Die Pseudomomente dienen als Charakteristikum der Annäherung der Komponenten einer Summenverteilungsfunktion gegen die Komponenten der Grenzverteilungsfunktion. In der Terminologie der Pseudomomente werden Abschätzungen der Annäherung der Summenverteilungsfunktion gegen eine unbegrenz teilbare Verteilungsfunktion angegeben. Dabei werden die Aussagen ohne die Voraussetzung der sogenannten Infinitesimalitätsbedingung hergeleitet. Es werden Abschätzungen angegeben sowohl unter der Voraussetzung endlicher Streuungen als auch ohne diese Voraussetzung. Abschließend werden einige Literaturhinweise angegeben. / The pseudo-moments serve as a characteristic of the approach of the components of a cumulative distribution function to the components of the limit distribution function. In the terminology of pseudo-moments estimates of the approximation of the cumulative distribution function by an indefinite divisible distribution function can be specified. The results are derived without the assumption of the so-called condition of infinitesimality. There are given some estimations with or without the assumption of finite variances. Finally some references are given.

In diesem Artikel werden notwendige und hinreichende Bedingungen für die Gültigkeit von Grenzwertsätzen für mittlere Abweichungen untersucht. In der Terminilogie von J.V.LINNIK (1971) werden die x-Bereiche für mittlere Abweichungen gewöhnlich als "sehr enge" Zonen der integralen normalen Anziehung bezeichnet. Darüber hinaus werden die Restglieder untersucht, die in den asymptotischen Beziehungen auftreten. Die Ordnung der Konvergenzgeschwindigkeit wird angegeben. Frühere Ergebnisse einiger Autoren werden verallgemeinert. Abschließend werden einige Literaturhinweise angegeben. / In this paper we study necessary and sufficient conditions for the validity of limit theorems on moderate deviations. Usually x-zones for moderate deviations are called in the terminilogy by YU.V.LINNIK (1971) "very narrow" zones of integral normal attraction. Moreover we analyse the remainder term appearing in the asymptotic relations. Informations on the order of the rate of convergence are given. Earlier results by several authors are generalized. Finally some references are given.

We consider a simple one-dimensional random dynamical system with two driving vector fields and random switchings between them. We show that this system satisfies a one force - one solution principle and compute its unique invariant density explicitly. We study the limiting behavior of the invariant density as the switching rate approaches zero and infinity and derive analogues of classical probabilistic results such as the central limit theorem and large deviations principle.

As the title already suggests the aim of the present work is to present Farkas - type results for inequality systems involving convex and/or non - convex functions. To be able to give the desired results, we treat optimization problems which involve convex and composed convex functions or non - convex functions like DC functions or fractions. To be able to use the fruitful Fenchel - Lagrange duality approach, to the primal problem we attach an equivalent problem which is a convex optimization problem. After giving a dual problem to the problem we initially treat, we provide weak necessary conditions which secure strong duality, i.e., the case when the optimal objective value of the primal problem coincides with the optimal objective value of the dual problem and, moreover, the dual problem has an optimal solution. Further, two ideas are followed. Firstly, using the weak and strong duality between the primal problem and the dual problem, we are able to give necessary and sufficient optimality conditions for the optimal solutions of the primal problem. Secondly, provided that no duality gap lies between the primal problem and its Fenchel - Lagrange - type dual we are able to demonstrate some Farkas - type results and thus to underline once more the connections between the theorems of the alternative and the theory of duality. One statement of the above mentioned Farkas - type results is characterized using only epigraphs of functions. We conclude our investigations by providing necessary and sufficient optimality conditions for a multiobjective programming problem involving composed convex functions. Using the well-known linear scalarization to the primal multiobjective program a family of scalar optimization problems is attached. Further to each of these scalar problems the Fenchel - Lagrange dual problem is determined. Making use of the weak and strong duality between the scalarized problem and its dual the desired optimality conditions are proved. Moreover, the way the dual problem of the scalarized problem looks like gives us an idea about how to construct a vector dual problem to the initial one. Further weak and strong vector duality assertions are provided.

