The arctic region is undergoing the most rapid environmental change experienced on Earth, and the rate of change is expected to increase over the coming decades. Arctic coasts are particularly vulnerable because they lie at the interface between terrestrial systems dominated by permafrost and marine systems dominated by sea ice. An increased rise in sea level and degradation of sea-ice as predicted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in its most recent report and as observed recently in the Arctic will likely result in greater rates of coastal retreat. An increase in coastal erosion would result in dramatic increases in the volume of sediment, organic carbon and contaminants to the Arctic Ocean. These in turn have the potential to create dramatic changes in the geochemistry and biodiversity of the nearshore zone and affect the Arctic Ocean carbon cycle. To calculate estimates of organic carbon input from coastal erosion to the Arctic Ocean, current methods rely on the length of the coastline in the form of non self-similar line datasets. This thesis however emphasizes that using shorelines drawn at different scales can induce changes in the amount of sediment released by 30% in some cases. It proposes a substitute method of computations of erosion based on areas instead of lengths (i.e. buffers instead of shoreline lengths) which can be easily implemented at the circum-Arctic scale. Using this method, variations in quantities of eroded sediment are, on average, 70% less affected by scale changes and are therefore a more reliable method of calculation. Current estimates of coastal erosion rates in the Arctic are scarce and long-term datasets are a handful, which complicates assessment and prognosis of coastal processes, in particular the occurrence of coastal hazards. This thesis aims at filling the gap by providing the first long-term dataset (1951-2006) of coastal erosion on the Bykovsky Peninsula, North-East Siberia. This study shows that the coastline, which is made of ice-rich permafrost, retreated at a mean annual rate of 0.59 m/yr between 1951and 2006. Rates were highly variable: 97.0 % of the rates observed were less than 2 m/yr and 81.6% were less than 1m/yr. However, no significant trend in erosion could be recorded despite the study of five temporal subperiods within 1951-2006. The juxtaposition of wind records could not help to explain erosion records either and this thesis emphasizes the local controls on erosion, in particular the cryostratigraphy, the proximity of the Peninsula to the Lena River Delta freshwater plume and the local topographical constraints on swell development. On ice-rich coastal stretches of the Artic, the interaction of coastal dynamics and permafrost leads to the occurrence of spectacular “C-shaped” depressions termed retrogressive thaw slumps which can reach lengths of up to 650 m. On Herschel Island and at King Point (Yukon Coastal Plain, northern Canada), topographical, sedimentological and biogeochemical surveys were conducted to investigate the present and past activity of these landforms. In particular, undisturbed tundra areas were compared with zones of former slump activity, now stabilized and re-vegetated. This thesis shows that stabilized areas are drier and less prone to plant growth than undisturbed areas and feature fundamentally different geotechnical properties. Radiocarbon dating and topographical surveys indicated until up to 300 BP a likely period of dramatic slump activity on Herschel Island, similar to the one currently observed, which led to the creation of these surfaces. This thesis hypothesizes the occurrence of a ~250 years cycle of slump activity on the Herschel Island shoreline based on the surveyed topography and cryostratigraphy and anticipates higher frequency of slump activity in the future. The variety of processes described in this thesis highlights the changing nature of the intensity and frequency of physical processes acting upon the arctic coast. It also challenges current perceptions of the threats to existing industry and community infrastructure in the Arctic. The increasing presence of humans on Artic coasts coupled with the expected development of shipping will drive an increase in economical and industrial activity on these coasts