A constante influência humana em atividades de manejo animal, além de aumentar os custos de produção, torna-se uma adicional fonte geradora de estresse sobre os animais. Nesse sentido, é necessária a busca pelo desenvolvimento de métodos alternativos de acompanhamento, à distância e em tempo real, das condições físicas dos animais, em conjunto com o controle das instalações. Para a identificação da condição de conforto ou estresse calórico dos animais, alguns indicativos podem vir a auxiliar, tais como a temperatura retal (TR), sendo esse um bom indicador da temperatura do núcleo corporal, bem como, a frequência respiratória (FR). Porém, com a crescente preocupação em relação ao bem-estar animal, vários questionamentos são feitos acerca de métodos invasivos, motivando a busca por alternativas à mensuração da TR. Surge então, como variável alternativa, a temperatura da superfície corporal, buscando-se correlacioná-la com a TR e FR. Sendo assim, com essa pesquisa objetivou-se identificar a região mais adequada da superfície corporal dos suínos, em fase de creche, que apresente a melhor correlação com a TR e FR. Para tal, foi conduzido um experimento, dividido em duas etapas: etapa 1) pré-experimento, sendo conduzido com dois animais em câmara climática, variando-se as condições de temperatura e testando-se métodos de fixação de sensores e coleta de dados inicialmente propostos; e etapa 2) experimento principal. Este último foi conduzido em uma câmara climática, com cinco leitões da raça Landrace x Large White, com 30 dias de idade, provenientes de uma mesma ninhada e do mesmo sexo (fêmea). Variaram-se as condições de temperatura no interior da câmara climática de 14°C a 35,5°C, de modo a atingir situações de estresse tanto por frio quanto por calor, sendo calculada a entalpia para os propósitos do presente estudo. O delineamento estatístico utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com um único fator, a entalpia ambiente, com sete níveis (31,26; 39,56; 51,12; 59,24; 74,82; 82,96; 94,26 kJ.kg de ar seco-1). Foram realizadas medidas repetidas em intervalos de 30 minutos, em seis diferentes regiões corporais: cabeça (A), paleta (B), lombo (C), pernil (D), orelha (E) e timpânica (F). Para as regiões de A a E foram utilizados dois métodos de medida diferentes: datalogger de temperatura Thermochron iButton® - DS1921G e outro via termômetro de infravermelho Fluke® 566. Para a região F, utilizou-se um termômetro de infravermelho de testa e ouvido G-Tech - T1000. Todos com cinco repetições das medidas para cada variável, em cada situação ambiente. Com os resultados obtidos foi possível propor equações de regressão múltipla para a TR e FR, sendo esta última apontada pela análise de componentes principais como a melhor candidata a correlações com as temperaturas da superfície corporal e por ser um bom indicador da situação de estresse térmico. Por meio desses resultados foi possível observar que a região timpânica mostrou-se como a melhor opção para acompanhamento tanto da TR quanto da FR via termômetro de infravermelho (TiF), enquanto que ao utilizar sensores de temperatura da superfície corporal, a melhor opção foi a orelha (TbE) para predição de TR, e a região do lombo (TbC) para predição de FR. / Human constant influence in handling activities, besides raising production costs, becomes another stress source for the animals. In this sense, it becomes necessary the development of alternative methods, that can remotely monitor, in real time, animal\'s physical conditions, together with remote facilities control. In terms of identifying comfort or stressful thermal situations for animals, some indicators can be handy, such as rectal temperature (RT), which is a good indicator of the core body temperature, as well as, the respiratory rate (RR). Although, with the raising concerns about animal welfare, several questions are raised against invasive methods, encouraging the search for alternatives to RT measuring. The determination of body surface temperature values, trying to correlate them to RT and RR, emerges as an alternative. Thus, it\'s aimed, with this research, to identify the most adequate swine body surface region, in nursery phase, which presents better correlation with RT and RR. For that, an experiment was conducted, divided in two stages: stage 1) pre-experiment, being conducted with two animals in a climate chamber, varying temperature conditions and testing sensor fixation and data collection methods previously proposed; and stage 2) main experiment. The last one was conducted in a climate chamber, with five Landrace x Large White piglets, 30 days aged, from the same litter and of the same sex (female). Temperature conditions inside the chamber were varied from 14°C to 35.5°C, attaining stressful situations both for cold and heat, being calculated the enthalpy for this study purposes. The statistical design used was the completely randomized, with one factor only, the ambient enthalpy, in seven levels (31.26; 39.56; 51.12; 59.24; 74.82; 82.96; 94.26 kJ.kg of dry air-1). Repeated measures were taken in 30 minutes intervals, in six different body regions: head (A), shoulder (B), loin (C), ham (D), ear (E) and tympanic (F). For regions from A to E, two different methods were used: temperature datalogger Thermochron iButton® - DS1921G and infrared thermometer Fluke® 566. For region F, a forehead and ear infrared thermometer G-Tech - T1000 was used. All of them had five replicates of measures for each variable, in each environment situation. With the obtained data, it was possible to propound multiple regression equations for RT and RR, the last one being shown by principal components analysis as a better candidate to correlate to body surface temperatures and because it\'s a good indicator of the animal\'s thermal stress situation. By means of these results it was possible to observe that the tympanic region arises as the better option for monitoring RT and RR through infrared thermometer (TiF), while when using body surface temperature sensors, the best option was the ear (TbE) for predicting RT, and the loin region (TbC) for predicting RR.

