Det konstrueras i stor utsträckning bristfälliga detaljlösningar på byggnader i dagsläget. Den bärande stommen i konstruktionen prioriteras ofta medan det inte ägnas lika mycket fokus åt att tillgodose de byggnadsfysiska aspekterna. Anledningen till de bristfälliga detaljerna är även att den som utför arbetet saknar rätt kunskap och tid. För att skapa en förbättring behövs ett hjälpmedel! Kunskap och erfarenhet om hur bra detaljer skapas finns redan i företag, svårigheten är dock att sprida kunskapen till de som är i behov av den. Målet med denna rapport är att skapa en metodik som blir startskottet för ett omfattande arbete kring framtagandet av ett detaljbibliotek, vars syfte är att sprida byggnadsfysiska kunskaper inom företaget och inspirera konstruktörer till att konstruera bra detaljlösningar. Biblioteket ska innehålla byggnadsfysiskt utredda detaljlösningar som analyserats enligt den utarbetade metodiken. Metodiken kommer göra det möjligt att på ett enkelt sätt utvärdera detaljlösningar, för att sedan presentera dessa med uträknade värden och rekommendationer i detaljbiblioteket. Via intervjuer med konstruktörer och en omfattande genomgång av byggnadsprojekt, har 7st detaljlösningar valts ut för att utredas och sedan exemplifiera hur dokumenten i detaljbiblioteket kommer att gestalta sig. Exemplen går att se i rapporten, och de kommer även att utgöra embryot till det slutgiltiga detaljbiblioteket. Detaljbiblioteket kommer sedan ligga ute på Sweco Structures interna nätverk, så att detaljerna blir lättåtkomliga för de som är i behov av dem. / It is constructed inadequate detail solutions of buildings in the current situation. The carrying frame of the structure is often given priority while it is not given as much focus to solve the building physical aspects. The reason for the inadequate detail is also that the person doing the don´t has the right knowledge or time. In order to create an improvement, a tool is needed!  Knowledge and experience of how well the details are created already exists at the company, the difficulty is to spread the knowledge to those who are in need of it. The objective of this report is to create a methodology that will mark the start of an extensive work on the development of a detail library whose purpose is to spread building physical skills within the company and inspire constructors to construct good detail solutions. The library will include good building physical detail solutions which were analyzed according to the produced methodology. The method will allow to easily evaluate detail solutions, and to present them with calculated values and recommendations in detail library. Through interviews with designers and a comprehensive review of construction projects, has 7 detail solutions been selected to be examined, and then illustrate how the documents in detail the library will be presented. The examples will be seen in the report, and they will also serve as the embryo of the definitive and large detail library. Detailed library will then be placed at Sweco Structures internal network, so that the details are easily accessible for those who are in need of them.

Stockholm lies at the top in Europe in terms of population growth. It is growing from 30,000 to 40,000 residents each year and therefor puts high demands on the regions development. One of the governments reactions to this housing problem was to approve a bill that would simplify the regulatory framework in the planning and building act. It will among other permit owners of a one-or two family houses to build a 25  compliment housing without a building permit, so called attefallshus. In this final project, a small 25  house is designed. The house was designed to have thin exterior walls to maximize the indoor living space and also to fulfill all the Boverkets regulations for permanent housing. Vacuum Insulated panels were used as an insulation material in the envelope to achieve the extra thin exterior walls to maximize the living space. Various different simulations were done to simulate: Heat- and moisture transfer through the exterior walls, thermal bridges, energy calculations and the daylight factor inside the house. Additional calculations were done in Excel to compare the mean U-value calculated in simulations. The moisture transfer simulation did show that there should not be any moisture problems in the exterior walls. The mean U-value calculations in Excel and in the simulations showed values less than the limitations of Boverkets building regulations.

Due to a European energy concept for reducing energy consumption and also the concept of sustainable development, there is a growing demand for reduced energy consumption during the operation of the building and hence increasing demands on the thermal and mechanical properties of the building envelope. For this reason, it is necessary to look for materials that could meet both thermal and mechanical properties, as well as mechanical resistance and loadability, especially for the application for the foundations of the house, the base of the house and for application to structural details for elimination of the thermal bridges between interior and exterior boundaries. The main motivation for choosing the topic of thesis was to find materials derived from recycled or secondary raw materials that would be suitable for manufacturing composite applicable for structural details in the envelope of the building and for insulating in humid environment. An economic and environmental aspect plays an important role in the choice of material. The main theme of the thesis is the laboratory manufacturing of a composite with a thermoplastic matrix derived from recycled plastic materials and waste foam as a phase. Has been developed a unique Waste-based Particle Polymer Composite (WPPC) made from recycled foam and polypropylene. However, before WPPC can be reliably used by construction designers, physical properties of WPPC must be accurately identified. Therefore, it was designed laboratory manufacturing system and sample testing system, it was studied thermal, mechanical, thermomechanical and moisture absorptivity of WPPC. Application of finished composite material with satisfying thermal insulation properties to structural details to eliminate the thermal bridge, was the next step. These are details of the unloaded, prefabricated balconies, windows, atics, as well as basement constructions and the heel of the central load-bearing wall, the terrain flooring and the staircase wall