which remains to be addressed scientifically. / In der Arktis sind die derzeit stärksten Umweltänderungen weltweit zu beobachten, und es wird angenommen, dass sich deren Ausmaß sogar noch verstärken wird. Aufgrund ihrer Lage zwischen terrestrischen, von Permafrost geprägten Systemen und marinen, von Meereis geprägten Systemen, sind arktische Küstenregionen im Zuge dieses Wandels besonders sensibel. Ein verstärkter Meeresspiegelanstieg und der Rückgang des Meereises, wie vom letzten Bericht des Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) vorhergesagt und in letzter Zeit in der Arktis beobachtet, werden zu erhöhten Küstenrückzugsraten führen. Ein Anstieg der Küstenerosion würde zu einer drastischen Erhöhung von Sedimentfracht, organischem Kohlenstoff und von Schadstoffen im Arktischen Ozean führen. Durch diese wiederum drohen dramatische Änderungen in der Geochemie und Biodiversität der küstennahen Zone sowie Veränderungen im Kohlenstoffkreislauf des Arktischen Ozeans. Modelle zur Berechnung des Eintrags organischen Kohlenstoffs in den Arktischen Ozean infolge von Küstenerosion basieren auf der Länge der Küstenlinie in Form von „non self-similar“ Datensätzen. Die vorliegende Arbeit zeigt jedoch, dass die Nutzung von Küstenlinien unterschiedlicher Maßstäbe Abweichungen in der berechneten Sedimentfracht von bis zu 30 % zur Folge haben kann. Es wird daher eine alternative Methode zur Berechnung von Erosionsraten vorgeschlagen, die auf Flächen, nicht auf Längenangaben basiert (z.B. Pufferzonen anstelle von Küstenlinien) und die auf einfache Art und Weise für die Zirkum-Arktis angewandt werden kann. Durch diese Methode ist die Variation der berechneten Erosionsmengen um durchschnittlich 70 % weniger von Maßstabsänderungen betroffen. Damit kann eine deutlich höhere Zuverlässigkeit in den Prognosen erreicht werden. Aktuelle Abschätzungen von Küstenerosionsraten in der Arktis sind spärlich und es gibt nur sehr wenige Langzeitdatensätze, so dass Einschätzungen und Prognosen zu Prozessen im Küstenbereich, insbesondere von dessen Gefährdung, schwierig sind. Die vorliegende Arbeit soll dazu beigetragen, diese Lücke zu schließen, indem der erste Langzeitdatensatz (1951-2006) zu Küstenerosionsraten auf der Bykovsky Halbinsel in Nordost-Sibirien bereitgestellt wird. Die Arbeit zeigt, dass die Küstenlinie auf der Bykovsky Halbinsel, die durch eisreichen Permafrost geprägt ist, im Zeitraum 1951-2006 um durchschnittlich 0,59 m pro Jahr zurückging. Die Rückzugsraten waren dabei äußerst variabel: 97 % aller ermittelten Raten betrugen weniger als 2 m und 81,6 % weniger als 1 m pro Jahr. Ein signifikanter Trend in den Erosionsraten konnte dabei jedoch trotz Analyse von fünf verschiedenen zeitlichen Epochen nicht festgestellt werden. Auch die Gegenüberstellung von Winddatensätzen kann die Erosionsraten nicht erklären. Deshalb stellt diese Arbeit die Bedeutung lokaler Kontrollmechanismen wie Kryostratigraphie, die Nähe der Bykovsky Halbinsel zum Lena-Delta und seinen Süßwasservorkommen sowie die lokale Topographie und deren Einfluss auf Wellengang und Wellenbildung heraus. Innerhalb eisreicher arktischer Küstenabschnitte führt die Interaktion zwischen Küstendynamik und Permafrost zur Ausprägung eindrucksvoller, „C-förmiger“ Depressionen, sogenannten regressiven auftaubedingten Rutschungen, die Längen von bis zu 650 m erreichen können. Auf Herschel Island und am King Point (Yukon Küste, Nordkanada) wurden topographische, sedimentologische und biogeochemische Aufnahmen durchgeführt, um die rezente und vergangene Dynamik dieser Landschaftsformen nachvollziehen zu können. Insbesondere wurden ungestörte Tundrenareale mit ehemals aktiven Rutschungszonen, die heute stabil und wiederbewachsen sind, verglichen. Die vorliegende Arbeit zeigt, dass diese ehemaligen, heute stabilisierten Rutschungszonen trockenere und für Pflanzenwachstum weniger geeignete Standorte darstellen als ungestörte Bereiche und überdies fundamental andere geotechnische Eigenschaften aufweisen. Radiocarbon-Datierungen und topographische Aufnahmen weisen darauf hin, dass es auf Herschel Island und am King Point bis vor 300 Jahren eine Periode ausgeprägter, auftaubedingter Rutschungsaktivitäten ähnlich denen, die derzeit auf der Insel beobachtet werden können, gegeben haben muss, die