La population au Rmi rencontrée dans notre pratique va être le support de ce travail.Nous examinerons à travers cinq cas cliniques les points de similitude afin de comprendre leurs dépendances à l’allocation du revenu minimum. Il s’agira de se saisir de quel investissement psychique est alors pourvu l’argent et en quoi cet investissement rend inopérant l’échange avec l’institution sociale car il ne représente plus cet équivalent universel. Nous constaterons alors que la violence de l’échange provient de cette rencontre impossible entre le sujet et l’institution sociale. Nous remarquerons le type de lien qui unit le sujet à l’institution et de quelle fonction psychique celle-ci est investie. Nous observerons le déplacement de certains processus psychiques inconscients sur la scène sociale, déplacement qui nécessite la construction du champ de ce que nous avons appelé : la clinique du social. Nous considèrerons que la réflexion sur les dispositifs cliniciens nécessite de penser la question du lien et en particulier l’analyse du lien inter-partenarial dans la chaîne des dispositifs d’insertion. Nous proposerons des pistes de réflexion sur la notion d’échange comme objet de connaissance psychanalytique. / Our study group will comprised of population receiving the Rmi (French minimum revenue subsidy for the unemployed) that we encountered in our practice.Five clinical cases will enable us to examine common points in order to understand their shared dependency on minimum revenue subsidy.Our objective will be to question money as psychic investment and how this investment renders exchange with the social institution inoperative, money no longer representing this universal equivalent. Violence in exchanges will then observed due to this impossible encounter between the subject and the social institution. We will note the type of link uniting the subject to the institution and the type of psychic function of which it is invested. We observe the displacement of certain unconscious psychic processes upon the social scene, this displacement requiring the construction of a field which we have named: clinical field of the social.We will consider that reflections concerning clinical set-ups require thinking the question of the link and in particular the analysis of the inter partner link along the chain of unemployment offices. We will propose that our study lead up to the notion of exchange as object of psychoanalytical knowledge.

Today, thin film based devices are found in a wide field of applications. The main reasons are that thin film technology enables access to unique physical properties and possibilities to miniaturize devices. Thin film devices are generally described in terms such as electrical, optical and magnetical properties. However, the lifetime of these devices is often limited by mechanical stresses causing plastic deformation. An effect of the plastic deformation is hillocking where isolated features are created on the film surface. The continual need to improve performance, reduce size as well as cost is pushing thin film structures close to or beyond present fundamental understanding. Further progress requires better understanding of basic phenomena where analytical methods for characterization of thin film deformation play a crucial role. To follow the initial hillock formation during thermal treatments it is essential to have a suitable tool for achieving real-time measurements with high sensitivity over a relatively large area that does not considerably affect the film surface. Methods based on light scattering are generally very sensitive to changes in the surface topography and allow contact free measurements at high speed. In this thesis light scattering methods are investigated as tools for stress analysis of thin metal films. Detection and characterization of isolated surface features using angular resolved scattering has been investigated by simulations. Results were used in development of an optical instrument for simultaneous measurements of initial hillocking and changes in overall film stress. The instrument combines light scattering and laser beam deflection techniques. It is shown how the onset of initial hillocking in aluminum films is accompanied by stress relaxation. Real-time dark field microscopy was demonstrated as a technique for analysis of the lateral hillock distribution. Analysis of the distribution show clustering of hillocks which is supposed to be related to the microstructure of the film. It is demonstrated that copper inclusion can be used to strengthen aluminum films to withstand higher stress before hillocking occurs. The copper content also reduces the grain size and thereby the surface roughness, which results in good or even better optical performance than for pure aluminum films. / <p>NR 20140805</p>

The Equipment Controls and Electronics section (EN-STI-ECE) at CERN is developing a high precision piezo-actuated rotational stage for the UA9 crystal collimation project. This collaboration is investigating how tiny bent crystals can help to steer particle beams used in modern hadron colliders such as the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Particles are deflected by following the crystal planar channels, "channeling" through the crystal. For high energy particles the angular acceptance for channeling is very low, demanding for a high angular precision mechanism, i.e. the rotational stage. Several control-related issues arising from the complexity and operational environment of the system make it difficult to design a controller that achieves the desired performance. This thesis investigates different control approaches that could be used to improve the tracking capability of the rotational stage. It shows that the IRC method could be used to efficiently control the rotational stage. Moreover it shows that a harmonic cancellation method could be used to increase the tracking accuracy by canceling known harmonic disturbances. The harmonic cancellation method (the RFDC) was implemented in this thesis and proposed as an add-on to the present control algorithm.