In spite of significant reduction of cost associated with launching a spacecraft, launching deep space exploratory missions are yet to be accessible to most universities and researchers. A solution to testing scientific hypotheses and verifying technologies for space is the use of environmental chambers, also know as space simulators, - vacuum chambers, which replicate the space environment. The scope of this thesis project is to develop a thermal control system for a space simulator, which would replicate the environment on Mars, and allow for controlled carbon dioxide ice deposition experiments. The first part of the thesis looks at the climate on Mars, and the process behind the carbon dioxide ice cycle, gives a description of the systems in a space simulator. Then the requirements of a thermal system for the space simulator are stated. The second part of the thesis gives a brief overview of the previous solution attempts at the laboratory in Luleå University of Technology, and the manufacturing technologies required to make them. Based on that, a design justification is given. The thermal control system design section gives an overall design description, with detailed report on the iterative design of the sample holders, and thermal simulations results. Additive manufacturing is analyzed, as means of producing solid designs with the necessary performance targets. The overall cost of the designed thermal control system is calculated, and further work directions are proposed. The appendices include the literature used, the technical drawings for manufacturing and assembly of the thermal system, detailed budget calculations, and additional data from the thermal analysis.

Le besoin croissant de réduction du volume, de la masse et de la consommation des dispositifs électroniques sans pertes deperformances concerne aussi les oscillateurs à quartz utilisés dans les applications métrologiques (bases de temps, capteurs),la téléphonie, la navigation... Dans le cadre de cette problématique, nous avons développé un ASIC (Application SpecificIntegrated Circuit) en technologie 0,35 μm SiGe BiCMOS (Austriamicrosystems®) fonctionnant sous 3,3 V (±10%) pourréaliser un oscillateur à quartz miniature opérationnel sur une gamme en fréquence allant de 10 MHz à 100 MHz. Ce circuitdont la surface ne dépasse pas les 4 mm2 est composé de diverses cellules RF, depuis le système d’entretien de type Colpitts,la mise en forme et jusqu’à l’adaptation du signal à sa charge d’utilisation (50 W ou HCMOS). Ces cellules sont toutespolarisées par une référence de tension interne de type bandgap CMOS. La consommation totale du circuit en charge resteinférieure à 100 mW pour un bruit blanc de phase visé de −150 dBc/Hz à 40 MHz. Pour minimiser la sensibilité thermiquedu résonateur et ainsi pouvoir s’orienter également vers des applications OCXO (Oven Controlled Crystal Oscillator),nous avons partiellement intégré une régulation de température dans notre ASIC. Cette régulation fortement dépendante del’architecture thermo-mécanique a été dimensionnée puis validée au travers de modélisations par analogie sous Spectre®.Notre électronique intégrée nécessite peu de composants externes et nous l’avons reportée par flip chip sur une interfacespécifique pour / The increasing demand for high-performance devices featuring compact, lighter-weight designs with low-power consumptionalso impacts quartz crystal oscillators used in metrological applications (time bases, sensors), telephony or navigation. Inthis context, we have developed an ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) in 0.35 μm SiGe BiCMOS technology(Austriamicrosystems®) supplied by 3.3 V (±10%) to realize a miniaturized quartz crystal oscillator operating in the 10 MHzto 100 MHz frequency range. The fabricated die hosts several RF cells in a 4 mm2 area, including a sustaining amplifier(Colpitts topology), a signal shaping circuit and an output buffer dedicated to a specific load (50 W or HCMOS). These cellsare biased by a fully integrated CMOS bandgap voltage reference. The die power consumption remains lower than 100 mWfor a targeted phase noise floor as low as −150 dBc/Hz at a 40 MHz carrier frequency. A thermal control loop has in additionbeen partially integrated to the ASIC, in order to reduce the quartz resonator thermal sensitivity as well as to extend thepotential application field of the developed die to oven applications (OCXO). The thermal control, that is strongly dependanton the mechanical design, has been designed and tested by using electrical analogy modeling on Spectre® simulator. Finallyour integrated circuit has been connected to a specific substrate using flip chip technology to realize a miniaturized quartzcrystal oscillator packaged on a TO-8 enclosure (Ø15.2 mm).