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Since the time of Cauchy, integration theory has in the main been an attempt to regain the Eden of Newton. In that idyllic time [. . . ] derivatives and integrals were [. . . ] different aspects of the same thing. -Peter Bullen, as quoted in [24] The theory of integration has gone through many changes in the past centuries and, in particular, there has been a tension between the Riemann and the Lebesgue approach to integration. Riemann's definition is often the first integral to be introduced in undergraduate studies, while Lebesgue's integral is more powerful but also more complicated and its methods are often postponed until graduate or advanced undergraduate studies. The integral presented in this paper is due to the work of Ralph Henstock and Jaroslav Kurzweil. By a simple exchange of the criterion for integrability in Riemann's definition a powerful integral with many properties of the Lebesgue integral was found. Further, the generalized Riemann integral expands the class of integrable functions with respect to Lebesgue integrals, while there is a characterization of the Lebesgue integral in terms of absolute integrability. As this definition expands the class of functions beyond absolutely integrable functions, some theorems become more cumbersome to prove in contrast to elegant results in Lebesgue's theory and some important properties in composition are lost. Further, it is not as easily abstracted as the Lebesgue integral. Therefore, the generalized Riemann integral should be thought of as a complement to Lebesgue's definition and not as a replacement. / Ända sedan Cauchys tid har integrationsteori i huvudsak varit ett försök att åter finna Newtons Eden. Under den idylliska perioden [. . . ] var derivator och integraler [. . . ] olika sidor av samma mynt.-Peter Bullen, citerad i [24] Under de senaste århundradena har integrationsteori genomgått många förändringar och framförallt har det funnits en spänning mellan Riemanns och Lebesgues respektive angreppssätt till integration. Riemanns definition är ofta den första integral som möter en student pa grundutbildningen, medan Lebesgues integral är kraftfullare. Eftersom Lebesgues definition är mer komplicerad introduceras den först i forskarutbildnings- eller avancerade grundutbildningskurser. Integralen som framställs i det här examensarbetet utvecklades av Ralph Henstock och Jaroslav Kurzweil. Genom att på ett enkelt sätt ändra kriteriet for integrerbarhet i Riemanns definition finner vi en kraftfull integral med många av Lebesgueintegralens egenskaper. Vidare utvidgar den generaliserade Riemannintegralen klassen av integrerbara funktioner i jämförelse med Lebesgueintegralen, medan vi samtidigt erhåller en karaktärisering av Lebesgueintegralen i termer av absolutintegrerbarhet. Eftersom klassen av generaliserat Riemannintegrerbara funktioner är större än de absolutintegrerbara funktionerna blir vissa satser mer omständiga att bevisa i jämforelse med eleganta resultat i Lebesgues teori. Därtill förloras vissa viktiga egenskaper vid sammansättning av funktioner och även möjligheten till abstraktion försvåras. Integralen ska alltså ses som ett komplement till Lebesgues definition och inte en ersättning.

Le théorème ergodique de Birkhoff nous renseigne sur la convergence de suites de fonctions. Nous nous intéressons alors à étudier la convergence en moyenne et presque partout de ces suites, mais dans le cas où la suite est une suite strictement croissante de nombres entiers positifs. C’est alors que nous définirons les suites uniformes et étudierons la convergence presque partout pour ces suites. Nous regarderons également s’il existe certaines suites pour lesquelles la convergence n’a pas lieu. Nous présenterons alors un résultat dû en partie à Alexandra Bellow qui dit que de telles suites existent. Finalement, nous démontrerons une équivalence entre la notion de transformatiuon fortement mélangeante et la convergence d'une certaine suite qui utilise des “poids” qui satisfont certaines propriétés. / Birkhoff’s ergodic theorem gives us information about the convergence of sequences of functions. We are then interested in studying the mean and pointwise convergence of these sequences, but in the case the sequence is a strictly increasing sequence of positive integers. With that goal in mind, we will define uniform sequences and study the pointwise convergence for these sequences. We will also explore the possibility that there exists some sequences for which the convergence of the sequence does not occur. We will present a result of Alexandra Bellow that says that such sequences exist. Finally, we will prove a result which establishes an equivalence between the notion of a strongly mixing transformation and the convergence of a sequence that uses “weights” which satisfies certain properties.

