Orientador: Sandro Donnini Mancini / Banca: Jane Maria Faulstich de Paiva / Banca: Maria Lucia Pereira Antunes / Resumo: Os defletores de calor automotivos são constituídos de uma carcaça de aço aluminizado que envolve um isolante térmico, fisicamente bastante semelhante ao papel, entrentanto com uma composição elevada de partes inorgânicas, chegando a cerca de 80% do material seco. Esses materiais são utilizados para a proteção de vários componentes fundamentais nos veículos presentes em locais de temperaturas extremamentes elevadas, tais como o bloco do motor e o sistema de exaustão de gases. Essa proteção garantes a integridade de peças vitais sensíveis ao calor, como por exemplo, os circuitos eletro-eletrônicos. Neste trabalho, recortes do elemento defletor de calor foram reciclados em sistema manual e em escala industrial e propriedades como espessura, densidade, compreensibilidade, retorno, teor de cinzas, efetividade da deflexão de calor, além da análise por termogravimetria e microscopia eletrônica de varredura com acoplamento de sistema de energia dispersiva (EDS) foram realizados. Os produtos reciclados demonstraram resultados positivos quanto aos ensaios de deflexão de calor, teor de cinzas, ensaio termogravimétrica e visualmente dos espectros de energia dispersiva, indicando a manutenção da composição geral do material após os processos de reciclagem realizados. Os resultados dos ensaios físicos, como espessura, densidade, resistência à tração após quatro horas a sem graus Celsius, resistência à tração após 22 horas a 200 graus Celsius, compreessibilidade e retorno, compressibilidade e retorno após 22 horas a 200 graus Celsius, apontaram variações de acordo com a prensagem exercida no material, indicando a necessidade de melhorias nos processos de reciclagem utilizados / Abstract: The automotive heat shields are made of an aluminized steel housing that surrounds a thermal insulator, physically quite similar to paper, though with a composition of inorganic parts high, reaching about 80% of dry material. These materials are used to protect several key components in vehicles sites present in extremely high temperatures, such as the engine block and the exhaust gas system. This protetion ensures the integrity of vital parts sensitive to heat, such as electric and electronic circuits. In this paper, clippings element baffe heat were recycled in manual in industrial scale and properties such as thickness, density, compressibility, recovery, ignition loss, effectiveness of heat deflection, and thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy with coupling energy dispersive system (EDS) were performed. The recycled product showed positive results regarding heat deflection tests, ash content, thermogravimetric test and visually energy dispersive spectra, indicating maintaining the overall composition of the material after recycling processes performed. The results of the physical tests such as thickness, density, tensile strengh after four hours at one hundred degrees Celsius tensile strength after twenty-two hours to two hundred degrees Celsius, and recovery, compressibility, compressibility and recovery after twenty-two hours to two hundred degrees Celsius, showed variations according to the press exerted on the material, pointing to the need for improvements in recycling processes used / Mestre

Orientador: Julio Roberto Bartoli / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T05:46:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PampaQuispe_NoeBenjamin_D.pdf: 4048674 bytes, checksum: 584228b9ad826cb07274497b4df107b0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Nanocompósitos poliméricos são novos materiais de grande interesse devido à sua favorável relação custo/benefício com a incorporação de pequenas quantidades de carga mineral, aumentado sua resistência térmica, retardante de chama e propriedades mecânicas dos polímeros. O processamento por fusão tem sido empregado com sucesso na preparação de nanocompósitos de polímero e argila usando diversos termoplásticos (commodities e de especialidade). Neste trabalho, poli[tereftalato de butileno], PBT, de reciclagem primária foi reforçado com argilas do tipo montmorilonita organicamente modificadas (MMT). O processo de preparação a partir do fundido, em extrusora de rosca dupla, foi empregado para obter compostos de PBT reciclado e MMT, em função da velocidade de rotação e tipo de nanoargila. Análises morfológicas de Difração de Raios-X (DRX) e Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão (MET) sugerem uma esfoliação parcial ou inicial da argila na matriz de PBT reciclado quando se usa a Cloisite 25A, menos organofílico, mas uma intercalação usando a Cloisite 20A. Análises de DMTA (modo de flexão), TGA e reológicas também foram sensíveis em mostrar diferenças entre os tipos de MMT e o efeito da rotação da rosca da extrusora ou taxa de cisalhamento usadas. Corpos de prova moldados por injeção foram preparados para caracterização mecânica. Foi verificada uma melhoria no módulo de elasticidade sob tração dos nanocompósitos de PBT reciclado quando comparado ao composto virgem e ao reciclado sem cargas, em especial usando a argila organicamente modificada Cloisite 25A. / Abstract: Polymeric nanocomposites are novel materials of huge interest due to their favorable cost/performance ratio with low amount of nanofillers, increasing thermal resistance, flame retardancy and mechanical properties of