Abstract The research examines public debate related to mines in Northern Finland. The material is texts about Kavitsa and Talvivaara mines published in Helsingin Sanomat, Kaleva, Lapin Kansa and Kainuun Sanomat. The work creates an analytical overview of writing about mines and considers possible changes in the style. The problem set out in the dissertation is especially linked to the practices for producing environmental journalism. The background for the case study is a more general question of how financial projects affecting the environment are handled in the media. The material is approached with a frame analysis. The analysis is three-tiered: first we identify the main frames that structure the writing, then the interim frames that specify the main frames and finally the sub frames that sums up the viewpoints are identified. The work also compares texts based on different featured voices and examines the changes the first years of operation have generated in the public treatment of mines. Three main frames were identified in the material: a financial, an environmental and a safety main frame. In texts classified as belonging to the financial frame, the mines were mainly examined as financial phenomena. The environmental frame highlighted the environmental impact of mining and environmental protection. Within the safety frame, the texts examined health effects of mining emissions. The main frames were divided into eight interim frames from which 27 sub frames were derived. Based on the material, newspaper writing about northern mines is dual. Contrasting financial and environmental main frames were used nearly as much. There were, however, paper and mine-specific differences in how the main frames were divided. Kevitsa was usually approached from the financial viewpoint, while Talvivaara was more commonly determined through environmental effects. The financial frame was featured relatively most in Lapin Kansa. Helsingin Sanomat was most keen to construct the environmental frame. Mining industry representatives, journalists and politicians had most defining power in mining texts. The media treatment of Talvivaara changed over time and became clearly more negative, while the change for Kevitsa was positive. / Tiivistelmä Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan Pohjois-Suomen kaivoksiin liittyvää julkista keskustelua. Aineistona ovat Helsingin Sanomissa, Kalevassa, Lapin Kansassa ja Kainuun Sanomissa julkaistut Kevitsan ja Talvivaaran kaivoksia käsittelevät tekstit. Aineisto on kerätty vuosilta 2009, 2012 ja 2015. Työssä kootaan analyyttisesti luotu yleiskuva kaivoskirjoittelusta sekä pohditaan kirjoittelun muutossuuntia. Tutkimuksen ongelmanasettelu kiinnittyy erityisesti ympäristöjournalismin tuottamisen käytäntöihin. Tapaustutkimuksen taustalla vaikuttaa yleisempi kysymys siitä, miten ympäristöön vaikuttavia taloudellisia hankkeita käsitellään mediajulkisuudessa. Aineistoa lähestytään kehysanalyysin keinoin. Analyysia tehdään kolmitasoisena: ensimmäiseksi tunnistetaan kirjoittelua jäsentävät pääkehykset, sen jälkeen pääkehyksiä täsmentävät välikehykset ja lopuksi näkökulmat kiteyttävät alakehykset. Työssä vertaillaan eri toimijaryhmien määrittelyosuuksia ja tarkastellaan, millaisia muutoksia ensimmäiset toimintavuodet toivat kaivosten julkiseen käsittelyyn. Tutkimusaineistosta hahmottui kolme pääkehystä: talouden pääkehys, ympäristön pääkehys ja turvallisuuden pääkehys. Talouskehykseen luokittelemissani teksteissä kaivoksia tarkasteltiin ensisijaisesti taloudellisina ilmiöinä. Ympäristökehys nosti esiin kaivostoiminnan ympäristövaikutukset ja ympäristönsuojelulliset arvot. Turvallisuuskehyksessä rajauduttiin tarkastelemaan kaivospäästöjen terveysvaikutuksia. Pääkehykset jakaantuivat kahdeksaan välikehykseen, joista johdettiin 27 alakehystä. Tutkimusaineiston perusteella pohjoisen kaivoksia käsittelevä lehtikirjoittelu oli hyvin kaksijakoista. Vastakohtaisia talouden ja ympäristön pääkehyksiä käytettiin kirjoittelussa lähes yhtä paljon. Pääkehysten jakautumisessa oli kuitenkin lehti- ja kaivoskohtaisia eroja. Kevitsaa käsiteltiin useimmiten taloudellisesta näkökulmasta, kun taas Talvivaara määriteltiin useimmiten ympäristövaikutustensa kautta. Talouskehystä esiintyi suhteellisesti eniten Lapin Kansassa. Ympäristökehystä konstruoitiin puolestaan aktiivisimmin Helsingin Sanomissa. Suurinta määrittelyvaltaa kaivoskirjoittelussa käyttivät kaivosalan edustajat, toimittajat ja poliitikot. Talvivaaran mediakäsittely muuttui vuosien saatossa selvästi aiempaa kielteisempään suuntaan, kun taas Kevitsan käsittelyssä muutossuunta oli myönteinen.

