A dispersão de coliformes termotolerantes, provenientes dos emissários sub- marinos de descarte de esgoto doméstico do Araçá, Itaquanduba e Cigarras no canal de São Sebastião, foi simulada através da modelagem numérica em 9 cenários hidrodinâmicos. O objetivo foi determinar se e quais as áreas que são impactadas pelos emissários. O acoplamento entre o modelo de plumas UM3 (Visual Plumes) e o modelo numérico sECOM foi realizado. Os emissários submarinos foram a única fonte de efluentes contabilizada, empregando-se um decaimento bacteriano. Os resultados do acoplamento foram qualitativamente comparados com dados de enterococos e coliformes termotolerantes da CETESB e da SABESP. As concentrações de coliformes simuladas não excederam o limite da resolução CONAMA 274 (2000), com exceção de junho de 2013 e 2016, indicando que os padrões hidrodinâmicos do canal são suficientes para dispersar o material proveniente dos emissários. As adjacências do emissário do Araçá apresentaram as maiores persistências de coliformes ao longo do tempo. No entanto, as concentrações simuladas não ultrapassaram 1000 NMP/100mL em mais de 0.1% do tempo. No inverno, a persistência e os valores das concentrações de coliformes foram superiores em relação ao verão. O modelo acoplado simulou de forma satisfatória a variabilidade e a dispersão de coliformes termotolerantes na região. / The dispersion of thermotolerant coliforms by the Araçá, Itaquanduba and Cigarras submarine sewage disposals, in the São Sebastião channel, has been studied by 9 hydrodynamic numerical model scenarios. The main goal was to determine if and what areas are impacted by the sewage disposal. The UM3 (Visual Plumes) and the numerical model sECOM were coupled. The only sources of pollution introduced were the submarine discharges, using bacteria decay. The coupled model results were qualitatively compared with Enterococos and thermotolerant coliforms data available by sanitary agencies of the São Paulo state (CETESB and SABESP). The modeled coliform concentration did not exceed the limit stated by CONAMA Resolution 274 (2000), with an exception in June 2013 and 2016. It indicates that the hydrodynamic patterns of the channel are sufficient to disperse the material coming from the submarine disposals. Adjacent areas of Araçá submarine sewage disposal presented the highest persistence of coliform concentrations. However, the simulated concentrations did not exceed 1000 NMP/100mL in more than 0.1 % of the time. In winter, the persistence and values of coliform concentrations were higher in relation to summer. The coupled model simulated satisfactorily the variability and dispersion of coliforms in the region.

Submitted by TÁSSIO BRITO DE OLIVEIRA null (tassio88@hotmail.com) on 2016-12-14T01:49:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira 2016 Tese.pdf: 5009678 bytes, checksum: 584b0994b57a0b3ea482753790174b74 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-12-20T13:43:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_tb_dr_rcla.pdf: 5009678 bytes, checksum: 584b0994b57a0b3ea482753790174b74 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-20T13:43:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_tb_dr_rcla.pdf: 5009678 bytes, checksum: 584b0994b57a0b3ea482753790174b74 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-18 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A torta de filtro é gerada após o processo de filtração do caldo de cana (cerca de 26 a 40 kg por t de cana) e geralmente é utilizada como fertilizante nas lavouras sem qualquer tratamento prévio. A diversidade de fungos presentes na torta de filtro fresca e no processo de compostagem desse substrato foi acessada utilizando sequenciamento em larga escala. Além disso, fungos tolerantes ao calor foram isolados e avaliados quanto à capacidade de produzir enzimas de degradação da biomassa (celulase, xilanase, lacase e poligalacturonase). Considerando que esse grupo de fungos carece de uma revisão taxonômica atual, aproveitamos as recentes mudanças proporcionadas pelo Código de Nomenclatura para Algas, Fungos e Plantas para gerar uma revisão taxonômica do grupo. Uma gama de patógenos oportunistas foi encontrada entre os taxa mais abundantes na torta de filtro fresca, como Lomentospora prolificans (43,13%), Trichosporon sp. (10,07%), Candida tropicalis (7,91%) e Hormographiella aspergillata (8,19%). Isso indica que a torta de filtro pode ser uma potencial fonte de fungos patogênicos, apresentando riscos para a saúde humana se aplicado como fertilizante sem