polymers. Polymer clay nanocomposite systems were successfully prepared by melt compounding using several thermoplastics (commodities and specialties). In this work, primary recycled poly(butylenes terephtalate), PBT, is being used to be reinforced with organic modified montmorillonite clays (MMT). Melt compounding with a twin-screw extruder was used to prepare recycled PBT/MMT compounds as a function of screw speed and grade of nanoclay. Morphological analysis X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) suggested that a partial or initial exfoliation of the nanoclay in the PBT compounds was achieved when using the grade Cloisite 25A, less organophylic, but an intercalation when using Cloisite 20A. DMTA (flexural mode), TGA and rheological characterizations were also sensitive to show differences between organoclay grades and the effect of screw speed or shear rate used. Injection molded specimens were prepared for mechanical characterization. It was found that tensile modulus of the recycled PBT nanocomposites was improved when compared to the virgin and recycled net PBT, specially using the organoclay grade Cloisite 25A. / Doutorado / Ciencia e Tecnologia de Materiais / Doutor em Engenharia Química

Orientadores: Newton Muller Pereira, Marco Antonio Silveira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T03:21:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mazon_MariliaTunes_M.pdf: 1700744 bytes, checksum: 07023c5f77405c9bddea2ce971724373 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Os Resíduos de Equipamentos Eletroeletrônicos (REEE), apesar de conterem substâncias perigosas ao meio ambiente e à saúde humana, tais como chumbo, cádmio e mercúrio, também contêm metais nobres, como ouro, prata e platina, característica que confere a estes resíduos alto valor agregado, se reciclados. A rápida expansão do mercado de eletroeletrônicos, o aumento dos fluxos legais e ilegais de REEE e a emergência em nível internacional de regulações específicas justificam a necessidade de estudos a este respeito. Esta dissertação debate o tema a partir de duas perspectivas que se sobrepõem: os REEE como commodities (1) e os REEE inseridos em uma lógica de cadeia global (2). Entende-se que a dicotomia "lixo" e "valor" corresponde neste caso às diferenças econômicas e tecnológicas que dão forma às frentes de inserção na cadeia global de reciclagem de REEE. No setor formal, enquanto as etapas de pré-processamento estão localizadas em países em desenvolvimento, as etapas de processamento final (de maior intensidade tecnológica por envolver a recuperação de metais nobres) estão localizadas em países desenvolvidos. A partir dessa problemática, o objetivo desta dissertação é o de descrever a cadeia de reciclagem de REEE no Brasil e analisar sua inserção global. Dado que, no país, o setor conta com recicladoras nacionais voltadas à fase de separação e desmantelamento e com recicladoras multinacionais estrangeiras (EMNs), voltadas à exportação de placas de circuito impresso para suas matrizes, o presente estudo avalia as perspectivas e barreiras para o desenvolvimento deste mercado nas dimensões política, regulatória, tecnológica e de valor, e reflete sobre o papel das EMNs para o seu desenvolvimento. Para tal, o estudo contou com o levantamento e a revisão bibliográfica da literatura nacional e internacional, de relatórios de instituições governamentais e privadas e de regulações sobre o tema, além de uma pesquisa de campo com recicladoras nacionais e estrangeiras instaladas em território brasileiro. Constatou-se que, apesar de algumas recicladoras no Brasil possuírem processos semiautomáticos de separação e desmantelamento, o país ainda enfrenta limites para o tratamento de metais nobres e outros materiais complexos. No que diz respeito às vias de catching-up tecnológico, conclui-se que estas se mostram mais prováveis por meio da intervenção estatal e do fortalecimento da regulação vigente do que pela presença de EMNs / Abstract: Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE), while containing hazardous substances to the environment and human health, such as lead, cadmium and mercury, also contain noble metals such as gold, silver and platinum, a characteristic that gives to these waste high value-added, if recycled. The rapid expansion of the electronics market, the increase in legal and illegal flows of WEEE and the emergence of specific regulations worldwide justify the need for studies in this regard. This dissertation discusses the issue from two perspectives that overlap: WEEE as commodities (1) and WEEE as into a global chain logic (2). It is understood that the dichotomy "waste" and "value" in this case corresponds to the economic and technological differences that shape the forms of insertion in the recycling global chain of WEEE. In the formal sector, while the pre-processing steps are located in developing countries, the final processing steps (involving higher technology by engaging the recovery of noble metals) are located in developed countries. From this problematic, the aim of this dissertation is to describe the WEEE recycling chain in Brazil and to analyse its global insertion. Since, in the country, the national recycling industries are focused on separation and dismantling processes and foreign recycling multinationals (MNCs) are export-oriented on printed circuit boards, this study assesses the prospects and barriers for this market development