This thesis deals with the optimization of structural details for flat single-leaf roofs. In the first part of the thesis, 3 groups of structural details for flat roof (flat roof parapet, gutter at flat roof without overhang of the roof cladding, intersection of the flat roof and vertical supporting structure) are characterized, classified and examined. In every group one of these structural details is designed with use of modern composite material based on secondary raw materials (still in development process). The theory describes the current issue of thermal bridges at constructions and applicable legislative documents. The next part introduces thermal engineering analysis (based on finite element method) of structures with annotated data outputs. The another main part of thesis provides with designed innovative optimization algorithm using multi-criteria decision analysis methods, which is then practically tested on the surveyed construction details. The conclusion summarizes the results and provides with improvements based on completed research.

This thesis presents a comparison of building materials for vertical bearing structures of buildings, thermal insulation materials and mutual combination of structural materials and insulators. Furthermore, there are possibilities for solving the most common insulation thermal bridges construction. The paper evaluated the pros and cons of different combinations of building materials. Teplo and Area programs were used for the calculations.

Since many buildings in Canada were built prior to the advent of national and provincial energy codes and standards, quantifying building envelope thermal performance in existing buildings is an important step in identifying retrofit opportunities. Due to the lack of building codes or standards for existing buildings in Canada, development of a rapid and robust quantitative approach to evaluate and rank buildings for vertical envelope retrofits is required. Hence, this dissertation sought to develop quantitative approaches to evaluate existing building envelope thermal performance in Canada and beyond. Following current professional practices, in Chapter 1, a comprehensive study was conducted on 49 campus buildings at the University of Victoria (UVic) to evaluate potential energy savings from vertical envelope retrofits, and to further validate those savings through more detailed energy models and parametric analyses for a subset of buildings. To this end, the thermal performance of a building envelope was quantified based on its heat loss coefficient (UA), obtained from multiplying its surface area (A) by its thermal transmittance (U-value). Heat loss calculations were used as a metric to inform envelope rehabilitation prioritization, while considering other data such as age and physical condition in parallel. Archetype energy models for selected buildings were used to evaluate the impacts of envelope retrofits on energy and GHG savings. The outcomes of this study allowed the University to weigh the benefits of improved energy performance from envelope retrofits against associated capital cost expenditures. Also, the implemented methodology and studied parameters unveiled a new horizon in evaluating the thermal performance of existing building envelopes in Canada, where a building code for existing buildings has not yet been established. Considering the economic findings of the envelope retrofits studied, it was concluded that in the absence of an existing building energy code, the University would likely require additional incentives, such as higher utility costs, higher carbon taxes, or qualifying for utility incentive programs to justify improving existing building envelope performance on the basis of energy only. The strength of the proposed methodology in Chapter 1 was in its balance of effort and ultimate decision-making utility, where reasonable thermal bridging approximations based on simulation models for existing buildings can yield data accurate enough to inform a ranking exercise on a large breadth of subject buildings. However, since numerical models do not consider degradation of building materials, real moisture content, and errors associated with manufacturing and installation, actual building envelope thermal performance differs from 3D simulation models. To study this limitation, in-situ thermal assessments of building envelopes were performed to quantify their actual thermal performances. To this end, Chapters 2 to 4 of this dissertation attempted to determine the viability of an external infrared thermography (IRT) survey technique for quantification of heat losses through the opaque building envelope, and also explores its potential application in identifying and comparing sources of air leakage. The experiments were performed on wood-framed wall assemblies commonly used in Canada due to growing interest among designers, builders, and governments to encourage the use of wood as a building material. In these studies, (Chapter 2 to Chapter 4), thermal transmittances (U-values) of wall assemblies were estimated with external IRT and compared with 3D computer simulations. Furthermore, the impact of the accuracy of U-values estimated with IRT on the deviation of energy simulation outputs with metered data was examined. Finally, a novel relative quantitative infrared index (IRI) was proposed as a means to facilitate rapid evaluation and subsequent ranking of building envelope thermal performance. From the experiments in Chapters 2 & 3, it was found that the U-values obtained with IRT were comparable with simulated values suggesting IRT can be a reliable tool for estimating the thermal performance of wood-framed wall assemblies. Results also demonstrated that thermal imaging artefacts including nonlinear characteristics of infrared (IR) camera focal array, a.k.a. non-uniformity corrections (NUC) and vignetting could have a substantial influence on the accuracy of results, in particular energy model outputs. This limitation was resolved by introducing a practical approach where thermal images were taken from different incident angle. Overall, IRI was found to be a reliable metric for relative quantitative comparison of building envelope thermal performance regardless of boundary conditions. Moreover, outcomes of the IRT air leakage study in Chapter 4 indicated that combined qualitative and quantitative IRT approaches could potentially be implemented by practitioners to identify sources of air leakage and thermal bridges in buildings and compare their relative severity. Since blower door testing is gradually being introduced as a building code requirement to measure building envelope airtightness in an increasing number of Canadian jurisdictions, performing IRT simultaneously is potentially valuable exercise in this context. Ultimately, the methodologies outlined in Chapters 2 to 4 can help decision-makers to characterize building envelope retrofits from a performance perspective, and potentially serve as a basis for governments to develop policies to improve existing building energy performance. The methodologies in Chapters 2 to 4 prompted opportunities to utilize the emergent technology of small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) equipped with an infrared camera for quick thermal assessments of building envelopes. The last chapter of this dissertation, Chapter 5, outlines advantages and limitations of aerial IRT (UAV-IRT) surveys compared to conventional stationary IRT. Furthermore, a set of best practices for UAV-IRT were presented to minimize dynamic measurement uncertainty. It was concluded that with the current IR camera technology, aerial surveys for quantitative thermal assessment of building envelope are not as accurate as with conventional infrared thermography; further investigations by manufacturers and researchers are recommended. / Graduate