qualquer tratamento. No entanto, o processo de compostagem reduz efetivamente a carga desses fungos. Além disso, cria um ambiente interessante para fungos capazes de produzir enzimas com potencial aplicação biotecnológica, uma vez que todos os 110 isolados avaliados foram capazes de produzir, pelo menos, uma das enzimas avaliadas. Além disso, a análise comparativa de genes codificantes para peptidases presentes nos genomas de fungos termofílicos (encontrados em sistemas de compostagem) e mesofílicos mostrou que a termofilia levou à várias adaptações para a termoestablidade enzimática. / Pressmud is derived from sugarcane juice filtrate (around 26 to 40 kg per ton of sugarcane) and it is mainly used as fertilizer in crops without prior treatment. Here, the fungal diversity present in both fresh and composting pressmud was revealed by 454 pyrosequencing. In addition, heat-tolerant fungi were isolated and surveyed for their repertoire of biomass-degrading enzymes (cellulase, xylanase, laccase and polygalacturonase). The fact that the taxonomy of such organisms is still obscure, we revised their taxonomy in the light of the recent changes adopted in the Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi and Plants. A wide range of opportunistic pathogens was found among the most abundant taxa in fresh pressmud, such as Lomentospora prolificans (43.13%), Trichosporon sp. (10.07%), Candida tropicalis (7.91%), and Hormographiella aspergillata (8.19%). This indicates that fresh pressmud may be a source of human pathogenic fungi, presenting a potential threat to human health if applied as fertilizer without treatment. Composting of the pressmud effectively reduces the load of such fungi. Furthermore, the composting system creates an interesting environment for fungi able to produce enzymes with biotechnological applications, since all the 110 isolates screened were able to produce at least one of the tested enzymes.Furthermore, comparative analysis of peptidases genes encoded by thermophilic (generally found in composting systems) and mesophilic fungi showed that thermophyly selected for thermostable enzymes. / FAPESP: 2012/14594-7 / FAPESP: 2015/25252-8

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:03:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DayanaMT_DISSERT.pdf: 5461193 bytes, checksum: e14ad35e988326c6b2deb98ea1ef274e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-17 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Stabilization pond system consisting in more sewage treatment used in Rio Grande do Norte (RN), Brazil, representing about 90% of all systems. Fecal bacteria are removed mainly facultative ponds and in maturation ponds. Many factors influence bacterial decay, such as the levels of pH and DO, temperature, light intensity, HDT and nutrient availability. The bacterial decay rate (Kb) is calculated considering many variables, but the hydraulic regime is a significant influence for microorganisms removal, and the dispersed flow which best characterizes a stabilization pond. However, some authors developed equations for the Kb accordant plug flow and complete mixing. This research study aimed to evaluate the bacterial decay of fecal coliform and Enterococcus sp. in stabilization ponds designed to treat domestic sewage, full-scale, in RN. All systems have assessed pretreatment, a facultative pond (LF) followed by two maturation (LM1 and LM2). The parameters availed were: temperature, pH, DO, BOD5, COD, fecal coliform, Enterococcus sp., Chlorophyll a, total suspended solids, fixed and volatile. In general, there were not significant differences for pH, DO and temperature in the ponds, except for the new systems, since they have low flow and hydraulic loads. The removal of organic matter in the ponds was low, about 70%, and nearly all are overloaded organic and operational problems. The bacterial removals were low, with average 96% for LF for fecal coliform, and 98% for Enterococcus sp.; LM1 were in itself a removal for fecal coliform about 71%, and 81% for Enterococcus sp.; LM2 have efficiency of 69% for fecal coliform, and 68% for Enterococcus sp. The equation proposed by Von Sperling (1999), according to the dispersed flow regime, generated empirical values of Kb more approximate to calculated values of Kb. On average, the calculated Kb to coliforms in the LF was 0.31 d-1, and for both maturation ponds were 0.35 d-1. For Enterococcus sp. the average was 0.40 d-1 for LF, 0.55 d-1 for LM1, and 0.58 d-1 for LM2. These results also showed that the Kb obtained in full-scale