Neste trabalho é apresentado um sistema automatizado para armazenamento e conservação de alimentos vegetais frescos baseado em instrumentação eletroeletrônica e software de controle desenvolvido em LabView. Para a conservação, os produtos (já embalados) são armazenados imersos em uma solução aquosa preparada com água e um anticongelante como o etileno glicol (2%). Esta metodologia de armazenamento permite aumentar o tempo de prateleira através da redução da temperatura, sem o perigo de congelar os produtos armazenados. Os resultados mostram que a metodologia permite armazenar produtos frescos com segurança a apenas 0,4ºC acima do ponto de congelamento, enquanto que em câmaras convencionais esses devem ser armazenados a, pelo menos, 2,0ºC acima do ponto de congelamento. Essas condições proporcionam ao sistema de hidroconservação maior imunidade a perturbações de carga térmica e abertura de porta e velocidade adequada para um rápido resfriamento de produtos frescos. / This work presents an automated system for fresh vegetable food conservation based on electronic instrumentation, a storage chamber, and software for system control, whose procedures were developed in LabView. For conservation the fresh packaged products are stored into a controlled temperature liquid volume (55.3 liters), i.e., an aqueous solution prepared with water and ethylene glycol (2%). This conservation methodology allows to increase shelf time of fresh vegetables by means of reducing the storage temperature range to a safe operating condition without freezing the products. Results have shown the suitability of the developed system, which enables to store fresh products with safety and preserving quality as close as 0.4°C of the freezing point. In a conventional chamber fresh products must be stored considering at least a safety range of 2.0°C, which is much farther from the freezing point. Therefore, these conditions give to the hydro-conservation system large immunity regarding thermal load perturbation as well during door operation and adequate speed for fast cooling processes for fresh products.

Cette thèse présente le travail effectué sur la conception d’un oscillateur à quartz miniature (volume visé de 1 cm3) con-trôlé en température. Les équipements de télémétrie, poursuite et contrôle tels que ceux utilisés dans les microsatellites (comme Myriades) sont d'un volume très important (8 litres). Des équipements avec un volume 8 fois moindre (1 litre) sont envisagés sur les pico et nano satellites. Une réduction drastique du volume et de la consommation est donc nécessaire, à performances égales. Elle nécessite une remise en question de l'ensemble des éléments composant l'équipement dont le micro-oscillateur, tant au niveau volume qu'au niveau consommation d’énergie. Les études préliminaires ont servi à définir le résonateur adapté pour satisfaire les spécifications de stabilité demandées. La simulation thermique d'un modèle d’oscillateur OCXO (Oven Controlled Xtal Oscillator) a permis d'obtenir une bonne compréhension des transferts de chaleur dans le dispositif. La réduction des pertes thermiques et l'augmentation de la stabilité thermique du résonateur étaient les principaux défis. La dilatation thermique du résonateur entraine des contraintes mécaniques au niveau de ses fixations et décale la fréquence de résonance. Un MEMS en silicium a été conçu pour supporter le résonateur à l’aide de simulations thermomécaniques. Ce support est compatible avec les contraintes de faible con-sommation et de sensibilité thermique tout en gardant une bonne résistance aux chocs. En ce qui concerne l’électronique, une puce ASIC utilisée depuis plusieurs années a été caractérisée pour établir un modèle numérique. Cette étude a dévoilé les facteurs limitants des performances de l’ensemble et permis d’envisager des solutions correctives. En intégrant dans la démarche les coûts de fabrication, l’utilisation d’un ASIC a été écartée (au moins provisoirement) au profit d’une solution exploitant des composants électroniques du commerce. Enfin, un démonstrateur de module physique miniature a été monté et caractérisé. Les résultats de mesures montrent que la consommation du démonstrateur reste inférieure à la spécification demandée (50 mW à une température extérieure de 25°C et à 100 mW pour -40°C). L’importance de la participation du rayonnement dans les échanges thermiques a aussi été validée expérimentalement. / This thesis presents the work on designing a miniature temperature controlled crystal oscillator (required volume is 1 cm3). TTC (Telemetry, Tracking and Control) equipment which is used in microsatellites (as Myriades) has a very important volume (8 liters). 