The application of anaerobic digestion technology is growing worldwide, mainly because of its environmental benefits. Nevertheless, anaerobic degradation is a rather slow and sensitive process. One of the reasons is the recalcitrance nature of certain fractions of the substrate (e.g., lignocelluloses) used for microbial degradation; thus, the hydrolysis becomes the rate-limiting step. The other reason is that the degradation of organic matter is based on a highly dynamic, multi-step process of physicochemical and biochemical reactions. The reactions take place in a sequential and parallel way under symbiotic interrelation of a variety of anaerobic microorganisms, which all together make the process sensitive. The first stage of the decomposition of the organic matter is performed by fast growing (hydrolytic and acid forming) microorganisms, while in the second stage the organic acids produced are metabolized by the slow growing methanogens, which are more sensitive than the acidogens; thus, methanogenesis becomes the rate-limiting step. The first part of this work evaluates the effects of a pretreatment using an organic solvent, N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO), on cellulose-based materials in order to overcome the challenge of biomass recalcitrance and to increase the rate of the hydrolysis. NMMO-pretreatment of straw separated from the cattle and horse manure resulted in increased methane yields, by 53% and 51%, respectively, in batch digestion tests. The same kind of pretreatment of the forest residues led to an increase by 141% in the methane production during the following batch digestion assays. The second part of this work evaluates the efficacy of a two-stage process to overcome the second challenge with methanogenesis as the rate-limiting step, by using CSTR (continuous stirred tank reactors) and UASB (up flow anaerobic sludge blanket) on a wide variety of different waste fractions in order to decrease the time needed for the digestion process. In the two-stage semi-continuous process, the NMMO-pretreatment of jeans increased the biogas yield due to a more efficient hydrolysis compared to that of the untreated jeans. The results indicated that a higher organic loading rate (OLR) and a lower retention time could be achieved if the material was easily degradable. Comparing the two-stage and the single-stage process, treating the municipal solid waste (MSW) and waste from several food processing industries (FPW), showed that the OLR could be increased from 2 gVS/l/d to 10 gVS/l /d, and at the same time the HRT could be decreased from 10 to 3 days, which is a significant improvement that could be beneficial from an industrial point of view. The conventional single stage, on the other hand, could only handle an OLR of 3 gVS/l/d and HRT of 7 days.

Springs in the Middle Atlas Mountains of Morocco are significant sources for public water supply. From March 2014 to May 2015, water temperatures were measured hourly at three springs (Ribaa, Sidi Rached, and Zerouka); water levels were measured hourly at Sidi Rached and Zerouka; and daily turbidity data were obtained from Ribaa. From March 2014 to March 2015, daily water samples were taken at Zerouka for analyses of the stable isotopes deuterium and oxygen-18. Hourly weather data (precipitation and air temperature) were available from March 2014 to May 2015 from Ifrane, near Zerouka. Temperature responses varied between the springs, showing a time-lagged seasonal signal at Sidi Rached, near-constant values at Zerouka, and relatively stable dry-season values followed by flashy wet-season behavior at Ribaa. Stage at Sidi Rached and Zerouka tracked together, with a broad minimum in late summer and responses to individual storms superposed on the signal. Stable isotopes fluctuated daily but were frequently out of phase with each other. Autocorrelation analyses of spring parameters indicate that Sidi Rached and Zerouka have greater inertia than Ribaa. Cross-correlation analyses show characteristic time lags between (1) precipitation and stage, (2) air temperature and water isotopes, and (3) air and water temperatures. However, as shown in previous work, there is a broad range of time lags between precipitation and turbidity. The variety of spring behaviors is consistent with differences in hydraulic connectivity within each spring basin.

A search for vector-like quarks (VLQs) decaying to a Z boson using multi-stage machine learning was compared to a search using a standard square cuts search strategy. VLQs are predicted by several new theories beyond the Standard Model. The searches used 20.3 inverse femtobarns of proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 8 TeV collected with the ATLAS detector in 2012 at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. CLs upper limits on production cross sections of vector-like top and bottom quarks were computed for VLQs produced singly or in pairs, Tsingle, Bsingle, Tpair, and Bpair. The two stage machine learning classification search strategy did not provide any improvement over the standard square cuts strategy, but for Tpair, Bpair, and Tsingle, a third stage of machine learning regression was able to lower the upper limits of high signal masses by as much as 50%. Additionally, new test statistics were developed for use in the Neyman construction of confidence regions in order to address deficiencies in current frequentist methods, such as the generation of empty set confidence intervals. A new method for treating nuisance parameters was also developed that may provide better coverage properties than current methods used in particle searches. Finally, significance ratio functions were derived that allow a more nuanced interpretation of the evidence provided by measurements than is given by confidence intervals alone.