systems are smaller than those found in pilot-scale ponds. Moreover, one can say that the equation proposed by Marais (1974), according to the complete-mix regime, overestimates Kb. Actual results of Kb indicated that fecal coliforms are more resistant to adverse conditions present in stabilization ponds than Enterococcus sp., therefore, an indicator of microbiological safety and efficiency. The factors significant interventions in the rate of bacterial decay were concentrations of COD, the organic loading and HDT. The few Kb relationship between pH, DO and temperature were not significant. Finally, we conclude that it s essential to correct operation and maintenance, for not performing these activities is one of the main factors contributing to low rates of bacterial decay. / Lagoas de estabiliza??o consistem no sistema de tratamento de esgotos mais utilizado no Rio Grande do Norte (RN), Brasil, correspondendo a cerca de 90% de todos os sistemas. As bact?rias fecais s?o removidas principalmente nas lagoas facultativas e de matura??o. Muitos fatores influenciam no decaimento de bact?rias, como: os n?veis de pH e OD, temperatura, intensidade luminosa, TDH e disponibilidade de alimento. A taxa de decaimento bacteriano (Kb) ? calculada a partir de muitas vari?veis, mas o regime hidr?ulico possui significativa influ?ncia na remo??o de microorganismos, sendo o de fluxo disperso o que melhor caracteriza uma lagoa de estabiliza??o. Todavia, alguns autores elaboraram equa??es para o Kb conforme o regime de mistura completa. Essa pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar o decaimento bacteriano de coliformes termotolerantes e Enterococcus sp. em lagoas de estabiliza??o destinadas ao tratamento de esgotos dom?sticos, em escala real, no RN. Todos os sistemas avaliados possuem tratamento preliminar, uma lagoa facultativa (LF), seguida de duas de matura??o (LM1 e LM2). Os par?metros avaliados foram: temperatura, pH, OD, DBO5, DQO, coliformes termotolerantes, Enterococcus sp., clorofila a, s?lidos em suspens?o totais, fixos e vol?teis. N?o foram identificadas diferen?as significativas entre os valores de pH, OD e temperatura nas lagoas, exceto para os sistemas mais novos, j? que eles possuem baixas vaz?es e cargas hidr?ulicas. A remo??o de mat?ria org?nica nos sistemas de tratamento foi baixa, cerca de 70%, e praticamente todas est?o com sobrecarga org?nica e com problemas operacionais. As remo??es bacterianas tamb?m foram baixas, com m?dia para as LF de 96% para coliformes termotolerantes, e de 98% para Enterococcus sp.; nas LM1 obteve-se remo??o para coliformes termotolerantes de 71%, e para Enterococcus sp. de 81%; e, nas LM2 a efici?ncia foi de 69% para coliformes termotolerantes e de 68% para Enterococcus sp. A equa??o proposta por Von Sperling (1999), segundo o regime de fluxo disperso, foi a que gerou valores de Kb emp?ricos mais aproximados dos valores de Kb calculados a partir de dados reais. Em m?dia, o Kb calculado com base nos dados reais para coliformes termotolerantes nas LF foi de 0,31 d-1, e em ambas as lagoas de matura??o foram de 0,35 d-1. Para Enterococcus sp. a m?dia nas LF foi de 0,40 d-1, nas LM1 foi igual a 0,55 d-1, e nas LM2 de 0,58 d-1. Esses resultados tamb?m demonstraram que os Kb obtidos em sistemas em escala real s?o menores do que os verificados em lagoas em escala piloto. Al?m disso, pode-se afirmar que a equa??o proposta por Marais (1974), segundo o regime de mistura completa, superestima o Kb. Os resultados dos Kb calculados indicaram que os coliformes termotolerantes s?o mais resistentes ?s condi??es adversas presentes em lagoas de estabiliza??o do que os Enterococcus sp., sendo, portanto, um indicador microbiol?gico mais eficiente e seguro. Os fatores de significativa interven??o na taxa de decaimento bacteriano foram as concentra??es de DQO, a carga org?nica e o TDH. As poucas rela??es existentes entre Kb com pH, OD e temperatura n?o foram estatisticamente significativas. Por fim, conclui-se que ? fundamental a opera??o e manuten??o corretas, pois a n?o realiza??o dessas atividades consiste em um dos principais fatores que contribuem para as baixas taxas de decaimento bacteriano.