8 times lower volume equipment (1 liter) is planned for pico and nano satellites. Therefore, a significant reduction of volume and consumption for equal performance is necessary. Redesign is required for all components of equipment items including micro-oscillator, as in volume as at the level of energy consumption. Preliminary studies have served to define the resonator adapted to satisfy the request stability specifications. Thermal simulation of an OCXO oscillator model (Oven Con-trolled Xtal Oscillator) has permitted to achieve a good understanding of heat transfer into the device. Reducing heat loss and increases the thermal stability of resonator were major challenges. Thermal expansion of the resonator causes mechanical stresses in its mountings and shifts the resonance frequency. A silicon MEMS has designed for supporting the resonator by using thermo-mechanical simulations. This support is compatible with the constraints of low consumption and heat sensitivity retaining good impact resistance. As regards electronics, an ASIC chip which is used during many years has characterized with the purpose to obtain the digital model. This study has revealed the limiting factors of the oscillator performance. Also it has allowed to provide remedial solutions. The ASIC using was rejected in favor of the solution operating with commercial electronic components (at least temporarily). Finally, a miniature demonstrator of physical module was assembled and characterized. The measuring results show that demonstrator consumption remains below the required specification (50 mW at outside temperature 25°C and 100 mW at -40 ° C). The importance of the participation of radiation within the thermal exchanges has also validated experimentally.

Neste trabalho é apresentado um sistema automatizado para armazenamento e conservação de alimentos vegetais frescos baseado em instrumentação eletroeletrônica e software de controle desenvolvido em LabView. Para a conservação, os produtos (já embalados) são armazenados imersos em uma solução aquosa preparada com água e um anticongelante como o etileno glicol (2%). Esta metodologia de armazenamento permite aumentar o tempo de prateleira através da redução da temperatura, sem o perigo de congelar os produtos armazenados. Os resultados mostram que a metodologia permite armazenar produtos frescos com segurança a apenas 0,4ºC acima do ponto de congelamento, enquanto que em câmaras convencionais esses devem ser armazenados a, pelo menos, 2,0ºC acima do ponto de congelamento. Essas condições proporcionam ao sistema de hidroconservação maior imunidade a perturbações de carga térmica e abertura de porta e velocidade adequada para um rápido resfriamento de produtos frescos. / This work presents an automated system for fresh vegetable food conservation based on electronic instrumentation, a storage chamber, and software for system control, whose procedures were developed in LabView. For conservation the fresh packaged products are stored into a controlled temperature liquid volume (55.3 liters), i.e., an aqueous solution prepared with water and ethylene glycol (2%). This conservation methodology allows to increase shelf time of fresh vegetables by means of reducing the storage temperature range to a safe operating condition without freezing the products. Results have shown the suitability of the developed system, which enables to store fresh products with safety and preserving quality as close as 0.4°C of the freezing point. In a conventional chamber fresh products must be stored considering at least a safety range of 2.0°C, which is much farther from the freezing point. Therefore, these conditions give to the hydro-conservation system large immunity regarding thermal load perturbation as well during door operation and adequate speed for fast cooling processes for fresh products.