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Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: It is calculated that the biosphere is worth between $16 and $54 trillion. The environment, however, is constantly under threat of proposed development that focuses on recreational, industrial, commercial and residential developments. The environment is an unobtrusive subject. Members of the public can seldom gain firsthand experience about those activities and actions that influence the environment. Therefore, the public relies heavily on the media to inform them of the general state of the environment. This thesis aims to provide guidelines to journalists who work in the field of environmental reporting. Various models of the communication of science, according to which environmental journalists present their work, are discussed. Sustainable journalism is presented as a solution in the debate between objective and subjective reporting. Environmental journalists have diverse sources to tap in search of credible articles. Attention is given to the specific relationship between the media, scientists and lobby groups. Attention is also given to the process of interviewing sources. Certain issues and activities generate more media attention than others. This is discussed with reference to news subjects, agenda setting and the framing of messages. Attention is given to the issues that make a subject newsworthy, ie risk journalism, local input, human interest, conflict and visual impact. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die waarde van die biosfeer word geskat tussen $16 en $54 triljoen. Die omgewing word daagliks in gedrang gebring deur voorgestelde ontwikkeling wat fokus op ontspanning, industriële, kommersiëleen residensiële uitbreidings. Omdat die omgewing 'n onopvallende ("unobtrusive")onderwerp is, steun die publiek swaar op die media om hulle in te lig oor die belangrikheid en invloed van gebeurtenisse in die omgewing wat hulle nie self kan ervaar nie. Daarom speel omgewingsjoernalistiek 'n baie spesifieke rol in die bewusmaking van die publiek oor aspekte wat die omgewing bedreig of interessant maak. Dit moet ook die publiek aanspoor tot direkte omgewingsvriendelikeaksies. Riglyne word in hierdie verhandeling uiteengesit in 'n poging om tot hulp te wees vir joernaliste wat die omgewing hul belangstellingsveldwil maak. Die verskillende modelle van wetenskaplike kommunikasie, waarvolgens omgewingsjoernaliste hul werk aanbied, word bespreek. Volhoubare joernalistiek word as oplossing aangebied in die debat oor objektiewe en subjektiewe verslaggewing. Die verskillende bronne wat omgewingsjoernaliste kan tap om nuuswaardige artikels te kan skryf, word bespreek. Daar word veral gekyk na die media se verhouding en wisselwerking met wetenskaplikes en drukgroepe. Die proses van onderhoudsvoering word ook bespreek. Die suksesvolle gebruik van nuusonderwerpe, asook agendastelling en die raming van artikels om 'n bepaalde boodskap oor te dra, word bespreek om lig te werp op die vraag waarom sekere omgewingsverwante gebeure meer media-aandag genereer as andere Aandag word gegee aan die faktore wat nuuswaardigheid beïnvloed, soos die onmiddellikheid van nuus, risiko-joernalistiek, plaaslike inhoud, die menslike nuushoek, konflik en beeldmateriaal.

[pt] A pesquisa buscou identificar as representações de ambiente, educação e informação que mobilizam a prática de educadores e jornalistas ambientais e a forma como isso ocorre. Procurou-se entender como se constituem tais representações e que relação guarda o processo de construção destas com aspectos da vida, como a família, a formação para o trabalho e o exercício profissional. Os dados foram colhidos através de entrevistas semi- estruturadas, havendo questões em comum e outras específicas a cada uma das profissões. Para a interpretação, utilizou-se a análise de conteúdo. Entender como se estruturam as representações destes profissionais contribui para pensar possíveis estratégias para a formação continuada, destinadas a qualificar a educação ambiental e o ecojornalismo. A percepção, os valores e a experiência foram componentes significativos para desvendar o caminho das representações. / [en] The research had the scope of identifying the environment, education and information representations, which mobilize the practice of educators and newspapermen and how it occurs. We have tried to understand how such representations are created and what relationship the process of construction of these has with aspects of life, as the family, the formation for work and the professional practice. The data have been gathered by means of semi- structured interviews, having questions in common and other ones specific to each of the professions. As regards interpretation the content analysis has been used. Understanding how the representations of these professionals are structured contributes to think possible strategies for continued formation with the purpose of qualifying the environmental education and ecojournalism. The perception, values and the experience were significant components to unveil the path of representations.