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:03:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MiltonBV.pdf: 1188933 bytes, checksum: 0027ba3da37c2c26ef04d16c288622a2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-11-30 / Waste stabilization ponds are the main technology in use for domestic sewage treatment in Rio Grande do Norte State (RN), northeast Brazil. The are around 80 systems, constructed mainly by municipal city halls, being series comprised by a primary facultative pond followed by two maturation ponds the most used configuration. Due to problems related with the production and destination of sludge and generation of bad odors, the designers have avoided the use of anaerobic lagoons. The majority of systems are rarely monitored to verify their efficiencies and to get new project parameters for future designing. This work has as purpose to make a diagnosis of efficiency of three series of waste stabilization pond series (WSPS) of Jardim Lola 1, Jardim Lola 2 and Beira Rio, located in the North Zone of the city of the Natal/RN, treating domestic raw sewage, on the removal of organic matter and thermotolerant coliform, comparing the operational conditions of the systems this inside of the bands foreseen in the project, through parameters BOD5, QOD, thermotolerant coliforms, dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, ammoniac nitrogen, total and suspended solids. The work was carried through in the WSPS, all constituted by a primary facultative pond followed by two maturation ponds. Socioeconomic characteristics of population are predominantly low and all the plants are very near of the contributing basins. The series were monitored from of May the November of 2002, totalizing 20 collections of grab samples of raw sewage and ponds effluents between 8:00 and 9:50 h. The main aspect to be detached by the results was the great concentration of organic matter (BOD and COD) and microorganisms the raw sewage which were around two times more concentrated than those values foreseen one in project. Considering all series the highest removals of organic matter were observed in system Beira Rio (84 and 78% of BOD and COD, respectively), which presented high hydraulic detention time (TDH = 89 days). On the other hand, Jardim Lola 1 and Jardim Lola 2 presented a much lower values of HDT (36 days and 18 days respectively) and their removals of BOD and COD were the same (76% and 60%, respectively). The Beira Rio WSPS, was the most efficient verified in relation to solids and ammonia, proving the great influence of the operational variables such as HDT and applied surface organic loadings on the performance of pond series. Although the treatment plants have reached efficiencies of thermotolerant coliforms around 99,999%, the concentrations in the final effluent can be considered very high for launching in aquatic bodies, particularly those produced by Jardim Lola 1 and Jardim Lola 2 series / O sistema de lagoas estabiliza??o ? o tipo de tratamento de esgoto dom?stico mais utilizado no Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, contando com 80 sistemas, constru?dos principalmente pelas prefeituras municipais, sendo o sistema de lagoas em s?rie constitu?das de lagoa facultativa prim?ria seguida de lagoas de matura??o um dos mais utilizados. Devido aos problemas relacionados com a produ??o e destino de lodo e gera??o de maus odores, os projetistas t?m evitado o uso de lagoas anaer?bias. Vale salientar que tais sistemas de lagoas comumente n?o s?o monitorados de forma adequada para verificar suas efici?ncias e obter dados para futuros projetos. Este trabalho tem como finalidade fazer um diagn?stico da efici?ncia de tr?s s?ries de lagoas de estabiliza??o na grande Natal, Jardim Lola 1, Jardim Lola 2 e Beira Rio, na remo??o de mat?ria org?nica e coliformes termotolerantes e, verificar se as condi??es operacionais dos sistemas esta dentro das faixas previstas no projeto, atrav?s dos par?metros DBO5, DQO, coliformes termotolerantes, oxig?nio dissolvido, pH, temperatura, nitrog?nio amoniacal, s?lidos totais e suspensos. Os sistemas estudados s?o constitu?dos por uma lagoa facultativa prim?ria seguida de duas lagoas de matura??o, que atendem a uma popula??o predominante de baixa renda a qual est? bem pr?xima da esta??o de tratamento de esgoto. As tr?s ETE s foram monitoradas no per?odo de maio a novembro de 2002, totalizando 20 coletas de amostras pontuais de esgoto bruto e efluentes das lagoas entre 8:00 e 9:50 h. Os principais aspectos a serem destacados no monitoramento foram a grande concentra??o de mat?ria org?nica e microrganismos nos esgoto brutos afluentes em rela??o ao previsto em projeto. Considerando toda a s?rie as maiores remo??es de mat?ria org?nica ocorreram no sistema Beira Rio (84 e 78% de DBO e DQO, respectivamente), que apresentava um TDH de 89 dias enquanto que os sistemas de Jardim Lola 1 e 2 eram de 36 dias e 18 dias respectivamente, foram determinadas remo??es semelhantes de DBO (76%) e de DQO em torno de 60%. O sistema Beira Rio tamb?m foi o mais eficiente na remo??o de s?lidos e de nitrog?nio amoniacal, comprovando a grande influ?ncia das vari?veis operacionais tais como tempo de deten??o hidr?ulica e carga org?nica aplicada, no desempenho dos sistemas de tratamento. Embora as esta??es de tratamento tenham atingido efici?ncias de coliformes termotolerantes em torno de 99,999%, as concentra??es nos efluentes finais podem ser consideradas muito elevadas para lan?amento em corpos aqu?ticos, particularmente as de Jardim Lola 1 e 2

FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / A qualidade microbiolÃgica das Ãguas e areias das praias, principalmente das localizadas em Ãreas de grande desenvolvimento econÃmico social e turÃstico, caso de Aquiraz, deveria ser uma preocupaÃÃo constante dos ÃrgÃos pÃblicos, uma vez que muitas doenÃas sÃo veiculadas por esses microcosmos, sobretudo Ãs pessoas com deficiÃncia no sistema imunolÃgico, caso dos idosos e crianÃas. No perÃodo de Fevereiro a Maio/2012, semanalmente, foi realizado o monitoramento das Ãguas e das areias (seca e molhada) das praias do Iguape e do PresÃdio, ambas em Aquiraz, CearÃ. Os objetivos da pesquisa foram comparar quantitativamente a microbiota bacteriana presente nas Ãguas do mar e na areia dessas duas praias. Foram avaliados para a Ãgua e areia: o NMP de Coliformes Termotolerantes (CT), de Escherichia coli (E.coli), de Enterococcus spp. (ENT) e a contagem de leveduras (somente no sedimento). A tÃcnica usada para estimar a populaÃÃo de CT, E.coli e Enterococcus spp., tanto nas Ãguas como nas areias (seca e molhada) foi a dos tubos mÃltiplos e o mÃtodo de Contagem PadrÃo em Placas (CPP) utilizado para estimar a populaÃÃo das leveduras. Os resultados obtidos para as amostras de Ãgua do mar foram comparados com a ResoluÃÃo do Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente n 274/2000. Os dados obtidos para areia seca e molhada foram comparados à LegislaÃÃo de Portugal devido à ausÃncia de legislaÃÃo no Brasil. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, a Ãgua da praia do Iguape apresentou uma situaÃÃo de risco maior do que a praia do PresÃdio. As areias secas e molhadas apresentaram uma maior contaminaÃÃo na praia do Iguape. As amostras de areia seca do Iguape e do PresÃdio apresentaram uma contaminaÃÃo superior Ãs de areia molhada. Foi observada uma maior contaminaÃÃo de levedura na praia do Iguape. A areia seca do Iguape està mais contaminada com Enterococcus e leveduras do que a areia seca da Praia do Presidio. Recomenda-se uma aÃÃo eficaz de monitoramento pelas autoridades sanitÃrias no sentido de eliminar as fontes de contaminaÃÃo por bactÃrias patogÃnicas ao homem. / The microbiological quality of the water and sand on sea shores, especially in the vicinity of urbanized areas and tourist facilities, requires careful and permanent monitoring. An array of diseases may be transmitted by pathogenic microorganisms in aquatic environments to which children, the elderly and the immuno deficient tend to be particularly susceptible. The present study is a quantitative evaluation of the bacterial microbiota of sea water and wet and dry sand collected at two points (Iguape and Presidio) along the coast of CearÃ, Northeastern Brazil, once a week between February and May 2012. The study parameters included MPN of thermotolerant coliforms (CT), Escherichia coli (EC) and Enterococcus spp. (ENT) (sand and water), and yeast count (YC) (sand only). The first four parameters ( CT, EC and ENT) were quantified with the multiple tube method, while YC was determined with standard plate count. The results obtained for sea water samples were compared with the maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) specified in Resolution #274/2000 issued by CONAMA [Brazilian Council for the Environment], while the results obtained for dry and wet sand were compared with the MCLs specified in the Portuguese legislation (in the absence of equivalent Brazilian regulations). Both sea water and dry and wet sand were found to be more contaminated at Iguape than at Presidio. At both locations, dry sand was more contaminated than wet sand. Yeast counts were also higher in samples from Iguape. Dry sand from Iguape yielded higher ENT and YC values than dry sand from Presidio. The local health authorities are advised to improve the monitoring of the microbiological quality of the water and sand at these locations and identify possible sources of contamination.