Temperature-responsive hydrogels are polymer particles whose equilibrium size depends on the temperature of the water they are immersed in. Here we present an equivalent circuit model of a temperature-controlled microvalve based on hydrogel particles. The resulting network model consists of three physical subsystems. The thermal subsystem considers the heat capacities and thermal resistances of the layers of the valve and the coupling to the ambient environment. The polymeric subsystem describes the relaxation of the hydrogel particles to the temperature-dependent equilibrium size. The fluidic subsystem consists of the supply channel and a chamber whose cross section varies according to the size of the hydrogel particles. All subsystems are described and coupled within one single circuit. Thus the transient behavior of the valve can be calculated using a circuit simulator. Simulation results for a setup are presented and compared with experiments.

Le contexte de cette thèse couvre les dispositifs photoniques hybrides III-V sur silicium. L’étude porte sur l’intégration par collage de matériau à base d'InP sur le silicium, puis la conception d’un guide optique comportant une nanostructuration qui permettra la sélection en longueur d’onde dans un laser DFB hybride. Enfin, on étudie les étapes technologiques de fabrication d’un laser hybride injecté électriquement fonctionnant dans le domaine spectral 1.55µm, et on caractérise les dispositifs. Pour associer les matériaux III-V sur Si, nous avons développé le collage sans couche intermédiaire que l’on nomme collage hétéroépitaxial ou oxide-free. Ce collage est reporté dans la littérature comme présentant une meilleure qualité électrique. Nous avons établi les conditions de préparation permettant d’obtenir des surfaces parfaitement désoxydées, et les conditions de recuit conduisant à une interface hybride sans oxyde et sans dislocation. Mais ce recuit est réalisé à température assez élevée (~450-500°C). Nous avons alors développé le collage avec une fine couche intermédiaire d’oxyde réalisé à plus faible température -300°C- qui présente l'avantage d'être compatible avec la technologie CMOS. Nous avons étudié différentes approches pour élaborer et activer une couche d’oxyde très fine (~3nm), de façon à obtenir une surface collée sans zones localement non collées. Le collage est dans les deux cas réalisé sous vide dans un équipement de type Bonder Suss SB6e. La qualité structurale de l’interface a été observée par STEM et la qualité mécanique du joint de collage a été caractérisée par indentation. Une méthode originale de mesure quantitative et locale de l’énergie du joint de collage a été développée. La qualité optique des couches collées a été étudiée par la mesure de la photoluminescence de puits quantiques placés proches du joint d’interface. En conséquence du collage sans couche intermédiaire ou avec une couche très fine, le design du mode optique est de type double-cœur, qui ne nécessite pas de taper. Le guide optique Si est de type shallow ridge, le confinement latéral étant assuré par un matériau nanostructuré à une période sub-longueur d’onde. Ce matériau fonctionne comme un matériau effectif uniaxe pour lequel on a calculé les indices optiques ordinaire et extraordinaire selon la géométrie de la nanostructuration. On peut rajouter sur cette nanostructuration une super-périodicité qui conduit à un fonctionnement sélectif en longueur d’onde. Le comportement modal du guide est simulé à l'aide du logiciel COMSOL Multiphysics, le comportement spectral est simulé par FTDT 3D. Nous avons validé la pertinence de ce design en mesurant la transmission de guides hybrides. Ce design sera inclus dans un laser et permettra d’obtenir une émission monofréquence de type DFB. Nous avons développé les étapes technologiques nécessaires à la fabrication d’un laser hybride à base d'InP sur Silicium fonctionnant en injection électrique. Nous avons mis en oeuvre de nombreuses techniques, et développé plusieurs procédés spécifiques, en particulier, des procédés de gravure sèche de type Inductive Coupled Plasma Reactive Ion Etching ICP-RIE pour la gravure de la nanostructuration dans le silicium, et pour la gravure du mésa du laser. La présence des 2 matériaux III-V et Si dans le dispositif hybride rend ces étapes complexes. Les premiers résultats peuvent être améliorés en optimisant la technologie des contacts. Un design permettant de s’affranchir de la pénalité thermique présenté par tous les dispositifs ayant les 2 contacts électriques du coté du matériau III-V a été proposé, exploitant le passage du courant à l’interface hybride III-V / Si, ce qui est possible dans le cas du collage oxide-free. Cette approche ouvre des perspectives d’intégration au-delà de la photonique. / This work contributes to the general context of III-V materials on Silicon hybrid devices