Este trabalho analisa os sentidos e as estratégias dos discursos das revistas especializadas em meio ambiente, a fim de investigar como a noção de meio ambiente é construída. Tendo em vista que o jornalismo conforma a realidade - selecionando pautas, enfoques e modos de tornar esse conhecimento social um discurso inteligível -, compreende-se que quatro diferentes publicações ambientais ('Terra da Gente, 'Mãe Terra', 'Sustenta!' e 'Aquecimento Global') trazem perspectivas diferentes de uma visão ambiental, ainda que se proponham tratar da mesma temática. Para delinear as semelhanças e divergências entre as revistas, optou-se por usar, de forma livre, o referencial teórico-metodológico da Análise do Discurso Francesa. Além das filiações de sentido, extraídas de Formações Discursivas (FDs) definidas em função da literatura que discute o meio ambiente, verificam-se os sentidos possíveis dos nomes das revistas e as estratégias discursivas que movimentam as intenções dos produtores pensando em seus destinatários. Sem deixar de perceber o contexto e as dificuldades externas à produção, foca-se no jornalismo ambiental apresentado no veículo revista, tanto pelo espaço privilegiado de interpretação, quanto pela dedicação integral que o tema recebe. A pesquisa indica que cada revista fabrica um discurso particular sobre meio ambiente, porém a FD Ecossocial é a predominante no corpus, assim como a mobilização de estratégias de aproximação e de estímulo à mudança de hábitos do leitor. / This paper analyzes the senses and the discursive strategies of environmental newsmagazines in order to investigate how the notion of environment is built for them. Considering that journalism formats reality - selecting agendas, approaches and ways to make this knowledge an understandable social discourse - it is known that four different environmental publications ('Terra da Gente', 'Mãe Terra', 'Sustenta!' and 'Aquecimento Global') will bring different perspectives of an environmental vision, although they intend to address the same subject. To delineate the similarities and differences between the magazines, we decided to use in a free way the theoretical and methodological framework of French Discourse Analysis. The intention is to look for affiliations of sense, extracted from Discoursives Formations (DFs), defined according to the literature which discusses the environment, and evidences about the possible senses in titles of the mentioned magazines, and also the discursive strategies that move the intentions of the producers thinking about the receivers. Considering the context and the external difficulties in the production, there is a focus in environmental journalism present in the magazine as a vehicle, because of a privileged space for interpretation and the dedication that the theme receives. This research indicates that each magazine built a particular discourse about the environment, but the DF Ecossocial is predominant in the samples. The analysis also demonstrates the regular use of strategies to reach the reader and to stimulate them to change their habits.

Nesta dissertação propomos a discussão dos desafios do Jornalismo Ambiental a partir da articulação das rotinas de produção das matérias de meio ambiente nas editorias de geral de Zero Hora e Correio do Povo. Tomamos como caminhos para este diálogo a metodologia etnográfica e a Teoria do Newsmaking, que compreende a notícia a partir da construção social dos fatos, da interferência da organização jornalística, das rotinas de produção, dos valores/notícia e das fontes. A imersão nas redações possibilitou analisar as condições de produção dos periódicos, suas inter-relações, bem como os critérios de noticiabilidade estabelecidos para a elaboração das matérias, a validade teórica do Jornalismo Ambiental para as rotinas de produção diária, a autonomia dos jornalistas em relação às pressões das fontes e das organizações institucionalizadas e o produto final. Concluímos que a complexidade e a visão sistêmica, tão necessárias à compreensão das relações que envolvem meio ambiente, constituem um dos grandes desafios ao Jornalismo Ambiental nas práticas diárias. Isto somente será possível quando as notícias deixarem de ser apresentadas fragmentariamente e passarem a ser contextualizadas, possibilitando que outras fontes tenham voz e vez. O jornalismo diário precisa então ser visto com um novo olhar, a partir da perspectiva cívica e pública, que contribua para a conscientização dos seres humanos à preservação do planeta. / In this paper we propound the debate that surrounds the environmental journalism, from the production routine of environmental stories in the general editorial office of Zero Hora and Correio do Povo. We took the ethnographic methodological path and the Newsmaking Theory, which understands news from a social building up of facts, interference of the journalistic organization, production routines, values/news and sources. Immersing in the newspaper office’s allowed us to analize the production conditions of the newspapers, their interactions, as well as the news selection criteria stablished to elaborate the stories, the theoric legitimacy of environmental journalism to the daily production routines, the autonomy of the journalists regarding the stress made by the sources and institutionalized organizations and the final product. We reckon that the complexity and systemic view, so necessary as they are to the understanding of the relationships that the environment imply, constitute one of the greatest challenges of the environmental journalism in its daily practices. This will only be possible when the pieces of news stop being shown as fragments and start to be contextualized, allowing that other sources find their voice and turn. Daily journalism needs then to be seen with new eyes, from a public and civil perspective, one that contributes to the process of gaining conscious and awareness, of all human beings, about the need of preserving the planet.