zur Ausbildung dieser Oberflächenstrukturen geführt haben. Diese Arbeit stellt auf Grundlage der untersuchten Topographie und Kryostratigraphie die Hypothese auf, dass an der Küstenlinie von Herschel Island ein etwa 250-jähriger Zyklus von Rutschungsaktivitäten existiert und antizipiert eine höhere Frequenz im Auftreten dieser Rutschungsaktivitäten für die Zukunft. Die Vielfalt an Faktoren, die in dieser Arbeit beschrieben wurden, hebt die veränderte Intensität und Frequenz der auf arktische Küsten einwirkenden physikalischen Prozesse hervor. Dadurch werden auch aktuelle Auffassungen zur Bedrohung bestehender Industrie und Infrastruktur in der Arktis hinterfragt. Im Zusammenhang mit dem erwarteten Ausbau der Schifffahrt treibt der zunehmende anthropogene Einfluss die ökonomische und industrielle Entwicklung in arktischen Küstenregionen an, die Gegenstand einer wissenschaftlichen Betrachtung sein sollten.

The ongoing climate warming is expected to increase thermokarst activity and their impacts by inducing permafrost degradation and active layer deepening. A retrogressive thaw slump, which represents the most dynamic thermokarst landform, was investigated in the Richardson Mountains-Peel Plateau region. The exposed material at the thaw slump represents an opportunity to characterize the cryostratigraphy of the uppermost 5 m of permafrost. Analyses of the stratigraphy, sedimentology, isotope geochemistry and radiocarbon dating is presented. Six sites were also identified on an elevation-vegetation gradient to provide complementary data on thaw layer thickness. Summer air temperatures, vegetation cover type, mesoscale conditions modifying the snowpack, timing of the snow accumulation and winter air temperature inversions are identified as the main drivers of thaw layer thickness in the region. The physical and chemical parameters of the massive ground ice exposed at the thaw slump are characteristic of buried glacier ice that experienced water infiltration and partial refreezing. The layer between the massive ground ice units and the thaw layer in the thaw slump is identified as a relict thaw layer and represents the period of maximum active layer deepening. It dates to the Holocene thermal maximum, which represents a period of important thermokarst activity that resulted in widespread paleo-thaw unconformities across northwestern Canada. Association of the region’s thaw slump activity with paleoclimatic parameters provide indication that the combination of formerly glaciated continuous permafrost, hummocky rolling moraine terrain, stream-incised relief, and massive ground ice, coupled with major rainfall events, represents a set of condition that is favourable to thaw slump activity.

Rising temperature and precipitation are driving widespread changes in the area of surface water across the Arctic and sub-Arctic. Previous work suggests that broad-scale increases in surface water area are occurring in the zone of continuous permafrost, while decreases are occurring the zone of discontinuous permafrost. However, there are still uncertainties surrounding regional change and fine-scale terrain factors that may mediate the effects of temperature and precipitation. In my MSc research I examine terrain and climatic drivers of change in the area of lakes and ponds across the western Canadian Arctic and Sub-Arctic. In the first part of my thesis I use the Landsat satellite image archive to map change in lake area within the Lower Mackenzie Plain, NWT. I found that overall lake area has largely decreased since 1985, due to the drainage of large lakes. I also found that lakes located in fire scars were more likely to show persistent decreases in area, likely due to interactions with surrounding permafrost conditions. In the second part of my thesis, I used the Global Surface Water dataset developed by the GLAD research group to model changes in total permanent water across the Northwest Territories and the Yukon. I used a Random Forest model to analyze the effects of terrain and climate variables on the direction of change in permanent water. My observations show that surface water area has generally increased, and that the response of surface water to climate change largely depends on regional geology. Increases in permanent water