This thesis is divided into two parts. Part I is about additive combinatorics. Part II deals with questions in elementary number theory. In Chapter 1, we generalize the Davenport transform to prove that if si S\mathbb A=(A, +)S is acancellative semigroup (either abelian or not) and SX, YS are non-empty subsets of SAS such that the subsemigroup generated by SYS is abelian, then SS|X+Y|\gc\min(\gamma(Y, |X|+|Y|-I)SS, where for SZ\subsetcq AS we let S\gamma(Z):=\sup_{z_0\in Z^\times}\in f_(z_0\nc z\inZ) (vm ord)(z-z_0)S. This implies an extension of Chowla's and Pillai's theorems for cyclic groups and a stronger version of an addition theorem by Hamidoune and Karolyi for arbitrary groups. In Chapter 2, we show that if S(A, +) is a cancellative semigroup and SX, Y\subsetcq AS then SS|X+Y|\gc\min(\gammaX+Y), |X|+|Y|-I)SS. This gives a generalization of Kemperman's inequality for torsion free groups and a stronger version of the Hamidoune-Karolyi theorem. In Chapter 3, we generalize results by Freiman et al. by proving that if S(A,\ctlot)S is a linearly orderable semigroup and SSS is a finite subset of SAS generating a non-abelian subsemigroup, then S|S^2-\gc3|S|-2S. In Chapter 4, we prove results related to conjecture by Gyory and Smyth on the sets SR_k^\pm(a,b)S of all positive integers SnS such that Sn^kS divides Sa^a \pmb^nS for fixed integers SaS, SbS and SkS with Sk\gc3S, S|ab|\gc2Set S\gcd(a,b) = 1S. In particular, we show that SR_k^pm(a,b)S is finite if Sk\gc\max(|a|.|b|)S. In Chapter 5, we consider a question on primes and divisibility somchow related to Znam's problem and the Agoh-Giuga conjecture

Voting is a fundamental decision making instrument in any consensus-based society. It is employed in various applications from student body elections, reality television shows, shareholder meetings, to national elections. With the motivation of better eciency, scalability, speed, and lower cost, voting is currently shifting from paper-based to the use of electronic medium. This is while aiming to achieve better security, such that voting result reflects true opinions of the voters. Our research focuses on the study of cryptographic voting protocols accommodating a flexible ballot structure as a foundation for building a secure electronic voting system with acceptable voting results. In particular, we search for a solution suitable for the preferential voting system employed in the Australian Federal Election. The outcomes of the research include: improvements and applications of batch proof and verication theorems and techniques, a proposed alternative homomorphic encryption based voting scheme, a proposed Extended Binary Mixing Gate (EBMG) mix-network scheme, a new threshold randomisation technique to achieve receipt-freeness property in voting, and the application of cryptographic voting protocol for preferential voting. The threats and corresponding requirements for a secure secret-ballot voting scheme are rst discussed. There are significant security concerns about the conduct of electronic voting, and it is essential that the voting results re ect the true opinions of the voters - especially in political elections. We examine and extend batch processing proofs and verifications theorems and proposed applications of the theorems useful for voting. Many instances of similar operations can be processed in a single instance using a batch technique based on one of the batch theorems. As the proofs and verications provide formal assurances that the voting process is secure, batch processing offers great efficiency improvements while retaining the security required in a real-world implementation of the protocol. The two main approaches in cryptographic voting protocols, homomorphic encryption based voting and mix-network based voting, are both studied in this research. An alternative homomorphic voting scheme using multiplicative homomorphism property, and a number of novel mix-network schemes are proposed. It is shown that compared to the mix-network approach, homomorphic encryption schemes are not scalable for straight-forward adaptation of preferential systems. One important requirement of secret-ballot voting is receipt-freeness. A randomisation technique to achieve receipt-freeness in voting is examined and applied in an ecient and practical voting scheme employing an optimistic mix-network. A more general technique using threshold randomisation is also proposed. Combination of the primitives, both the homomorphic encryption and mixnetwork approach, yields a hybrid approach producing a secure and ecient secret-ballot voting scheme accommodating a exible ballot structure. The resulting solution oers a promising foundation for secure and practical secret-ballot electronic voting accommodating any type of counting system.

