufficient information to characterize who are in an industrial eco district. It was found that that there is an interaction between the agents related to the business environment and the environment leading to an industrial symbiosis. It was identified, too, there is the generation of waste insusceptible marketing, entertaining, companies do not have woken up to the possibility to earn revenue from these waste by selling it for use in another production process. Among the main economic possibilities, focused on environmental and social issues, there is the likelihood of the commercialization of this waste.

O objetivo desta pesquisa é compreender como a revista Página 22 constrói o discurso sobre economia verde antes, durante e depois da Conferência das Nações Unidas sobre Desenvolvimento Sustentável (Rio+20) realizada no Rio de Janeiro (RJ) em junho de 2012. A Página 22 é uma publicação mensal segmentada e especializada na abordagem dos temas socioambientais pelo viés econômico. Ela é produzida em São Paulo e distribuída em nove estados brasileiros por meio de uma parceria com o Centro de Estudos em Sustentabilidade da Escola de Administração de Empresas da Fundação Getulio Vargas (GVces). O corpus foi composto por 371 sequências discursivas recortadas de 136 textos (editoriais, notas, seções temáticas, reportagens e entrevistas) publicados entre junho de 2009 e dezembro de 2014. São utilizadas noções-conceito da Análise do Discurso de linha francesa, da Teoria do Jornalismo e da Economia do Meio Ambiente. Os gestos de leitura permitiram a identificação de uma formação discursiva, a do jornalismo ambiental reformista, com quatro posições-sujeito – engajado, crítico, cético e conservador - na construção do discurso da economia verde como uma reforma possível, necessária e inevitável do capitalismo. Após a identificação das diferentes posições assumidas pelo sujeito dentro da formação discursiva foram mapeadas redes parafrásticas. A partir dos resultados encontrados na análise discursiva são discutidos os limites e possibilidades do jornalismo ambiental, especialização entendida como uma prática profissional engajada que informa para transformar. / The objective of this research is to understand how the Página 22 magazine builds the discourse on green economy before, during and after the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio + 20) held in Rio de Janeiro (RJ) in June 2012. Página 22 is a monthly publication targeted and specialized in addressing the social and environmental issues for the economic bias. It is produced in São Paulo and distributed in nine Brazilian states from a partnership with the Center for Sustainability of the School of Business Administration of the Getulio Vargas Foundation (GVces). The corpus consisted of 371 discursive sequences cut from 136 texts (editorial, notes, thematic sections, reports and interviews) published between June 2009 and December 2014. This research uses concept-notions from French Discourse Analysis, Theory of Journalism and Economics of the Environment. The reading gestures allowed the identification of a discursive formation, the environmental journalism reformist, with four subject- positions - engaged, critical, skeptical and conservative - in the construction of the discourse of green economy as a possible, necessary and inevitable reform of capitalism. After the identification of the different positions taken by the subject within the discursive formation were mapped paraphrase networks. From the results found in the discursive analysis, this research discusses the limits and possibilities of environmental journalism, specialization understood as a committed professional practice that informs to improve the world.

While commitments made at the Rio+20 conference paved the road for the building of a green and fair economy, the ability of economics to provide a satisfactory intellectual framework to support this process has been increasingly questioned, particularly since the 2008 global financial crisis. In order to make economics more responsive to present and future challenges, this study argues that education in economics must be centred on the pursuit of sustainable development with what has been termed Education for Sustainable Development (ESD). To qualify as ESD, this paper contends that economics education must embrace pluralism on four levels (theoretical, methodological, disciplinary and pedagogical). This fourfold pluralism will improve economists’ capacity to deal with societal challenges and allow for the long-term building of resilient green-er and fair-er economies. The University of Versailles Saint-Quentin (France) Bachelor of Economics and Management is chosen as a case study to identify the current institutional factors hindering the opening of economics education to pluralism. The thesis draws on relevant literature in the field, and also utilises interviews undertaken with five economic professors teaching in the Bachelor. Following analysis of the case study, five main barriers to a plural economics education were found; these barriers are professionalisation, recruitment, evaluation, laziness and performance.

