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Philipp Hoffmann Untersuchung zur Fixierung von Knorpelgewebe mittels laserinduzierter Koagulation Aus der Chirurgischen Tierklinik der Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät der Universität Leipzig, angefertigt im Forschungszentrum für Medizintechnik und Biotechnologie GmbH, Bad Langensalza Eingereicht im Januar 2012 97 Seiten, 59 Abbildungen, 9 Tabellen, 318 Literaturangaben 10 Seiten Anhang Schlüsselwörter: Laser, Löten, Knorpelgewebe, Zugfestigkeit, thermische Schäden Gelenkerkrankungen zählen zu den häufigsten Ursachen von Bewegungseinschränkungen in der Human- und Veterinärmedizin. Neben der konservativen Therapie gibt es zahlreiche chirurgische Therapieansätze, unter denen die verschiedenen Verfahren der autologen Chondrozytenimplantation (ACI) vermehrt in den Fokus gerückt sind. Als unbefriedigend stellt sich aktuell die Fixierung der Implantate bzw. Transplantate dar. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, zunächst in vitro, unter Nutzung von Gelenkknorpelgewebe aus Kadavermaterial (Schwein, Rind), ein Verfahren einzuarbeiten, mit dem es möglich ist, durch laserinduzierte Koagulation eines Lötmittels eine Verbindung zwischen zwei Knorpelfragmenten bei einer möglichst geringen Gewebeschädigung herzustellen. Als Lötmittel war ein geeignetes Chromophoren-Protein-Gemisch (CPG) herzustellen, welches so auf die Wellenlänge des zur Verfügung stehenden Lasers angepasst wurde, dass die Herstellung von Lötverbindungen möglich war. Die mechanische Festigkeit der Lötverbindungen wurde in verschiedenen Studien zur Optimierung der Lötmittelzusammensetzung und der Lasereinstellungen durch die Bestimmung der Zugkraft geprüft. Ebenso wurden Untersuchungen zum Auftreten thermischer Schäden am Gewebe durch das lasergestützte Löten vorgenommen. Ausgehend von der Untersuchung der Absorptionseigenschaften verschiedener Chromophore und Proteine wurden verschiedene, auf die Wellenlänge des Lasers (810 nm Diodenlaser) abgestimmte, CPG unter Verwendung des Farbstoffes Indocyaningrün (ICG), welcher in dem in der Humanmedizin zugelassenen Diagnostikum ICG-Pulsion® (PULSION Medical Systems AG, München) enthalten ist, und bovinem Serumalbumin (BSA) hergestellt. Knorpelgewebe absorbiert die Strahlung des Diodenlasers (810 nm) kaum (μa ≈ 0 bis 0,02 cm-1). Das Lötmittel (ICG + BSA), dessen Absorptionsmaximum mit 790 nm nah an der Emissionswellenlänge des Lasers liegt, absorbiert hingegen in diesem Wellenlängenbereich gut. Dadurch kann eine direkte Schädigung des Knorpelgewebes durch die Absorption der Laserstrahlung vermieden werden. In den Studien wurden drei Lötmittel mit unterschiedlichen Anteilen an ICG (1 %, 0,25 % und 0,025 %) bei einem BSA-Gehalt von 60 % verwendet. Die Lötmittel mit 0,025 % und 0,25 % ICG wurden zur Prüfung der Zugfestigkeit der gelöteten Verbindung in Abhängigkeit von der Leistungsdichte und der Expositionszeit untersucht. Das Lötmittel mit 0,025 % ICG wurde in den Untersuchungen zur Abhängigkeit der Zugfestigkeit von der Tierspezies, der Entnahmestelle des Knorpelgewebes und der Lötmitteldicke genutzt. Einflüsse der Lagerung des Lötmittels und der Anzahl an Lötmittelpunkten auf die Zugfestigkeit wurden mit dem Lötmittel mit 0,25 % ICG untersucht. Zusätzlich war zu prüfen ob durch ein Knorpelgewebefragment hindurch das CPG zu koagulieren ist. Zur Untersuchung thermisch bedingter Schäden wurden zum einen Temperaturmessungen an der Oberfläche des Knorpelgewebes, im Bereich des Lötmittels und in verschiedenen Tiefen unterhalb des Lötmittels durchgeführt. Zum anderen erfolgten histologische Untersuchungen der Knorpelgewebeproben nach Laseranwendung. Es ist möglich, mittels laserinduzierter Koagulation eines CPG eine Verbindung von Knorpelgewebe vom Schwein und Rind herzustellen. Mit Steigerung der Leistungsdichte und Verlängerung der Expositionszeit kommt es zur Erhöhung der Zugfestigkeit. Die Zugfestigkeiten waren bei Koagulation des CPG durch das Knorpelfragment hindurch niedriger als die Zugfestigkeiten mit aufgelegtem Lötmittel. Unter Laseranwendung kommt es zu einem steilen Ansteigen der Temperatur im Lötmittel bis zum Erreichen einer Höchsttemperatur. Die Steilheit des Temperaturanstieges und die sich einstellenden Temperaturen nehmen mit Erhöhung des im