Η θεωρία σκέδασης καλύπτει ένα μεγάλο φάσμα επιστημονικών και τεχνολογικών εφαρμογών, όπως μη καταστρεπτικός έλεγχος, ραντάρ, σόναρ, γεωφυσική έρευνα, απομακρυσμένη καταγραφή, ιατρική απεικόνιση, υποθαλάσσια ακουστική, σεισμολογία, αναγνώριση βιολογικών προτύπων και ειδικές τεχνικές που εφαρμόζονται στη διαγνωστική ιατρική. Στις περισσότερες από τις παραπάνω περιπτώσεις η υπόθεση πως το υλικό είναι ισότροπο δεν αρκεί και προκειμένου τα αποτελέσματα να προσεγγίζουν ικανοποιητικά την πραγματικότητα, θα πρέπει να γίνει η παραδοχή πως ο χώρος είναι ανισότροπος, πως οι ιδιότητές του εξαρτώνται δηλαδή από την κατεύθυνση. Παρόλο που η ιδιότητα της ανισοτροπίας ήταν ήδη γνωστή από την εποχή του Green (μέσα 19ου αιώνα), λόγω της αυξημένης μαθηματικής πολυπλοκότητας που παρουσιάζει, μόνο τα τελευταία χρόνια εμφανίζεται σημαντικός αριθμός δημοσιεύσεων που ασχολούνται με την ανισότροπη σκέδαση, οι οποίες στην πλειοψηφία τους αναφέρονται μόνο σε ανισότροπο σκεδαστή. Η παρούσα διατριβή ερευνά το πρόβλημα ανισότροπης σκέδασης βαθμωτών πεδίων για τη γενική περίπτωση, όπου όχι μόνο ο σκεδαστής αλλά και ο χώρος σκέδασης είναι ανισότροποι χώροι και μάλιστα έχουν διαφορετικά χαρακτηριστικά. Όπως προκύπτει, τα χαρακτηριστικά του ανισότροπου μέσου μεταφέρονται πλήρως από έναν τροποποιημένο τελεστή κλίσης, ο οποίος εμφανίζεται σε κάθε περίπτωση ανισοτροπίας και μας επιτρέπει να βρούμε τη θεμελιώδη λύση της τροποποιημένης εξίσωσης Helmholtz. Δεδομένης της θεμελιώδους λύσης, τοποθετείται το βασικό πρόβλημα σκέδασης σε ανισότροπα μέσα όπως και οι συνθήκες διαπερατότητας καθώς και οι συνοριακές συνθήκες. Στη συνέχεια παρουσιάζεται η μορφή και οι ιδιότητες των προσπίπτοντων πεδίων και παράγονται τα συναρτησιακά ενέργειας για αυτό το πρόβλημα σκέδασης. Αναπτύσσονται οι ολοκληρωτικές αναπαραστάσεις για το σκεδαζόμενο, το ολικό και το εσωτερικό πεδίο, ενώ παράλληλα προκύπτει η τροποποιημένη συνθήκη ακτινοβολίας και με αυτό τον τρόπο ολοκληρώνεται η βασική θεωρία. Με ασυμπτωτική ανάλυση προκύπτει το ανισότροπο πλάτος σκέδασης και έπειτα ορίζονται οι ενεργειακές διατομές που αντιστοιχούν στην περίπτωση που εξετάζεται. Ακολούθως αποδεικνύονται τα θεωρήματα αμοιβαιότητας, το γενικευμένο και το οπτικό θεώρημα σκέδασης για τα ανισότροπα μέσα. Ως εφαρμογή παρουσιάζεται το πρόβλημα σκέδασης χαμηλών συχνοτήτων για έναν ανισότροπο διαπερατό σκεδαστή. Τέλος, όλο το πρόβλημα ανισότροπης σκέδασης ανάγεται στο αντίστοιχο του ισότροπου χώρου, προς επιβεβαίωση των αποτελεσμάτων. / Scattering theory covers a large spectrum of scientific and technological applications such as non destructive control, radars, sonar, geophysical exploration, remote sensing, medical imaging, under-water acoustics, seismology, biological pattern recognition and special techniques in medical diagnostics. In most of the above cases the assumption that the material is isotropic is inadequate. Therefore, in order to conform to reality, we have to accept that the space is anisotropic, i.e. its properties depend on the direction. Although the anisotropic property was already known, since Green’s era, only a few publications have appeared, due to the mathematical complexity related with the anisotropic property. It was during the last years that more references considered the anisotropic scattering, while most of them regarded only anisotropic scatterers. The thesis examines the problem of scalar field anisotropic scattering for the general case, where not only the scatterer but also the propagation space are anisotropic and they do not have the same characteristics. It comes out that the characteristics of an anisotropic medium are being fully carried by a modified gradient operator which appears in any case of anisotropy and allows the calculation of the fundamental solution for the modified Helmholtz’ equation. Once the fundamental solution is known, the basic problem of anisotropic scattering is postulated as well as the transmission and the boundary conditions. Incident fields’ forms and characteristics are being presented and the energy functional for this scattering problem is being produced. The integral representations for the scattered, total and internal field are also developed, while at the same time arises the modified radiation condition. Asymptotic analysis produces the anisotropic scattering amplitude and afterwards follows the definition of the energy functionals that correspond to our case. The reciprocity theorems, the general scattering, as well as the optical theorem for anisotropic medium are also proved. As an example, the theory developed in this thesis is applied to the low frequency problem for an anisotropic scatterrer. Finally, the results are verified by reducing the whole problem of anisotropic scattering to its equivalent of isotropic space.