There were three big oil crises in twenty century, and all made international political shakes. The global warming triggered the climate change, the rising of sea horizon and other environmental problems. The advanced countries begin to think about decreasing the dependency of fossil fuels as economic grows. Both the Kyoto Protocol in 1997 and the United Nations Copenhagen Climate Change Conference in 2009 were the evidences that most of the countries in the world are all concerned about climate change and economical environments. Furthermore, the Kyoto Protocol and the United Nations Climate Change Conferences affected the global economic policies, and also generated new ideas of green economy. Because of the impacts from the environmental and economic view, many countries made new green energy policies to develop renewable energy, promote green industry, wake up environment protection ideas, and broadcast the education of save energy saving and carbon reduction. This thesis uses the historical method, content analysis method and comparative method and the public policy theory as the theory basement. Then the thesis introduces the summary of global green energy industry. Taiwan and Singapore are called as Four Asian Little Dragons, but both lack of nature resources and depend on energy importation. The thesis discusses the policies on green industry of the Taiwan and Singapore, and also discusses the outputs of the policies. The final part is the policy comparisons between the two governments.

No description available.

In terms of sustainability, climate change has defined the last decade, underlining the need for a rigorous assessment of the intersection between economic and social development and environmental sustainability. This project's objectives were to define "green job" and to identify existing baselines and projections on the green economy across a selection of published reports. These findings were then examined further by interviewing representatives from the associated organisations seeking a better understanding of parameters, methodologies and policy stances on the green economy. A mixed methods approach triangulated data to gain a clearer understanding of BC's green economy. Findings confirmed a lack of consensus on definition but shed light on a range of parameters and resulting complexities. Methodologies varied, producing incongruent data that made comparisons challenging but, although the sample was relatively small, organizational mandates did fall in line with their respective estimates of the magnitude of the green economy in BC.

Submitted by Fabio Navarro Manfredini (fabiomanfredini@gmail.com) on 2018-06-07T14:43:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Aplicação da legislação ambiental.pdf: 19924100 bytes, checksum: 3f636e76c6f08e84a14a5da1265da584 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Bacalgini null (bruna@sorocaba.unesp.br) on 2018-06-07T16:46:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 manfredini_fn_dr_soro.pdf: 19908962 bytes, checksum: 2043ea9c2ba639fd198da37efa109e6f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-07T16:46:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 manfredini_fn_dr_soro.pdf: 19908962 bytes, checksum: 2043ea9c2ba639fd198da37efa109e6f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-18 / A tese considerou com hipótese que os Serviços Ambientais (SA) - definidos pela Avaliação Ecossistêmica do Milênio como os benefícios recebidos pela população pela existência de ecossistemas - são aspectos fundamentais para a gestão do uso do solo e deve ser implementada considerando a legislação ambiental, a valoração econômica ambiental e a inteligência territorial. O trabalho teve como desafio dissecar a temática, para responder as seguintes questões: a) A Avaliação Ambiental Estratégica (AAE) é um método que atende aos requisitos necessários para a análise de uma política pública de uso do solo que contemple os SA?; b) Os métodos de valoração econômica ambiental existentes são adequados a valoração de SA? O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi realizar uma Avaliação Ambiental fundamentada na legislação ambiental aplicável aos SA e a valoração econômica ambiental para subsidiar políticas públicas alinhadas às diretrizes da Política Estadual de Mudanças Climáticas. Os objetivos específicos foram: elencar a legislação ambiental aplicável à Avaliação Ambiental aos SA e Valoração Econômica Ambiental; quantificar os SA associados aos usos do solo da APA de Itupararanga; identificar qual método de valoração econômica é mais adequado para a valoração de SA; analisar a gestão do uso do solo por meio da AAE da APA de Itupararanga. Foi realizado um estudo de caso para analisar a gestão do uso do solo que considera o SA como fator preponderante para a sua definição. O trabalho evidenciou que os SA são critérios basilares para a gestão do uso do solo e os programas derivados de uma política pública devem considerar a legislação ambiental, a valoração econômica ambiental e a inteligência territorial. O estudo de caso demonstrou que a AAE é um método que atende aos requisitos necessários para a elaboração de uma política pública de uso do solo que contemple os SA e que o melhor método de valoração econômica ambiental é o método de valoração contingente. A tese também demonstrou que as variáveis que devem compor a legislação aplicável aos SA tendem a possuir uma amplitude maior do que natureza jurídica essencial do Direito Ambiental e, nesse sentido, os instrumentos econômicos como o Pagamento por SA devem fazer parte de um ramo jurídico, ainda embrionário, mas que futuramente será fundamental na implementação de políticas públicas como as propostas no Plano de Manejo da APA de Itupararanga, ou seja, o Direito da Sustentabilidade / The thesis hypothesized that the Environmental Services (ES) are fundamental aspects for the management of land use and should be implemented considering environmental legislation, economic valuation and territorial intelligence. The study had as a challenge to dissect the subject, to answer the following questions: a) The Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is a method that meets the necessary requirements for the analysis of a public policy of land use that contemplates ES?; b) Are the existing environmental economic valuation methods adequate to the valuation of ES? The main objective of this work was to carry out an Environmental Assessment based on the environmental legislation applicable to ES and the environmental economic valuation to subsidize public policies in line with the guidelines of the State Policy on Climate Change. The specific objectives were: to enclose the environmental legislation applicable to the Environmental Assessment to ES and Environmental Economic Valuation; to quantify the ES associated to the land uses of the APA of Itupararanga; identify which method of economic valuation is most appropriate for the valuation of ES; analyze the management of land use through the SEA of the APA of Itupararanga. A case study was carried out to analyze the land use management that considers ES as a preponderant factor for its definition. The study evidenced that ES are basic criteria for the management of land use and the programs derived from a public policy must consider environmental legislation, environmental economic valuation and territorial intelligence. The case study has demonstrated that the SEA is a method that meets the requirements necessary for the elaboration of a public policy of land use that contemplates the ES and that the best method of environmental economic valuation is the method of contingent valuation. The thesis also showed that the variables that should be included in the legislation applicable to the ES tend to have a greater breadth than the essential legal nature of Environmental Law and, in this sense, economic instruments such as Payment by ES should be part of a legal branch, still embryonic, but that in the future will be fundamental in the implementation of public policies such as those proposed in the Management Plan of the Itupararanga APA, that is, the Law of Sustainability.