Some of the older actors of the Restoration provided a link between the pre- and post-Commonwealth stages by preserving their craft during the years from 1642 to 1660, despite the harsh and numerous restrictions enacted by the Parliament. Some of the younger players, on the other hand, quickly mastered their art and continued the tradition preserved for them by men such as Charles Hart and Michael Mohun. The greatest actors and actresses of the period certainly influenced the direction of Restoration drama in several ways. Thomas Betterton and Elizabeth Barry were so skilled that on several occasions leading dramatists asked their advice about dialogue, character development, and stage business. Other actors, such as Samuel Sandford and Colley Cibber, developed into great character actors, and the dramatists created roles especially suited to their talents. William Congreve 's admiration for Anne Bracegirdle's talent and beauty perhaps contributed substantially to the creation of the character of Millimant in The Way of the World. Actors such as William Penkethman and Joseph Haines often insured a play's success by their antics on the stage. In addition to the major figures of the period, a substantial number of competent minor actors and actresses mastered the character roles which appear with frequency in much Restoration drama. The Restoration players exerted an influence on both the direction and content of the drama of the period. A better understanding of their performances and personalities could well lead to a better understanding of the drama itself. I have followed the alphabetical listing of the actors and actresses given in Part I of The London Stage, making a few additions where I found them necessary. For the most part, each entry contains information on the player's first and last recorded performances and on his best roles. Whenever possible I have included commentary about his ability. In addition, I have tried to provide data about the character and personality of each player when possible. In some instances I felt that the physical appearance was important and included that information. Much of the information in each entry comes from Restoration and eighteenth century sources. John Downes's Roscius Anglicanus and Thomas Davies' Dramatic Miscellanies were especially valuable, as was John Genest's Some Account of the English Stage. In the twentieth century, the works of John Harold Wilson and Sybil Rosenfeld were very helpful. Finally, the massive scholarship of The London Stage pervades this dissertation. Without that work my task would have been impossible.

This document is a detailed description of the work produced throughout my graduate study in the Department of Photography and Film at VCU. Topics discussed in relation my photographic process include: stage, memory, character, the forgotten, and nostalgia.

Although there are countless manuals devoted to playwriting, very few take up the craft of dramatic adaptation in a practical context. My rendering of Theodore Dreiser’s Sister Carrie is an exploration of fundamental elements that require consideration when adapting for the stage. My approach to the characters’ inarticulateness reveals an inherent theatricality in the novel, which both respects Dreiser’s themes and makes them accessible through the conventions of the stage. I suggest the craft of dramatic adaptation should strike a delicate balance between being a “pilgrim” toward the intentions of the source and an “outlaw” in its innovative theatrical representation of them.

Design Analysis of the VCU Mainstage production process for The Nerd The comedic farce, The Nerd, written by Larry Shue and directed by Drew Fracher here at VCU, is the production I intend to analyze in terms of the scenic design process. From the initial conception of ideas, to their development through collaboration, to completion of construction, and ultimately, opening night, I plan to breakout my process step by step. I'd like to communicate the transformation of a literary play into the three-dimensional world in my mind.I. Introduction A. Overall description of process as it applies to this particular interaction with director and designers B. Each person involved in process and their specific roleII. Body A. Process breakdown B. Each insinuated step defined in a more concrete manner 1. play analysis by scenic designer 2. initial meeting with director to understand his/her interpretation and conceptual plans for play 3. research begins with previous steps in mind begins the collaborative effort 4. research presentation meeting with director 5. initial design ideas developed with input from director and interpreted into a floor plan or three-dimensional representation of the set 6. feedback from director 7. redesign or adjustments based on director's comments as well as functional and aesthetic developments 8. the build of the final design begins with the knowledge that contingencies remain that will create hopefully only small adjustments C. Although this breakdown may be somewhat matter of fact, the intricacies of the process I went through in designing the set for The Nerd will hopefully flush out the details into a more authentic realityIII. Conclusion A. My opinion of the process B. Personal feedback on the resulting design C. Positive experiences D. Negative experiences and how I would change them E. In the end, what I learned from the process and collaboration