Lötmittel enthaltenen ICG-Gehaltes und der am Laser eingestellten Leistung zu. Die Temperaturerhöhung ist jedoch weitgehend auf das Lötmittel und dessen Randbereiche begrenzt. Die histologischen Untersuchungen verdeutlichten, dass die Laserbestrahlung von Knorpelgewebe mittels Diodenlaser (810 nm) nur eine sehr geringe Schädigung verursacht. Unter Verwendung eines Lötmittels kommt es durch die vom Lötmittel absorbierte Energie zu Schäden am umliegenden Knorpelgewebe. Diese Schädigung ist auf Randbereiche des Lötmittels begrenzt und nimmt mit steigender Leistung und Expositionszeit zu. Bei einer Leistungsdichte von (5,09 W/cm2) konnte eine Verbindung zwischen zwei Knorpelfragmenten erzielt werden, die bei einer Zugkraft von 13,3 N/cm2 nachgibt und bei der die Schädigungen des Knorpelgewebes minimal sind. Die vorliegenden Untersuchungen haben gezeigt, dass es möglich ist, Knorpelfragmente mittels laserinduzierter Koagulation eines CPGs miteinander zu fixieren. / Philipp Hoffmann Investigation for the fixation of articular cartilage tissue using laser-induced coagulation From the Large Animal Clinic for Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, prepared at Research Centre of Medical Technology and Biotechnology GmbH, Bad Langensalza Submitted in January 2012 97 Pages, 59 figures, 9 tables, 318 references, 10 pages appendices Keywords: laser, soldering, cartilage tissue, tensile strength, thermal damage Joint diseases are among the most common causes of restricted movement of patients in the human and veterinary medicine. In addition to the conservative therapy, there are numerous surgical therapies, under which the various methods of autologous chondrocyteimplantation, have moved increasingly into the focus of scientific and clinical interest. As problematic and unsatisfactory is currently the fixation of the implants. The aim of this study was, first in vitro, taking advantage of articular cartilage tissue from cadaver material (pig, cattle) to incorporate a process by which it is possible to produce by laser-induced coagulation of solder a connection between two cartilage fragments with the smallest possible tissue damage. As solder was a suitable chromophore-protein-mixture (CPG) to establish which it was adapted to the wavelength of the laser is available, that the production of solder joints was possible. The mechanical strength of solder joints has been examined in several studies to optimize the laser settings and the solder ingredients by determining the tensile strength. Likewise, studies on the occurrence of thermal damage to the tissues were made by the laser-assisted soldering. Based on the study of the absorption properties of various chromophores and proteins the wavelength of the laser (810 nm diode laser) was tuned, and different CPG using the dye indocyanine green (ICG), which is within the acceptable in human medicine ICG-Pulsion ® (Pulsion Medical Systems AG, Munich) is included, and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were prepared. Articular cartilage tissue absorbs the radiation of the diode laser (810 nm) hardly (uA ≈ 0 to 0.02 cm–1). The solder (ICG + BSA), whose absorption maximum at 790 nm is close to the emission wavelength of the laser is absorbed. This can be avoided direct damage to the cartilage tissue through the absorption of laser radiation. In the studies, three solders were used with different proportions of ICG (1 %, 0.25 % and 0.025 %) at a content of 60 % BSA. The solder with 0.025 % and 0.25 % ICG were studied to test the tensile strength of the soldered connection as a function of power density and exposure time. The solder containing 0.025 % ICG was used in the investigations of the dependence of tensile strength of the animal species, the donor site of the cartilage and the solder thickness. Influences of storage the solder and the number of solder dots on the tensile strength were investigated with the solder with 0.25 % ICG. In addition it was to examine if it is possible to coagulate the CPG through an articular cartilage fragment. To investigate thermally induced damage to temperature measurements were performed on the surface of the cartilage tissue in the area of the solder and at various depths below the solder. Secondly, histological examinations were made of the