were more likely to occur in wetter regions underlain by bedrock or fine-colluvium while decreases were more likely to occur in warmer regions and areas underlain till blanket. I also used methods developed in the first part of my thesis to compare regional changes in surface water across six distinct study areas. I observed increases in surface water across five of the six study areas and consistent decreases in lake area associated with wildfire. This research shows that changes in surface water are complex and depend on interactions between climate variables and fine-scale terrain factors. My research also demonstrates the importance of wildfire in driving permafrost and lake dynamics. / Graduate

Les mares et lacs de fonte de pergélisol (ou lac de thermokarst) sont désormais parmi les écosystèmes d’eau douce les plus communs en région arctique. Il existe deux types de lac de thermokarst en fonction de la composition du sol dans lequel celui-ci se forme (palse, lithalse). Ces lacs constituent des milieux complexes présentant une activité microbienne élevée qui produit une grande quantité de gaz à effet de serre. D’un point de vue écologique, il est essentiel d’approfondir nos connaissances sur les forces contrôlant cette activité microbienne. En général, les virus participent à divers processus écologiques essentiels notamment en influençant le recyclage des nutriments, les cycles biogéochimiques et la dynamique des populations microbiennes. Par contre, très peu d’études se sont intéressées aux populations virales dans les lacs de fonte. Ainsi, les objectifs principaux de ce projet sont (1) d’établir la diversité virale dans deux types de lacs de thermokarst en visant deux familles de virus en particulier (myovirus, chlorovirus), et (2) d’isoler un cyanophage à partir de ces milieux. Une approche par PCR a permis d’obtenir la composition des assemblages viraux et de conclure que ces derniers variaient en fonction de la distribution de leurs hôtes, qui eux étaient influencés par les paramètres environnementaux. De plus, deux nouveaux cyanophages appartenant à la famille des Myoviridae ont également été isolés d’un lac subarctique et leur génome séquencé. Des analyses génomiques ont démontré la présence de deux gènes auxiliaires métaboliques, suggérant des évènements de transferts horizontaux entre les virus et leur hôte. Bref, cette étude apporte de nouvelles connaissances concernant l’écologie et la biologie des communautés virales en milieu subarctique. / Arctic regions are undergoing rapid changes due to global warming. Permafrost thawing and erosion is accelerating, creating small and shallow lakes, called thermokarst lakes, that are now widespread in Arctic landscapes. Thaw lakes can be classified in two groups depending on the landscape (palsa, lithalsa), and this has a great impact on their limnological properties. These freshwater ecosystems are highly stratified and harbour microbial assemblages that are important contributors of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. In general, the two major groups involved in the top-down control of microbial populations are either grazers or viruses. Here, we focused our study on viral communities, as it is now widely recognized that viruses are key components in all aquatic ecosystems. Although they have a large impact on nutrient cycles and host evolution and dynamics, viruses in high latitudes freshwater ecosystems remain poorly characterized. The aims of this study were: (1) to determine viral diversity in different types of thermokarst lakes by targeting specific families of viruses; and (2) to isolate a cyanophage from a subarctic lake. Using a PCR-based approach followed by high-throughput sequencing, we characterized the viral community composition in contrasting subarctic waterbodies. Comparisons suggested that viral diversity was primarily influenced by landscape type, which affects the host communities. Also, we isolated and sequenced the genome of two novel cyanomyoviruses. Analysis of these genomes revealed the presence of two auxiliary metabolic genes, suggesting horizontal gene transfer events between viruses and hosts. Overall, this study sheds light into the dynamics and the composition of viral communities in high-latitude freshwater environments.