För att minska energiförbrukningen i Sverige krävs att befintliga byggnaderen ergieffektiviseras. Det finns även befintliga lokaler i landet som är i behov av en sänkt energiförbrukning. Det sker ständigt initiativ kring arbete med energieffektivisering av framför allt bostadshus. När energiförbrukning ska sänkas i industrilokaler läggs fokus på att minska energiåtgången i de invändigaprocesserna men inte i det omgivande klimatskalet där transmissionen utgör en stor del av energiläckaget. Syftet med arbetet är att öka kunskapen om energieffektiva åtgärder vid renovering av klimatskal hos industrilokaler. Målet ä ratt ta fram olika lösningsförslag som reducerar energiläckaget vid renovering av befintliga industrilokaler anpassat till projektet Dalern. Projektet Dalern är en byggnad uppförd på Åland vid 1990 som används vid fallstudie av förbättrade tekniska lösningar. I rapporten behandlas följande tre frågeställningar. Vilka metoder finns för att energieffektivisera klimatskal hos industrilokaler? Vilka alternativ är mest energieffektiva? Vilka tekniska lösningar skulle fungera i projektet Dalern? För att besvara dessa frågeställningar har en litteraturstudie över vanliga, energisparande renoveringsmetoder utförts. Dokumentstudier har genomförts av referensobjektet Dalerns ritningar. Studien har resulterat i en fallstudie där olika åtgärder beräknats för att se vilka potentialer det finns att energieffektivisera klimatskalet. De resultat som framkommit av arbetet är att det finns många olika metoder att energieffektivisera framför allt husbyggnader. De åtgärder som ger en mest energieffektiv besparing är framför allt byte av fönster och dörrar samt tilläggsisolering av tak och väggar. I fallstudien har olika åtgärder beräknats med handberäkning och med hjälp av energiberäkningsprogrammet VIP-Energy. Byggnadsdelar, möten mellan byggnadsdelar och hela referensobjektets energianvändning har beräknats. Eftersom rapportens tyngdpunkt är energieffektivisering har värmeövergång, köldbryggor och specifik energianvändning beräknats med omsorg. Andra faktorer som tagits hänsyn till är fukt, lufftäthet och brand. Uträkningen i energiberäkningsprogrammet har resulterat i att referensobjektets genomsnittliga värmeövergång kan minska med cirka 30 % vid användning av rätt åtgärder. Referensobjektets specifika energianvändning kan minskas med cirka 33% efter åtgärder som enbart berör klimatskalet. / It’s necessary to make existing buildings more energy efficient in order to reduce the energy consumption in Sweden. There are also existing premises in the country which are in need of reduced energy consumption. Initiatives on energy efficiency takes place continuously. Particularly in residential buildings. When the energy consumption is to be reduced in industrial facilities, the focus is on reducing the consumption of the internal processes. The building envelope where the transmission is a major energy leakage is often forgotten. The purpose is to increase the knowledge of energy-efficient renovation of industrial facilities. The project Dalern is an industrial facility which was built in Åland in 1990. The building is used in a case study of improved technical solutions. Three following questions are covered by this report. Which methods are available to make the building envelope of industrial facilities more energy efficient? Which options are most energy efficient? Which technical solutions would work in the project Dalern? A literature study of common, energy-saving renovation techniques has been implemented to answer the questions above. Document studies have also been implemented on the project Dalern. The document studies have resulted in a case study where different actions have been calculated to see what potential there is to improve the energy efficiency of the building envelope. The result that has emerged from the work is that there are many different methods to improve energy efficiency, especially in residential buildings. The actions that provide the most energy efficient savings are primarily replacement of windows and doors as well as additional insulation of walls and roofs. In the case study, various actions have been calculated using hand calculations and with use of an energy calculation program called VIP-Energy. Structures, meetings between building components and the entire reference object’s energy consumption have been calculated. Heat transfer, thermal bridges and specific energy has been calculated with care since the report’s emphasis is energy efficiency. Other factors that has been taken in consideration are moist, air leakage and fire. The calculation in VIP-Energy has resulted in the reference object’s average heat transfer can be reduced by about 30 % when using the correct actions. The reference object’s specific energy consumption can be reduced by approximately 33 %. These reductions were affected only by actions that concern the building envelope.