articular cartilage after laser application. It is possible to produce by laser-induced coagulation of a CPG an articular cartilage bonding of pig and cattle. With increasing power density and lengthening the exposure time leads to the increase in tensile strength. The tensile strengths were measured with coagulation of the CPG passed through the cartilage fragment is lower than the tensile strengths with applied solder. Under laser application leads to a steep rise in temperature in the solder to reach a maximum temperature. The rate of temperature rise increases with increasing the solder contained in ICG content and on the laser power set. The temperature rise is limited largely to the solder and its peripheral areas. The histological examinations showed that the laser irradiation of cartilage tissue using diode laser (810 nm) only a very little damage caused. Using a solder it comes through the energy absorbed by the solder and damage to the surrounding articular cartilage tissue. This damage is limited to border areas and the flux increases with increasing power and exposure time. At a power density of (5.09 W/cm2) was a connection between two cartilage fragments are obtained, which yields at a tensile force of 13.3 N/cm2 and where the damage to the cartilage tissue is minimal. The present studies have shown that it is possible cartilage fragments by laser-inducedcoagulation of a CPG to fix each other.

Duplex stainless steels have a microstructure that consists of almost equal shares of austenite and ferrite, which leads to excellent material properties. During production and processing, the steel can be exposed to high temperatures which leads to the development of a third (sigma) phase, and thus to a change in material properties. The objective of this research is to assess the material damage in thermally degraded 2205 duplex stainless steel using nonlinear ultrasonics (NLU). Seven 2205 duplex stainless steel specimens are thermally degraded at 700 C for a series of different time durations. Nonlinear Ultrasonic measurements are conducted in a pitch-catch setup to avoid any adverse nonlinear influences of reflections and wave interference. The material nonlinearity parameter, beta, is then obtained by directly applying the fast Fourier Transform (FFT) to the measured time-domain signal. The results show that the nonlinearity parameter beta increases to a peak at 30 minutes aging time, then droppes to a low at 360 minutes and then increases again for increasing thermal damage. This demonstrates that the nonlinearity parameter has the potential to be used as a quantitative tool to estimate thermal damage in a specimen.

This research investigates second harmonic generation in Rayleigh surface waves propagating in 9%Cr ferritic martensitic steel. Previous experimental results show that the nonlinearity parameter is sensitive to certain changes in a material's properties such as thermal embrittlement and hardness changes. Therefore, the nonlinearity parameter can be used as an indicator of thermal damage due to changes in dislocation density and precipitations. The specimens are isothermally aged for different holding times to create progressive changes in the microstructure and obtain different levels of thermal aging damage. As aging progresses the dislocation density decreases and precipitations are formed; these microstructural evolutions lead to changes in the nonlinearity parameter β. Nonlinear ultrasonic experiments are conducted for each specimen using a wedge transducer for generation and an air-coupled transducer for detection of Rayleigh surface waves. The amplitudes of the first and second order harmonics are measured at different propagation distances, and these amplitudes are used to obtain the relative nonlinearity parameter for each specimen at different aging stages. Conclusions about microstructural changes are drawn based on the nonlinear Rayleigh surface wave measurement and complementary measurements including scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Rockwell HRC hardness. The results indicate that the nonlinearity parameter is very sensitive to the dislocation density and precipitate formation, and thus can be used to track the microstructural change in this material during the process of thermal aging.