Thèse ou mémoire avec insertion d'articles / Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 12 octobre 2023) / Le pergélisol, le sol gelé pendant au moins deux années consécutives, contient presque deux fois plus de carbone que l'atmosphère. Le réchauffement climatique a suffisamment accéléré son dégel pour mobiliser une quantité considérable de matière organique dissoute (MOD) vers l'hydrosphère, dont les mares font partie. La MOD peut alors être dégradée en divers sous-produits par la radiation solaire. Vers la phase gazeuse, cela implique la production de CO₂, mais également de composés organiques volatils (COVs) qui ont été peu étudiés en zones nordiques. Pourtant, les COVs ont des impacts importants sur la chimie de l'atmosphère. L'objectif principal de ce mémoire est d'identifier les molécules produites vers la phase gazeuse par photochimie et de quantifier leurs flux. Pour y arriver, un montage de photochimie a été construit, testé puis interfacé à deux détecteurs pour des analyses en temps réel : un spectromètre de masse Orbitrap et un spectromètre de masse Vocus. Des mares de thermokarst, formées par le dégel du pergélisol riche en glace, près des villages d'Umiujaq et de Whapmagoostui-Kuujjuarapik, au Nunavik, ont été sélectionnées pour des campagnes d'échantillonnage aux étés 2021 et 2022. Des échantillons de la colonne d'eau et des zones ripariennes ont été prélevés. Les résultats montrent la photo-production rapide de 35 à 59 COVs lorsque les échantillons d'eau contenant de la MOD sont soumis à la radiation. Les résultats suggèrent que la qualité de la MOD est un facteur important qui contrôle la photo-production de COVs. Quantitativement, ces émissions correspondent à des flux nets de carbone entre 1.93 et 9.47 μmol C m⁻² d⁻¹ vers l'atmosphère. Ces valeurs sont petites en comparaison aux flux estimés de CO₂ et de CH₄ qui sont émis par les mares subarctiques. Malgré une contribution négligeable au cycle du carbone arctique, les COVs représentent néanmoins un flux de molécules réactives qui pourraient affecter la chimie atmosphérique. / Permafrost, the soil frozen for a minimum of two consecutive years, stores almost twice the amount of carbon found in the atmosphere. Climate warming has accelerated its thaw to a point where a considerable quantity of dissolved organic matter (DOM) is being mobilized toward the surface where it enters the hydrosphere, like lakes. DOM can be photo-degraded into various products by sunlight. In the gas phase, this includes CO₂ and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are poorly studied in Arctic environments. Yet, they affect the chemistry of the atmosphere. The main objective of this master projet is to identify the VOCs emitted in the gas-phase by photochemistry as well as to quantify their fluxes. To achieve this, a photochemistry set-up has been constructed and tested. Then, it has been interfaced with two detectors for real-time analysis: an Orbitrap mass spectrometer and a Vocus mass spectrometer. Thermokarst ponds, formed by the thawing of ice-rich permafrost, near the villages of Umiujaq and Whapmagoostui-Kuujjuarapik, Nunavik, were selected for field campaigns during summers 2021 and 2022. Samples from the water column and the riparian zones were taken. Results show the rapid photo-production of between 35 and 59 VOCs when dissolved organic matter (DOM) water samples are exposed to radiation. Results show that the quality of DOM is an important factor that controls VOCs photoproduction. In terms of quantification, these emissions correspond to net carbon fluxes between 1.93 et 9.47 μmol C m⁻² d⁻¹ toward the atmosphere. These values are small when compared to estimated fluxes of CO₂ and CH₄ by subarctic ponds. Despite their negligeable contribution to the Arctic carbon cycle, VOCs represent a flux of reactive molecules that could affect the atmospheric chemistry.

Les mares de thermokarst, issues de la fonte du pergélisol, sont très abondantes dans le Nord et émettent des gaz à effet de serre par leur activité biogéochimique intense. Elles contiennent d’abondantes communautés de rotifères dont la diversité et le rôle écologique sont méconnus. Cette étude présente les résultats d’un échantillonnage réalisé dans les mares de thermokarst subarctiques en comparaison avec des plans d’eau sur des bassins rocheux avoisinants. Les analyses ont révélé la présence d’un total de 24 espèces de rotifères. Les rotifères étaient plus abondants dans les mares de thermokarst que dans les bassins rocheux, alors que la diversité n’y était pas différente. Les taux de filtration estimés par des expériences de broutage étaient de moins de 0.05% de la colonne d’eau par jour à l’échelle de la communauté, ce qui implique que les rotifères n’étaient pas limités par la disponibilité de la nourriture dans ces mares. / Thermokarst ponds, which are the result of permafrost thawing and erosion, occur in high abundance throughout the North. These ecosystems play a key role as greenhouse gases emitters due to their intense biogeochemical activity. These ecosystems contain a high abundance of rotifers, but little is known about the diversity and ecological role of these microzooplankton in thermokarst waters. In the present study, sampling was conducted in subarctic thermokarst ponds (Nunavik, Canada), and compared with nearby rock-based lakes. The analyses revealed a total of 24 rotifer species. The abundance of rotifers was higher in thermokarst waters than in the rock-based lakes, while diversity was not significantly different. Grazing experiments gave estimates of total community clearance rates of < 0.05% of the water column per day, implying that picoplankton growth rates would readily keep pace with this grazing pressure, and that rotifer populations are unlikely to be bottom-up limited by food availability.