in political, regulatory, technological and value dimensions, and reflects on the role of MNCs for their development. By these means, the study included the survey and literature review of national and international literature, reports of governmental and private institutions and regulations on the subject, besides a field research with domestic and foreign recyclers installed in Brazilian territory. It was concluded that, despite some recyclers possesses semiautomatic separation and dismantling processes, the country still faces limits for the treatment of noble metals and other complex materials. With regard to the means of technological catching-up, it concluded that these are most likely through state intervention and strengthening of the existing regulation than by the presence of MNCs / Mestrado / Politica Cientifica e Tecnologica / Mestra em Política Científica e Tecnológica

South Africa has one of the highest unemployment rates in the world. The majority of the economically active, but unemployed people enter the informal economic sector, as a means to make ends meet. Waste recycling falls into this informal sector. On average South Africa recovers about 52 percent of all recoverable paper and 26 percent of all recoverable plastic per annum. These figures are low when compared with developed countries where up to 90 percent of recoverable paper is recovered. As recycling creates job and income generating opportunities, it thus has a vital role to play in poverty alleviation. The research examines the role of subsistence waste pickers in the recycling industry in South Africa. The research was qualitative and exploratory in nature. Data for this study was gathered through 30 semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders in the recycling industry. In total, informal waste pickers provide at least 84 percent of all recyclable materials in Johannesburg through merchants, recyclers and producers of recyclable material in Johannesburg. Informal waste pickers bring considerable socio-economic benefits to countries around the globe, providing work for the unskilled, providing a constant supply of secondary raw materials to the local manufacturing industries and significantly reducing the quantity of waste to landfill sites. However, the research will show that even in the best situations, waste pickers suffer ergonomic problems due to the physically taxing nature of their job, as well as psychological and social disadvantages stemming from their low social status. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted

Thesis (PhD (Process Engineering)--Stellenbosch University, 2006. / My applied engineering research and industrial application work of the past 20 years is presented in this dissertation. It is the conjecture of my work that only if thorough first principles knowledge of the depth of process metallurgy and recycling is available, can meaningful first principles environmental models be developed. These models can then evaluate technology, provide well argued and first principles environmental information to our tax paying consumer society as well as to legislators and environmentalists. Only through this path can one estimate the limits of recycling and its technology, hence evaluate the true boundaries of sustainability. My work with students has presently culminated in the detailed modelling and simulation of recycling systems for post-consumer goods. Notably the models are finding an application in the prediction of legally required recycling rates for automobiles. The models provide first principles arguments for less stringent EU recycling legislation and the integration of the first principles models in computer aided design tools of the automotive industry as part of a large EU 6th Framework (project managed by Volkswagen and the other European car producers). Presently these models are also being converted to model the Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) as well as water recycling systems respectively, both for industry in The Netherlands. This unique rigorous integration of systems engineering, reactor technology and process control theory is the basis of all my work to describe recycling systems as dynamic feedback control loops. My large body of acquired industrial knowledge renders these models practical and can hence be used by the automotive and recycling industries. The origins of this work may be found in the various cited publications and reports to industry by myself (due to my close association with industry as well as industrial experience) over the past 20 years as well as the work of my students, covering topics such as: • system optimization models for flotation, mineral beneficiation and recycling systems and applying these for design for recycling and argue for better/improved first-principles based legislation, • industrial measurement, modelling and simulation of industrial extractive process pyrometallurgical reactors as well waste incinerators and recycling plants, • various activities in other areas such as hydrometallurgy, clean and new breakthrough technology, and • process control of industrial metallurgical reactors by among others the application of artificial intelligence techniques. All the ideas of the last years have been worked out with students and have been summarized in our book: “The Metrics of Material and Metal Ecology, Harmonizing the resource, technology and environmental cycles”.

Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 99-102).

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore the potential of technologies for traceability within the Swedish textile recycling industry. This study further aims to investigate the status of information collection and management in the textile recycling industry and the factors which are affecting the implementation of different traceability technologies, such as blockchain technology.   Design/ Methodology/ Approach: This study followed a qualitative exploratory approach as there is little prior knowledge regarding usage of traceability technologies, such as blockchain technology in the Swedish textile recycling industry. Primary data was collected by semi-structured interviews, and it was analysed through thematic analysis. Purposive sampling was used to collect relevant data. The sample included experts from the academia and industry, who have knowledge in the field of textile recycling and traceability technologies.   Findings: The findings suggest that there is no available information collection and management systems that enable efficient recycling processes. Moreover, there is a lack of infrastructure for collecting and sorting the textile waste, cost and technological challenges hampering the potential of efficient textile recycling and the possibility to create an efficient circular supply chain in Sweden. There are four factors which affect the opportunities and challenges for implementation of traceability technologies, such as blockchain technology, these are: management and decision making, integration and collaboration, rules and regulations and value creation through blockchain in the textile recycling industry.   Implications: This study may contribute to reshaping the traditional view on where traceability technologies can be implemented to create efforts to enhance the circular economy principles, as suggested by literature from the previous stages in a supply chain. This study suggests that blockchain technology may enhance information sharing in a circular supply chain within the textile recycling industry. It further shows that the textile recyclers have the potential to implement blockchain technology from their stage to minimise the information gaps which are currently existing.   Originality/ Value: The academic literature lacks practical cases and exploration regarding the usage of traceability technologies such as blockchain technology at the textile recycling stage and this study tries to explore if it would be beneficial for the textile recycling industry in Sweden.

Syftet med förelagda undersökning var att karlägga de krav som ställs vid återvinning av han-delsfartyg i de nya regelverk som antagits av IMO och EU med målet att åstadkomma en miljövänlig fartygsåtervinningsindustri. Fokus har legat på de krav som de aktuella regel-verken ställer på fartygsägare och fartygsåtervinningsanläggningar, främst beträffande hantering och bortskaffning av de miljöfarliga material som finns ombord på fartyg. Med dessa krav som utgångspunkt har det redogjorts för hur ett återvinningsförfarande organiseras för att uppfylla de miljökrav som regelverken ställer. Resultatet av undersökningen pekar på att det med dagens teknik och kunskap i allra högsta grad är möjligt att åstadkomma miljövänlig återvinning av handelsfartyg. De problem och utmaningar som resultatet pekar på ligger på ett annat plan än det rent praktiska, bland annat lyfts den långsamma process som implementering av regelverk är fram som en utmaning för fartygsåtervinningsindustrin. Slutdiskussionen handlar till största delen om implementering av lagstiftningen, men också om hanteringen av fartyget och de material som finns ombord, samt om definitionsfrågor rörande ägendeskap. Vidare diskuteras rollen för andra aktörer inom sjöfartsnäringen och de åtgärder som dessa skulle kunna vidta för att åstadkomma en miljövänlig fartygsåtervinning innan de aktuella regelverken träder i kraft och blir bindande. Avslutningsvis ges förslag på fortsatt forskning som handlar om den problematik som diskuterats, men också om de aspekter som inte rymdes inom ramen för denna undersökning. / The purpose of this thesis was to outline the legal requirements set by the IMO and EU in order to establish an environmentally sound ship recycling industry. The emphasis has mainly been on the two large parties involved in the industry; the ship owner and the ship recycling facility. The requirements for these two parties are mainly focused on the handling and disposal of hazardous materials found onboard end-of-life ships. With an analysis of these requirements as a starting point, a ship recycling scenario has been analyzed and discussed. The result shows that, with today’s technology and knowledge it is possible to establish an environmentally sound ship recycling industry. Though, there are some obstacles along the way, which are of a more administrative nature. Amongst these, the first and most important one is the implementation of the regulations in order to set a worldwide standard for environmentally sound ship recycling. The conclusion of this thesis is divided into two parts: one part where the results of the findings is summarized and one part where the different requirements are discussed. The main focus in the discussion is the future for an environmentally sound ship recycling industry and what needs to be done during the existing gap before the legal requirements enter into force. Finally some examples for future research are given. These are mainly questions that were raised during the discussion, but also some of the aspects that were excluded from this thesis.