Submitted by FELIPE APARECIDO ALEXANDRE null (felipeapalexandre@hotmail.com) on 2018-02-16T11:26:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Felipe_Qualificação (11) _Final.pdf: 5928771 bytes, checksum: 0ce0605e4ba1d5f813dc040262d8115f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Marlene Zaniboni null (zaniboni@bauru.unesp.br) on 2018-02-16T18:33:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 alexandre_fa_me_bauru.pdf: 5928771 bytes, checksum: 0ce0605e4ba1d5f813dc040262d8115f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-16T18:33:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 alexandre_fa_me_bauru.pdf: 5928771 bytes, checksum: 0ce0605e4ba1d5f813dc040262d8115f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-01-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Os processos de usinagem são de extrema importância para a fabricação de peças mecânicas, muitas das quais exigem alta precisão dimensional e geométrica. A retificação, dentro dos pro-cessos de usinagem, é um processo de acabamento amplamente utilizado na indústria sendo uma das últimas fases na cadeia de usinagem. Devido à sua posição na cadeia de usinagem, é essencial que o processo de retificação seja controlado, visando a detecção e até mesmo a pre-venção de falhas, pois a peça neste estágio possui alto valor agregado. O fenômeno de queima é uma das piores falhas que pode ocorrer na retificação de aços. Desta forma, um sistema de monitoramento capaz de identificar a ocorrência deste fenômeno, além de detectar o momento do início do mesmo, é de grande importância. Nesse contexto, esse trabalho propõe um método para detecção do fenômeno de queima e o momento de sua ocorrência no processo de retifica-ção de aços ABNT 1045 e VC131 com rebolo de óxido de alumínio. Para tal, um acelerômetro foi fixado no suporte das peças e um sensor de potência foi instalado no sistema. Ambos sinais foram amostrados por um osciloscópio a uma taxa de 2 MHz. Técnicas de processamento digital de sinais, tais como a transformada rápida de Fourier (Fast Fourier Transform - FFT), trans-formada de Fourier de tempo-curto (Short Time Fourier Transform -STFT), densidade espectral de potência – (Power Density Spectral - PSD) e índices de danos (RMSD e CCDM) foram aplicadas. Para melhor fundamentar o estudo, testes de dureza, inspeção visual e metalografia foram executados. Os resultados mostram que o método é confiável no que tange a identificação do fenômeno de queima, ou seja, se houve ou não queima na superfície da peça. Em relação a identificação do momento que se inicia a queima na superfície da peça, o método apresenta melhores resultados para o aço ABNT 1045. Assim, estudos complementares devem ser efetu-ados em trabalhos futuros para que o método possa ser estendido para outros materiais com maior acurácia. / The machining processes are of extreme importance for the manufacture of mechanical parts, many of which require high dimensional and geometric precision. Grinding, within the machin-ing processes, is a finishing process widely used in the industry and it is generally the last stage of manufacture chain. Thus, it is essential to control the grinding process, aiming at the detec-tion and even the prevention of failures, since the part in this stage has high added value. The grinding burn is one of the worst failures that can occur in the grinding of steels. In this way, a monitoring system capable of identifying the occurrence of the workpiece burn in addition to detect the onset moment is of great importance. This work proposes a method to detect the workpiece burn and the moment at which it has occurred in grinding of steels SAE 1045 and VC131 with aluminum oxide grinding wheel. An accelerometer was attached to the parts holder and a power sensor was installed in the system. Both signals were acquired by an oscilloscope at a rate of 2 MHz. Digital signal processing techniques such as Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT), Power Density Spectral (PSD) and damage indices (RMSD – root mean square deviation and CCDM – correlation coefficient deviation metric) were applied. To better support the study, hardness tests, visual inspection and metallography were performed. The results show that the method is reliable to identify the burning phenome-non, that is, whether there was grinding burn on the workpiece surface. Regarding the identifi-cation of the grinding burn onset, the method presented better results for the ABNT 1045 steel. Thus, complementary studies should be carried out in future works so that the method can be extended to other materials with greater accuracy.