Carbon offsetting has been an institutionalised response to climate change for over a decade. Over this period, climate change has become more severe and calls for climate justice have become increasingly insistent. Yet the normative controversies of carbon offsetting remain unresolved, as debates about the environmental quality, development impacts and ethical implications of carbon offsetting continue. This thesis explores the relationship between morality and carbon offsetting in three domains. First it provides an evaluation of the ethics of offsetting. Second it gives an account of the 'lay normativity' of the market, describing how carbon market actors interpret and act upon issues of moral concern. And third, it explains offsetting's moral economy. First, the thesis examines the moral rationales for and problems of offsetting in order to clarify the bases of criticisms levelled at offsets by researchers concerned about trends in neoliberal environmental governance. In evaluation of the ethics of offsetting, the PhD recognises some limited rationales, but mainly highlights widespread problems including lack of environmental integrity and failure to produce 'sustainable development'. The structure of the market is shown to create opportunities for malpractice and difficulties for reform. Second, building on work in cultural political economy, the research describes carbon offsetting's lay normativity. The account is based on interviews with over sixty carbon offset market actors including project developers, consultants, auditors, regulators, retailers and buyers in the UK, continental Europe, and in India. Findings show that the market is founded on ethical principles: offsetting is nothing without notions of environmental and developmental care. Critiques of, and reforms to, offsetting are also grounded in principled debate. But carbon market actors often use their power to further commercial interests that are not aligned with production of environmental or developmental value. And yet, even as rationales are ignored and problems are amplified, market actors maintain a discursive semblance of moral behaviour through forms of justification, story-telling and identity work. Third, the thesis explains how principles, profit and power combine to affect the governance of offsetting. It shows that the concentration of power among profit-seeking actors drives the production of offsetting's moral problems in the stages of project development, regulation and retail. Commercial interests in the politics of knowledge lead to manipulation of the discursive framings through which people come to understand offsets. Ethical narratives are deployed to sustain the market in states of dysfunction, enabling privileged groups to gain exchange value at the expense of climate protection and sustainable development. Through this explanatory work, the PhD contributes an original application of ideas about moral political economy to the case of climate change and carbon trading, demonstrating that powerful actors can shape culture and alter our perceptions of right and wrong.