A nova Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos no Brasil, consubstanciada na lei 12305 /2010, possibilita o emprego de instrumentos econômicos para o fortalecimento de um mercado de agregados reciclados ainda nascente, no qual a maior parte dos resíduos de construção e demolição (RCD) ainda não é reciclada. Este trabalho tem fundamentos técnicos em duas áreas do conhecimento: a engenharia mineral e a construção civil. Na área mineral, será analisado o tratamento do RCD, processado como um minério. Na cadeia da construção civil, o foco é o uso dos agregados reciclados obtidos a partir dos resíduos da construção e demolição, que permite a valorização do RCD como insumo para estes agregados. O conceito de mineração urbana diz respeito à procura e ao processo de tratamento dos RCDs como matéria prima para o mercado de agregados reciclados que se formou no marco regulatório da resolução CONAMA 307 de 2002. Neste mercado de agregados reciclados nascente, usa-se o conceito de Indústria Recicladora Emergente para traçar as possíveis estratégias para alcançar o nível qualitativo dos produtos de indústrias recicladoras maduras, localizada nos países pós-industriais. Para dar conta da complexidade de ações da gestão dos RCDs no novo marco regulatório, empregou-se a modelagem dinâmica para os modelos de Custo Benefício em São Paulo, Macaé e Maceió e de Viabilidade da implantação de plantas de reciclagem na cidade de Macaé. A modelagem baseia-se no trabalho empírico de amostragem do RCD das três cidades brasileiras e em visitas a plantas de reciclagem no Brasil e no exterior. Os resultados obtidos mostram: 1) A heterogeneidade das cidades amostradas no tocante a qualidade do RCD originários de distintos processos de urbanização; 2) O modelo de Custo - Benefício para as três cidades mostra que os benefícios superam os custos na seguinte ordem: São Paulo, Macaé e Maceió; 3) Plantas móveis de reciclagem são mais viáveis do que as fixas na cidade de Macaé; 4) A região de São Paulo, devido ao maior volume de RCD e maiores estímulos à reciclagem, é a única entre as três que não precisa de subsídios; 5) O modelo de viabilidade mostra que a qualidade do resíduo tem considerável influência na viabilidade das empresas de reciclagem; 6) Os fatores mais sensíveis ao modelo de viabilidade são nesta ordem: o valor cobrado pelo terreno, a taxa cobrada na entrada do RCD na planta de reciclagem, os custos de operação da planta e os impostos em vigor. / The new National Policy of Solid Waste in Brazil (Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos) based on the law 12305/2010, allows the use of economic instruments for the strengthening of the market of recycled aggregates still nascent, where the major part of its construction and demolition waste (CD&W) is not recycled yet This work has technical roots in two knowledge fields: mining and construction. In the mining field it will be analyzed the CD&W treatment, processed as an ore. In the construction chain the focus will be at the application of the recycled aggregates obtained, that allows the valorization of the CD&W as a raw material of these aggregates. The concept of urban mining refers to the searching and the process of treating the CD&W as raw material for the market of recycled aggregates formed in the regulatory framework of CONAMA Resolution 307. In this nascent market for recycled aggregates we use the concept of recycling emerging industry and determined possible strategies to reach the quality level of the products of recycling industries located in mature post-industrial countries. To solve the complexity of the inherent management actions of CD&W in the new regulatory framework, it was employed dynamic modeling models of Cost Benefit analysis in Sao Paulo, Macaé and Maceió and also Feasibility models to implement recycling plants in the city of Macaé. The modeling is based on the empirical work of CD&W sampling of the three Brazilian cities and visits to recycling plants in Brazil and abroad. The results show: 1) The heterogeneity of the cities surveyed regarding the quality of the CD&W due to the different processes of urbanization; 2) The model of Cost - Benefit for the three cities shows that the benefits are greater than the costs in the following order: São Paulo, Macaé, Maceió; 3) In the city of Macaé, recycling mobile plants are more economic viable; 4) The region of Sao Paulo, due to higher volume and higher RCD incentives recycling, is the only one among the three which do not need subsidies; 5) The feasibility model shows that the difference in qualities of the waste has considerable influence on the viability of recycling companies; 6) The most sensitive factors in the viability model are in this order: the amount charged for the land, the tax fee into the recycling plant, the plant\'s operational costs and the taxes.