Trens de pouso de aeronaves podem vir a apresentar defeitos induzidos termicamente devido a condições severas que podem ocorrer durante pousos e inspeções rotineiras em que são submetidos periodicamente. A microestrutura resultante das regiões que compreendem os defeitos pode comprometer o bom desempenho em fadiga do componente devido a alteração das propriedades mecânicas envolvidas. Sua detecção no cenário atual atualmente faz-se de maneira dispendiosa em tempo e custo, sendo executada invasivamente através da remoção da camada de cromo presente, seguida da imersão do componente em tanques contendo o reagente químico de nital, que irá revelar possíveis queimas no substrato. Posteriormente, se o componente apresentar danos, estes são reparados e então a eletrodeposição de cromo novamente é realizada e o componente é posto em uso. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar uma metodologia de inspeção micromagnética não destrutiva para a detecção de danos térmicos, baseada em norma interna da BOEING. Estas técnicas são baseadas na aplicação de um campo magnético no material a ser inspecionado, o qual irá interagir e revelar as características microestruturais presentes, sem a remoção do cromo, tornando possível uma inspeção confiável, rápida e de baixo valor. Aqui será apresentado como foi desenvolvido um padrão para servir de gabarito a futuras inspeções, além de melhorias sugeridas à norma da BOEING para um melhor aproveitamento da técnica nesta aplicação específica. A metodologia empregada utilizou de uma chapa de aço 300M que sofreu processos de tratamento térmico e shot-peening, posteriormente submetida a danos térmicos impostos através de laser de CO2 de baixa potência, e parcialmente revestida com cromo duro. As regiões danificadas foram avaliadas micromagneticamente através da imposição de um campo magnético alternado sob diferentes frequências de excitação, através de um equipamento comercial disponível no laboratório, e a influência do revestimento de cromo foi estudada. Os resultados apresentaram elevada sensibilidade da técnica na avaliação de danos térmicos na presença e ausência de cromo na superfície, porém para o sensor utilizado neste estudo, há uma limitação quanto a espessura da camada de cromo existente. / The landing gear of aircrafts may present thermally induced defects due to the severe conditions that can occur during landings and also during the routine inspections to which they are submitted periodically. The microstructure resulting from the regions comprising the defect may impair the proper fatigue performance of the component due to the change of the mechanical properties involved. Its detection, in the current scenario, is expensive time and costwise, being executed invasively by removing the existing layer of chromium followed by immersion of the component in tanks containing the chemical reagent Nital, which will show possible burnings on the substrate. Subsequently, if the component presents damages, they are repaired and then the re-chrome plating on the component is carried out and it is put to use. The aim of this dissertation is to present a non-destructive, micromagnetic inspection methodology, for the detection of thermal damage, based on BOEING internal standards. These techniques are based on applying a magnetic field in the material to be inspected, which will interact and disclose the microstructural characteristics of the part without removal of the microstructural characteristics of the part without removal of the chrome, making possible a reliable, fast and low cost inspection. Here it will be presented how a standard was developed to serve as a norm for future inspections, and suggested improvements to BOEING's rule for a better use of the technique in this specific application. The methodology employed used a steel plate to 300M which had undergone heat treatment processes and shot-peening and thereafter subjected to thermal damage imposed through low power CO2 laser , and partially coated with hard chrome. The damaged regions were evaluated micromagnetically through the imposition of an alternating magnetic field under different excitation frequencies, through a commercially available equipment in the laboratory, and the influence of chromium coating was studied. The results showed high sensitivity of the technique to assess thermal damage in the presence and absence of chromium on the surface, but for the sensor used in this study, there is a limit on the thickness of the existing chromium.

Trens de pouso de aeronaves podem vir a apresentar defeitos induzidos termicamente devido a condições severas que podem ocorrer durante pousos e inspeções rotineiras em que são submetidos periodicamente. A microestrutura resultante das regiões que compreendem os defeitos pode comprometer o bom desempenho em fadiga do componente devido a alteração das propriedades mecânicas envolvidas. Sua detecção no cenário atual atualmente faz-se de maneira dispendiosa em tempo e custo, sendo executada invasivamente através da remoção da camada de cromo presente, seguida da imersão do componente em tanques contendo o reagente químico de nital, que irá revelar possíveis queimas no substrato. Posteriormente, se o componente apresentar danos, estes são reparados e então a eletrodeposição de cromo novamente é realizada e o componente é posto em uso. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar uma metodologia de inspeção micromagnética não destrutiva para a detecção de danos térmicos, baseada em norma interna da BOEING. Estas técnicas são baseadas na aplicação de um campo magnético no material a ser inspecionado, o qual irá interagir e revelar as características microestruturais presentes, sem a remoção do cromo, tornando possível uma inspeção confiável, rápida e de baixo valor. Aqui será apresentado como foi desenvolvido um padrão para servir de gabarito a futuras inspeções, além de melhorias sugeridas à norma da BOEING para um melhor aproveitamento da técnica nesta aplicação específica. A metodologia empregada utilizou de uma chapa de aço 300M que sofreu processos de tratamento térmico e shot-peening, posteriormente submetida a danos térmicos impostos através de laser de CO2 de baixa potência, e parcialmente revestida com cromo duro. As regiões danificadas foram avaliadas micromagneticamente através da imposição de um campo magnético alternado sob diferentes frequências de excitação, através de um equipamento comercial disponível no laboratório, e a influência do revestimento de cromo foi estudada. Os resultados apresentaram elevada sensibilidade da técnica na avaliação de danos térmicos na presença e ausência de cromo na superfície, porém para o sensor utilizado neste estudo, há uma limitação quanto a espessura da camada de cromo existente. / The landing gear of aircrafts may present thermally induced defects due to the severe conditions that can occur during landings and also during the routine inspections to which they are submitted periodically. The microstructure resulting from the regions comprising the defect may impair the proper fatigue performance of the component due to the change of the mechanical properties involved. Its detection, in the current scenario, is expensive time and costwise, being executed invasively by removing the existing layer of chromium followed by immersion of the component in tanks containing the chemical reagent Nital, which will show possible burnings on the substrate. Subsequently, if the component presents damages, they are repaired and then the re-chrome plating on the component is carried out and it is put to use. The aim of this dissertation is to present a non-destructive, micromagnetic inspection methodology, for the detection of thermal damage, based on BOEING internal standards. These techniques are based on applying a magnetic field in the material to be inspected, which will interact and disclose the microstructural characteristics of the part without removal of the microstructural characteristics of the part without removal of the chrome, making possible a reliable, fast and low cost inspection. Here it will be presented how a standard was developed to serve as a norm for future inspections, and suggested improvements to BOEING's rule for a better use of the technique in this specific application. The methodology employed used a steel plate to 300M which had undergone heat treatment processes and shot-peening and thereafter subjected to thermal damage imposed through low power CO2 laser , and partially coated with hard chrome. The damaged regions were evaluated micromagnetically through the imposition of an alternating magnetic field under different excitation frequencies, through a commercially available equipment in the laboratory, and the influence of chromium coating was studied. The results showed high sensitivity of the technique to assess thermal damage in the presence and absence of chromium on the surface, but for the sensor used in this study, there is a limit on the thickness of the existing chromium.

Trens de pouso de aeronaves podem vir a apresentar defeitos induzidos termicamente devido a condições severas que podem ocorrer durante pousos e inspeções rotineiras em que são submetidos periodicamente. A microestrutura resultante das regiões que compreendem os defeitos pode comprometer o bom desempenho em fadiga do componente devido a alteração das propriedades mecânicas envolvidas. Sua detecção no cenário atual atualmente faz-se de maneira dispendiosa em tempo e custo, sendo executada invasivamente através da remoção da camada de cromo presente, seguida da imersão do componente em tanques contendo o reagente químico de nital, que irá revelar possíveis queimas no substrato. Posteriormente, se o componente apresentar danos, estes são reparados e então a eletrodeposição de cromo novamente é realizada e o componente é posto em uso. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar uma metodologia de inspeção micromagnética não destrutiva para a detecção de danos térmicos, baseada em norma interna da BOEING. Estas técnicas são baseadas na aplicação de um campo magnético no material a ser inspecionado, o qual irá interagir e revelar as características microestruturais presentes, sem a remoção do cromo, tornando possível uma inspeção confiável, rápida e de baixo valor. Aqui será apresentado como foi desenvolvido um padrão para servir de gabarito a futuras inspeções, além de melhorias sugeridas à norma da BOEING para um melhor aproveitamento da técnica nesta aplicação específica. A metodologia empregada utilizou de uma chapa de aço 300M que sofreu processos de tratamento térmico e shot-peening, posteriormente submetida a danos térmicos impostos através de laser de CO2 de baixa potência, e parcialmente revestida com cromo duro. As regiões danificadas foram avaliadas micromagneticamente através da imposição de um campo magnético alternado sob diferentes frequências de excitação, através de um equipamento comercial disponível no laboratório, e a influência do revestimento de cromo foi estudada. Os resultados apresentaram elevada sensibilidade da técnica na avaliação de danos térmicos na presença e ausência de cromo na superfície, porém para o sensor utilizado neste estudo, há uma limitação quanto a espessura da camada de cromo existente. / The landing gear of aircrafts may present thermally induced defects due to the severe conditions that can occur during