No description available.

Les lacs de thermokarst (lacs et étangs peu profonds causés par le dégel du pergélisol) ont été identifiés comme des écosystèmes d'eau douce d’une importance capitale étant donné leur grande abondance dans le Nord circumpolaire et leur production intense des gaz à effet de serre. L'objectif de cette étude de doctorat était de caractériser le plancton autotrophe de ce type du lac, en mettant l'accent sur deux groupes écologiques de cyanobactéries (les espèces responsables des floraisons et les espèces picoplanctoniques), et d’évaluer leur sensibilité potentielle aux changements climatiques. Des lacs de thermokarst ont été échantillonnés dans une multitude de paysages dans le Nord du Québec où les effets des changements climatiques sont présentement observés. La structure des communautés de phytoplancton ainsi que l’influence des variables environnementales sur celles-ci ont été évaluées par plusieurs méthodes dont le profilage vertical de lacs, l’analyse de pigments photosynthétiques par chromatographie liquide à haute performance, l'analyse de picoplancton par cytométrie en flux, l’analyse moléculaire de la structure des communautés de protistes et l'analyse des échantillons d'eau du lac par microscopie inversée. Aussi, un effet direct (réchauffement) ainsi qu’un effet indirect (enrichissement en phosphore) des changements climatiques sur les lacs de thermokarst ont été évalués par une expérience d’incubation. Enfin, l’effet de la température sur la relation trophique herbivores-cyanobactéries a été évalué à l’aide d’un système en laboratoire. Pour ce faire, des clones tempérés et subarctiques de l’espèce de zooplancton clé Daphnia pulex ainsi qu’une souche de picocyanobactéries de haute latitude ont été utilisés. Les résultats indiquent que les lacs de thermokarst, ainsi qu’un ensemble de lacs de référence, contenaient des pigments photosynthétiques diversifiés provenant du plancton autotrophe. Certains pigments indicateurs pour les cyanobactéries et les bactéries photosynthétiques sulfureuses vertes étaient présents. Les indicateurs de l’état trophique d’un lac (les concentrations de chlorophylle a et de phosphore total) ont révélé que les lacs de thermokarst étaient plus eutrophes que les lacs oligotrophes de référence. Les communautés phytoplanctoniques des deux groupes de lacs se composaient de faibles concentrations de cyanobactéries formant des floraisons et de picocyanobactéries, mais dans des proportions très variables de leur biovolume phototrophe total. Les résultats des expériences suggèrent que le réchauffement climatique pourrait, à la fois directement et indirectement, stimuler la croissance et la dominance des cyanobactéries ainsi que de détériorer la qualité du phytoplancton dont le zooplancton se nourrit. Les chrysophytes ont également été stimulés par des températures plus chaudes. Le taux de croissance et la performance des daphnies subarctiques ont diminué avec des températures plus élevées et de la nourriture de moins bonne qualité (les seuils d’alimentation ont augmentés), mais dans une moindre mesure que pour le clone tempéré. Les lacs de thermokarst sont un groupe d’écosystèmes d’eau douce de haute latitude qui sont abondants dans les paysages de fonte du pergélisol et ils se distinguent par quelques caractéristiques limnologiques. Les résultats de cette recherche doctorale démontrent qu’ils contiennent du phytoplancton diversifié en termes de groupes de pigments, de classes de taille et de taxons, et ce malgré la forte atténuation de la lumière par la matière organique dissoute colorée et les particules en suspension, ainsi que par leur caractère