for optical integrated functions, mainly emission/amplification at 1.55µm. Devices are considered for operation under electrical injection, reaching performances relevant for data transfer application. The main three contributions of this work concern: (i) bonding InP-based materials on Si, (ii) nanostructuration of the Si guiding layer for spatial and spectral control of the guided mode and (iii) technology of an hybrid electrically injected laser, with a special attention to the thermal budget. Bonding has been investigated following two approaches. The first one we call heterohepitaxial or oxide-free bonding, is performed without any intermediate layer at a temperature ~450°C. This approach has the great advantage allowing electrical transport across the interface, as reported in the literature. We have developed oxide-free surface preparation for both materials, mainly InP-based layers, and established bonding parameter processing. An in-depth STEM and RX structural characterization has demonstrated an oxide-free reconstructed interface without any dislocation except on one or two atomic layers which accommodate the large lattice mismatch (8.1%) between InP and Si. Photoluminescence of quantum wells intentionally grown close to the interface has shown no degradation. We have also developed an oxide-based bonding process operated at 300°C in order to be compatible with CMOS processing. The original ozone activation of the very thin (~5nm) oxide layer we have proposed demonstrates a bonding surface without any unbonded area due to degassing under annealing. We have developed an original method based on nanoindentation characterization in order to obtain a quantitative and local value of the surface bonding energy. Related to the absence or to the very thin intermediate layer between the two materials, our modal design is based on a double core structure, where most of the optical mode is confined in the Si guiding layer, and no taper is required. The Si waveguide on top of the SOI stack is a shallow ridge. A nanostructured material on both sides of the waveguide core ensures the lateral confinement, the nanostructuration geometry being at a sub-wavelength period in order to operate this material well below its photonic gap. It behaves as an uniaxial material with ordinary and extraordinary indices calculated according to the structuration geometry. Such a structuration allows modal and spectral control of the guided mode. 3D modal and spectral simulation have been performed. We have demonstrated, on a double-period structuration, a wavelength selective operation of hybrid optical waveguides. Such a double-period geometry could be included in a laser design for DFB operation. This nanostructuration has larger potential application such as coupled waveguides arrays or selective resonators. We have developed all the technological processing steps for an electrically injected hybrid laser fabrication. Main developments concern dry etching, performed with the Inductive Coupled Plasma Reactive Ion Etching ICP-RIE technique of both the nanostructuration of the Silicon material, and the mesa of the hybrid laser. Efficient electrical contacts fabrication is also a complex step. First lasers operating performances could be improved. We have investigated a specific design in order to overcome the thermal penalty encountered by all the hybrid devices. This penalty is due to the thick buried oxide layer of the SOI stack that prevents heating related to the current flow to be dissipated. Taking advantage of the electrical transport we have shown at the oxide-free interface, we propose a design where the n-contact is defined on the guiding Si layer, suppressing thermal heating under electrical operation. Such an approach is very promising for densely packed hybrid devices integrated with associated electronic driving elements on Si.

Diplomová práca sa zaoberá vplyvom termálnych medzivrstiev na tepelnú kontaktnú vodi- vosť a tepelný kontaktný odpor. Práca sa zameriava na aplikáciu termálnych medzivrstiev pre vylepšenie tepelnej kontaktnej vodivosti v tepelnom spínači a v kozmických zariade- niach obecne. Teoretická časť práce stručne skúma rôzne pasívne termálne kontrolné systémy použí- vane v kozmických zariadeniach, vrátane termálnych medzivrstiev, a vysvetľuje pozadie tejto práce. Táto práca ďalej skúma rôzne termálne medzivrstvy, predovšetkým povlaky a fólie, a uvádza výber vhodnej termálnej medzivrstvy. Experimentálna časť práce skúma povrchové parametre, tepelnú vodivosť a mikrotvr-dosť medených vzoriek, ktoré slúžia ako substrát pre povlak čistého striebra. Ďalej rieši podmienky merania, metódy vyhodnocovania a samotné experimentálne merania. Experimentálne merania sú vykonané v termo-vákuovej testovacej komore a na základe výsledkov sú vyvodené závery. Pre ďalšiu prácu sú uvedené doporučenia.