landings and also during the routine inspections to which they are submitted periodically. The microstructure resulting from the regions comprising the defect may impair the proper fatigue performance of the component due to the change of the mechanical properties involved. Its detection, in the current scenario, is expensive time and costwise, being executed invasively by removing the existing layer of chromium followed by immersion of the component in tanks containing the chemical reagent Nital, which will show possible burnings on the substrate. Subsequently, if the component presents damages, they are repaired and then the re-chrome plating on the component is carried out and it is put to use. The aim of this dissertation is to present a non-destructive, micromagnetic inspection methodology, for the detection of thermal damage, based on BOEING internal standards. These techniques are based on applying a magnetic field in the material to be inspected, which will interact and disclose the microstructural characteristics of the part without removal of the microstructural characteristics of the part without removal of the chrome, making possible a reliable, fast and low cost inspection. Here it will be presented how a standard was developed to serve as a norm for future inspections, and suggested improvements to BOEING's rule for a better use of the technique in this specific application. The methodology employed used a steel plate to 300M which had undergone heat treatment processes and shot-peening and thereafter subjected to thermal damage imposed through low power CO2 laser , and partially coated with hard chrome. The damaged regions were evaluated micromagnetically through the imposition of an alternating magnetic field under different excitation frequencies, through a commercially available equipment in the laboratory, and the influence of chromium coating was studied. The results showed high sensitivity of the technique to assess thermal damage in the presence and absence of chromium on the surface, but for the sensor used in this study, there is a limit on the thickness of the existing chromium.

Information on the sensitivity of explosives is highly valuable, and the short time scales in which chemical reactions occur in explosives, along with the ability of microstructure to have significant effects on sensitivity, often make this information difficult and expensive to acquire and interpret. Significant changes in impact and shock sensitivity are expected as a result of inducing structural damage in an explosive sample, and thermally damaged HMX-based samples can incur a solid-solid phase transition from beta to delta with non-extreme thermal inputs. Changes in sensitivity due to this phase transition, as well as the simultaneously induced damage, and their relative influence on sensitivity, are of interest to determine experimentally. <div><br></div><div>Drop-weight impact tests are a commonly used measure of explosive impact sensitivity. Often, simply the L50 of a given material is reported and compared with that of other materials to give a sense of its impact sensitivity. The practice of reporting the impact sensitivity as a single number, the L50, is likely inadequate. It is important to additionally report a measure of the spread of the distribution of reaction probabilities in order to assess the hazard of reaction in situations that may induce a stimulus level well below the L50 of a material. Additionally, multiple distribution forms have been suggested previously for fitting of binary sensitivity data; these distributions typically deviate from each other most near the tails (low and high stimulus levels). The consequences of choosing one distribution form over another in the analysis of explosive drop-weight impact results is explored.<br></div><div><br></div><div>Changes in impact sensitivity due to phase change have received some previous exploration, though the phase change influence is generally conflated with the induced damage upon said phase transition; however, sensitivity changes in the shock regime due to beta to delta-phase change have received little attention. Work is shown which includes methods to isolate variables of HMX phase transition and damage typically incurred upon said phase transition.<br></div>

Nondestructive evaluation techniques were employed to fully characterize three 2.3L camshafts tested in an engine simulator for an equivalent of 100,000 miles. Optical microscopy, acoustic microscopy (SAM), and profilometry were used to characterize wear and fatigue, crack depth, and surface roughness, respectively. Results show cracking to occur mainly in the opening ramp of the most abusively ground cam lobes. No clear evidence was found for subsurface cracking at depths as great as 200 μm from the lobe's surface. Profilometry results show no evidence of any major tribological effect due to the sliding friction of the follower. Fractography studies show a difference between fracture surfaces among the cracks examined; straight cracks exhibit features resembling fatigue propagation, while fracture surfaces from pitted cracks show a more brittle behavior. Small grinding cracks (approximately 300 μm in length) were found in the opening ramps of the most abusively ground lobes prior to testing. Knoop and Nanoindenter microhardness indicate a near-surface rehardening for the most abusively ground lobe (confirmed by metallography), and temper burn for the remaining lobes. X-ray residual stress results made in the opening ramp of the tested lobes show evidence of residual stress relaxation. X-ray line width data as a function of depth does not correlate with residual stress. / Master of Science