fortement hétérotrophe. Les cyanobactéries pourraient devenir plus prédominantes dans les lacs de thermokarst avec les changements climatiques. De plus, l’effet combiné du réchauffement et de l’augmentation des charges en phosphore causeraient des floraisons de cyanobactéries plus fréquentes, ce qui influencerait la diversité du phytoplancton et l’efficacité du réseau alimentaire. / Given their great abundance throughout the circumpolar North, and their intense production of greenhouse gases, thermokarst lakes (shallow lakes and ponds caused by thawing permafrost) have been identified as a globally important class of freshwater ecosystems. The objective of this doctoral study was to characterize the autotrophic plankton of this lake type, with emphasis on two ecological groups of cyanobacteria (bloom-formers and picoplankton) and their responsiveness to climate change. Thermokarst lakes were sampled across a range of landscapes in northern Quebec. Phytoplankton community structure and relationships with environmental variables were assessed with a combination of methods including limnological profiling, pigment analysis by high performance liquid chromatography, picoplankton analysis by flow cytometry, molecular assays of protist community structure, and analysis of lake water samples by inverse microscopy. Additionally, an incubation experiment with thermokarst lake water was performed to evaluate the potential direct (warming) and indirect (phosphorus enrichment) effects of climate change. Finally, a laboratory system was designed and applied to test the effects of temperature on herbivore-cyanobacteria feeding relationships using subarctic and temperate clones of the keystone species Daphnia pulex, and a high latitude strain of picocyanobacteria. The results showed that thermokarst lakes as well as a set of reference rock-basin lakes contained diverse pigments originating from autotrophic plankton, including some pigments specific for cyanobacteria and green photosynthetic sulfur bacteria. Indicators of trophic status (chlorophyll a and total phosphorus concentrations) showed that the thermokarst lakes were more enriched than the oligotrophic reference lakes. The phytoplankton communities of both groups contained low concentrations of bloom-forming cyanobacteria and picocyanobacteria, but in highly variable proportions of their total phototrophic biovolume. The experimental results indicated that climate warming may both directly and indirectly stimulate cyanobacterial growth and dominance, and may cause a decrease in phytoplankton food quality for zooplankton. Chrysophytes were also stimulated by warmer temperatures. The growth rate and performance of the subarctic Daphnia clone was negatively affected by higher temperatures and lower food quality (increased feeding thresholds), but to a lesser extent than the temperate clone. Overall, thermokarst lakes are a class of high latitude freshwater ecosystems that occur in high abundance across thawing permafrost landscapes and that have a number of distinctive limnological properties. Despite the strong attenuation of light by their coloured dissolved organic matter and suspended particles, and their strongly heterotrophic character, the results of this research show that they contain diverse phytoplankton in terms of pigment groups, size classes and taxa. Cyanobacteria may become more prevalent in these waters as a consequence of ongoing climate change. Cyanobacterial blooms are likely to follow the combined effects of warming and increased phosphorus loading, and would in turn affect phytoplankton diversity and the efficiency of food web processes.