Esta Tese tem como questão central o processo de transformações recentes das periferias urbanas da metrópole de São Paulo, no contexto do mundo do trabalho (políticas neo-liberais pós anos 70). Com base neste questionamento, realizou-se uma pesquisa sobre a estruturação da indústria da reciclagem, enquanto objeto plenamente implicado pela questão inicialmente posta. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida a partir de três premissas. A primeira diz respeito ao processo de formação da periferia urbana, bem como de suas transformações recentes, tendo como fundamento as determinações do mundo do trabalho. A segunda premissa se refere às formas de inserção dos trabalhadores pobres urbanos no processo de industrialização-urbanização. Parte-se do pressuposto de que o urbano sempre ocupou contigentes de trabalhadores pobres não inseridos em atividades formais. Trata-se, nesta pesquisa, de compreender os termos pelos quais, no contexto da urbanização crítica (Damiani), a indústria da reciclagem se ergue arregimentando milhares de catadores, na condição de trabalhadores sobrantes. A terceira premissa se remete ao fortalecimento do Terceiro Setor, enquanto parte constitutiva do Estado em reforma, cujo fundamento se encontra no contexto das políticas neo-liberais, pós anos 70. Com base nestes fundamentos, a pesquisa foi realizada de acordo com os Níveis e Dimensões do urbano (Henri Lefebvre, 1999) correspondentes aos níveis do real. Por sua vez, privilegiou-se o Nível Misto, propriamente urbano. Enfatiza-se a (re)inserção produtiva de trabalhadores sobrantes nas atividades inscritas no urbano periférico, noção desenvolvida no escopo da Tese. Neste contexto, as periferias urbanas constituem territórios da base desta indústria, inclusive como frentes de formação de capital. Caracterizam-se, neste sentido, como territórios de expropriação, ou ainda, como território de escassez da riqueza produzida. / The central question of this thesis is the transformation process of the recent urban peripheries in the city of São Paulo, concerning to the world of work (neoliberal policies after 70s). Based on this question, was held a search on the structuring of the recycling industry, while object fully involved in the issue originally called. The research was conducted from three premises. The first concerns the formation of the urban periphery, as well as its recent changes, with the plea determinations of the world of work. The second premise refers to integration forms of poor urban workers in the process of industrialization-urbanization. It is assumed that the city always held contingent of working poor not entered into formal activities. It is, in this research, to understand the terms by which, in the context of urbanization critical (Damiani), the recycling industry is built recruit thousands of cart-pullers on the condition of spare-workers. The third premise is referring to the strengthening of the Third Sector as a constituent part of the reforming State, whose foundation is in the context of neo-liberal policies, post 70s. Based on these reasons, the search was carried out according to the Levels and Dimensions of Urban (Henri Lefebvre, 1999) corresponding to the levels of reality. In turn, the emphasis is the Mixed Level, as a proper urban. We emphasize the productive (re) integration of spare-workers in the activities shown in the peripheral urban, developed concept within the scope of the thesis. In this context, the outskirts of urban areas are underpinned this industry, including as fronts for capital formation. They are characterized, in this sense, as areas of expropriation or, as territory of the shortage of wealth.