O objetivo desta pesquisa é compreender como a revista Página 22 constrói o discurso sobre economia verde antes, durante e depois da Conferência das Nações Unidas sobre Desenvolvimento Sustentável (Rio+20) realizada no Rio de Janeiro (RJ) em junho de 2012. A Página 22 é uma publicação mensal segmentada e especializada na abordagem dos temas socioambientais pelo viés econômico. Ela é produzida em São Paulo e distribuída em nove estados brasileiros por meio de uma parceria com o Centro de Estudos em Sustentabilidade da Escola de Administração de Empresas da Fundação Getulio Vargas (GVces). O corpus foi composto por 371 sequências discursivas recortadas de 136 textos (editoriais, notas, seções temáticas, reportagens e entrevistas) publicados entre junho de 2009 e dezembro de 2014. São utilizadas noções-conceito da Análise do Discurso de linha francesa, da Teoria do Jornalismo e da Economia do Meio Ambiente. Os gestos de leitura permitiram a identificação de uma formação discursiva, a do jornalismo ambiental reformista, com quatro posições-sujeito – engajado, crítico, cético e conservador - na construção do discurso da economia verde como uma reforma possível, necessária e inevitável do capitalismo. Após a identificação das diferentes posições assumidas pelo sujeito dentro da formação discursiva foram mapeadas redes parafrásticas. A partir dos resultados encontrados na análise discursiva são discutidos os limites e possibilidades do jornalismo ambiental, especialização entendida como uma prática profissional engajada que informa para transformar. / The objective of this research is to understand how the Página 22 magazine builds the discourse on green economy before, during and after the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio + 20) held in Rio de Janeiro (RJ) in June 2012. Página 22 is a monthly publication targeted and specialized in addressing the social and environmental issues for the economic bias. It is produced in São Paulo and distributed in nine Brazilian states from a partnership with the Center for Sustainability of the School of Business Administration of the Getulio Vargas Foundation (GVces). The corpus consisted of 371 discursive sequences cut from 136 texts (editorial, notes, thematic sections, reports and interviews) published between June 2009 and December 2014. This research uses concept-notions from French Discourse Analysis, Theory of Journalism and Economics of the Environment. The reading gestures allowed the identification of a discursive formation, the environmental journalism reformist, with four subject- positions - engaged, critical, skeptical and conservative - in the construction of the discourse of green economy as a possible, necessary and inevitable reform of capitalism. After the identification of the different positions taken by the subject within the discursive formation were mapped paraphrase networks. From the results found in the discursive analysis, this research discusses the limits and possibilities of environmental journalism, specialization understood as a committed professional practice that informs to improve the world.

<p><p>This study searches for hidden nationalism in two Swedish news papers’ environmental journalism. How it contributes to a national identity and creates “we” against “them”.</p><p>The purpose of this study is to show how important it is to be aware of what picture Swedish media gives of Sweden concerning environmental journalism to the readers.</p><p>The theories are based on nationalism, banal nationalism, medias and identities and “we” and “them”. The method used is critical discourse analysis where language and power is in focus.</p><p>We analysed 56 texts in two of the largest Swedish news papers.</p><p>We searched for signs proving that Swedish media glorifies Sweden within environmental journalism.</p><p>The most important result was that we so obviously could see signs of “we” and “them”. That contributed to signs of nationalism and Swedish identities.</p><p>We found that if you keep writing about Sweden when it is good and not write when it is bad you will give the readers a glorified picture. This picture can in turn cause the people to feel that the environmental issues are distant. Through constant writing about other countries failure, Sweden’s good performance and our Swedish children’s future the Swedish identity is strengthened.</p></p>

This study searches for hidden nationalism in two Swedish news papers’ environmental journalism. How it contributes to a national identity and creates “we” against “them”. The purpose of this study is to show how important it is to be aware of what picture Swedish media gives of Sweden concerning environmental journalism to the readers. The theories are based on nationalism, banal nationalism, medias and identities and “we” and “them”. The method used is critical discourse analysis where language and power is in focus. We analysed 56 texts in two of the largest Swedish news papers. We searched for signs proving that Swedish media glorifies Sweden within environmental journalism. The most important result was that we so obviously could see signs of “we” and “them”. That contributed to signs of nationalism and Swedish identities. We found that if you keep writing about Sweden when it is good and not write when it is bad you will give the readers a glorified picture. This picture can in turn cause the people to feel that the environmental issues are distant. Through constant writing about other countries failure, Sweden’s good performance and our Swedish children’s future the Swedish identity is strengthened.

Während die Zahl journalistischer Veröffentlichungen zu Umweltthemen immer weiter steigt, sind wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zu ihren Verfassern in Deutschland immer noch Mangelware. Die Diplomarbeit geht mithilfe einer Online-Befragung der Frage nach, wie die Arbeitsbedingungen von Tageszeitungsjournalisten aussehen. Außerdem wird mit einigen narrativen Interviews exploriert, welchen Rollenselbstbildern sich Journalisten zugehörig fühlen, die sich mit Umweltthemen befassen und ob dieses Selbstverständnis sich auch in den Arbeiten der Journalisten zeigt.