Projected air and ground temperatures are expected to be higher in Arctic and sub-Arcticlatitudes and with temperatures already close to the limit where permafrost can exist,resistance against degradation is low. With thawing permafrost, the landscape is modifiedwith depression in which thermokarst lakes emerge. In permafrost soils a considerableamount of soil organic carbon is stored, with the potential of altering climate even furtherif expansion and formation of new thermokarst lakes emerge, as decay releasesgreenhouse gases (C02 and CH4) to the atmosphere. Analyzing the spatial distribution andmorphometry over time of thermokarst lakes and other water bodies, is of importance inaccurately predict carbon budget and feedback mechanisms, as well as to assess futurelandscape layout and these features interaction. Different types of high-spatial resolutionaerial and satellite imageries from 1963, 1975, 2003, 2010 and 2015, were used in bothpre- and post-classification change detection analyses. Using object oriented segmentationin eCognition combined with manual adjustments, resulted in digitalized water bodies>28m2 from which direction of change and morphometric values were extracted. Thequantity of thermokarst lakes and other water bodies was in 1963 n=92, with succeedingyears as a trend decreased in numbers, until 2010-2015 when eleven water bodies wereadded in 2015 (n=74 to n=85). In 1963-2003, area of these water bodies decreased with50 651m2 (189 446-138 795m2) and continued to decrease in 2003-2015 ending at 129337m2. Limnicity decreased from 19.9% in 1963 to 14.6% in 2003 (-5.3%). In 2010 and2015 13.7-13.6%. The late increase in water bodies differs from an earlier hypothesis thatsporadic permafrost regions experience decrease in both area and quantity of thermokarstlakes and water bodies. During 1963-2015, land gain has been in dominance of the ratiobetween the two competing processes of expansion and drainage. In 1963-1975, 55/45%,followed by 90/10% in 1975-2003. After major drainage events, land loss increased to62/38% in 2010-2015. Drainage and infilling rates, calculated for 15 shorelines werevaried across both landscape and parts of shorelines, with in average 0.17/0.15/0.14m/yr.Except for 1963-1975 when rate of change in average was in opposite direction (-0.09m/yr.), likely due to evident expansion of a large thermokarst lake. Using a squaregrid, distribution of water bodies was determined, with an indistinct cluster located in NEand central parts. Especially for water bodies <250m2, which is the dominant area classthroughout 1963-2015 ranging from n=39-51. With a heterogeneous composition of bothsmall and large thermokarst lakes, and with both expansion and drainage altering thelandscape in Tavvavuoma, both positive and negative climate feedback mechanisms are inplay - given that sporadic permafrost still exist.

The Arctic is warming rapidly as a result of global climate change. Permafrost - permanently frozen ground - plays a critical role in shaping arctic ecosystems and stores nearly one half of the global soil organic matter. Therefore, disturbance of permafrost will likely impact the carbon and related biogeochemical processes on local and global scales. In the Alaskan Arctic, fire and thermokarst (permafrost thaw) have become more common and have been hypothesized to accelerate the hydrological export of inorganic nutrients and sediment, as well as biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC), which may alter ecosystem processes of impacted streams. The biogeochemical characteristics of two tundra streams were quantified several years after the development of gully thermokarst features. The observed responses in sediment and nutrient loading four years after gully formation were more subtle than expected, likely due to the stabilization of the features and the dynamics controlling the hydrologic connectivity between the gully and the stream. The response of impacted streams may depend on the presence of water tracks, particularly their location in reference to the thermokarst and downslope aquatic ecosystem. We found evidence of altered ecosystem structure (benthic standing stocks, algal biomass, and macroinvertebrate composition) and function (stream metabolism and nutrient uptake), which may be attributable to the previous years' allochthonous gully inputs. The patterns between the reference and impacted reaches were different for both stream sites. Rates of ecosystem production and respiration and benthic chlorophyll-a in the impacted reaches of the alluvial and peat-lined streams were significantly lower and greater, respectively, compared to the reference reaches, even though minimal differences in sediment and nutrient loading were detected. Rates of ammonium and soluble reactive phosphorus uptake were consistently lower in the impacted reach at the alluvial site. The observed differences in metabolism, nutrient uptake and macroinvertebrate community composition suggest that even though the geochemical signal diminished, gully features may have long-lasting impacts on the biological aspects of downstream ecosystem function. In a separate study, a suite of streams impacted by thermokarst and fire were sampled seasonally and spatially. Regional differences in water chemistry and BDOC were more significant than the influences of fire or thermokarst, likely due to differences in glacial age and elevation of the landscape. The streams of the older (>700 ka), lower elevation landscape contained higher concentrations of dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus and DOC and lower BDOC compared to the streams of the younger (50-200 ka) landscapes that had lower dissolved nutrient and DOC quantity of higher biodegradability. The findings in this dissertation indicate that arctic stream ecosystems are more resilient than we expected to small-scale, rapidly stabilizing gully thermokarst features and disturbance caused by fire. Scaling the results of these types of studies should consider the size of thermokarst features in relation to the size of impacted rivers and streams. It remains to be determined how general permafrost thaw will affect the structure and function of arctic streams in the future.