We are coming to realize that there is an urgent need to reduce energy usage in buildings and it has to be done in a sustainable way. This thesis focuses on the performance of the building envelope; more precisely thermal performance of walls and super insulation material in the form of vacuum insulation. However, the building envelope is just one part of the whole building system, and super insulators have one major flaw: they are easily adversely affected by other problems in the built environment.  Vacuum Insulation Panels are one fresh addition to the arsenal of insulation materials available to the building industry. They are composite material with a core and an enclosure which, as a composite, can reach thermal conductivities as low as 0.004 W/(mK). However, the exceptional performance relies on the barrier material preventing gas permeation, maintaining a near vacuum into the core and a minimized thermal bridge effect from the wrapping of barrier material round the edge of a panel. A serpentine edge is proposed to decrease the heat loss at the edge. Modeling and testing shows a reduction of 60% if a reasonable serpentine edge is used. A diffusion model of permeation through multilayered barrier films with metallization coatings was developed to predict ultimate service life. The model combines numerical calculations with analytical field theory allowing for more precise determination than current models. The results using the proposed model indicate that it is possible to manufacture panels with lifetimes exceeding 50 years with existing manufacturing. Switching from the component scale to the building scale; an approach of integrated testing and modeling is proposed. Four wall types have been tested in a large range of environments with the aim to assess the hygrothermal nature and significance of thermal bridges and air leakages. The test procedure was also examined as a means for a more representative performance indicator than R-value (in USA). The procedure incorporates specific steps exposing the wall to different climate conditions, ranging from cold and dry to hot and humid, with and without a pressure gradient. This study showed that air infiltration alone might decrease the thermal resistance of a residential wall by 15%, more for industrial walls. Results from the research underpin a discussion concerning the importance of a holistic approach to building design if we are to meet the challenge of energy savings and sustainability. Thermal insulation efficiency is a main concept used throughout, and since it measures utilization it is a partial measure of sustainability. It is therefore proposed as a necessary design parameter in addition to a performance indicator when designing building envelopes. The thermal insulation efficiency ranges from below 50% for a wood stud wall poorly designed with incorporated VIP, while an optimized design with VIP placed in an uninterrupted external layer shows an efficiency of 99%, almost perfect. Thermal insulation efficiency reflects the measured wall performance full scale test, thus indicating efficiency under varied environmental loads: heat, moisture and pressure. The building design must be as a system, integrating all the subsystems together to function in concert. New design methodologies must be created along with new, more reliable and comprehensive measuring, testing and integrating procedures. New super insulators are capable of reducing energy usage below zero energy in buildings. It would be a shame to waste them by not taking care of the rest of the system. This thesis details the steps that went into this study and shows how this can be done. / QC 20120228

Theoretical part of Diploma thesis deals with issues about thermal bridges and thermal connections in building structures. The Calculating part focused on the family houses with a low heat use. The results of this part are energy and financial evaluations of family house. The last part deals with the using of computer technology in engineering practice. These chapters devote about computer modeling an assembly details of passive house and family house after reconstruction (the dates of family house after reconstruction are compared with the results from experimental measurements). The last section of this Diploma thesis solves dynamic modelling of particular passive house in simulation program called Trnsys.

The aim of this diploma thesis is trying to solve difficulties connected with administrative buildings. In this thesis we are talking about possibility that administrative building can have low energy footprint. Most of energy consumption of administrative building is not created by heating but mostly by cooling and by consumption of office equipment. That is why there have been used modern equipment of the building as well as automatic control of building equipment.