Submitted by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-05-16T13:41:30Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_Aline_de_Oliveira_Rodrigues.pdf: 787004 bytes, checksum: 42043083bf6f4a2ee9080a2164a23e88 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-05-16T20:21:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_Aline_de_Oliveira_Rodrigues.pdf: 787004 bytes, checksum: 42043083bf6f4a2ee9080a2164a23e88 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-05-16T20:21:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_Aline_de_Oliveira_Rodrigues.pdf: 787004 bytes, checksum: 42043083bf6f4a2ee9080a2164a23e88 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-16T20:21:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_Aline_de_Oliveira_Rodrigues.pdf: 787004 bytes, checksum: 42043083bf6f4a2ee9080a2164a23e88 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-30 / Sem bolsa / O setor hoteleiro vem se expandindo mundialmente a cada ano e dentre os serviços oferecidos, a gastronomia é um dos mais requisitados, através da qual busca-se a satisfação do cliente, oferecendo produtos seguros e de qualidade. Paralelamente ao incremento do turismo, a incidência de doenças de origem alimentar está crescendo em todo mundo. Acredita-se que o consumo de alimentos contaminados seja a principal causa de doenças em turistas. Neste contexto o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a aplicação das boas práticas em restaurantes hoteleiros da cidade de Pelotas/RS e Rio Grande/RS e relacioná-las com a qualidade microbiológica dos alimentos oferecidos, além de identificar fontes de contaminação. O setor de alimentos e bebidas (A&B) de quatro hotéis foi avaliado quanto às condições higiênicossanitárias em duas visitas, com intervalo mínimo de 30 dias, através de aplicação de check list fundamentado na norma da RDC 216/2004, e de análises microbiológicas de amostras coletadas no local. Foram realizadas coletas de amostras de superfícies de utensílios, equipamentos e mãos de manipuladores para contagem de Staphylococcus coagulase positiva e de coliformes termotolerantes. Isolados obtidos das culturas dessas contagens foram comparados através de perfis de genéticos obtidos por rep-PCR. Considerando as não conformidades observadas no check list, na primeira visita apenas um hotel foi classificado como ótimo, dois foram classificados como bons e um recebeu a classificação ruim. Entretanto, na segunda visita o hotel classificado como ruim passou para bom, devido à realização de melhorias no restaurante. Alguns resultados das análises microbiológicas apresentaram limite acima do permitido para a contagem dos micro-organismos analisados, identificando falha na aplicação das boas práticas. Através da técnica de rep-PCR, foi identificada uma mesma cepa em amostras de queijo e mãos, manteiga e tábua de corte, queijo e tábua de corte e salada de frutas e mãos, evidenciando contaminação cruzada devido falhas no processo de higiene e manipulação dos alimentos. / The hotel industry has been expanding every year and among the services offered, the cuisine is one of the most requested, which seeks customer satisfaction by offering safe and quality products. Parallel to the tourism development, the incidence of foodborne diseases is growing worldwide. It is believed that the consumption of contaminated food is the major cause of disease in tourists. This study goal was to evaluate the application of best practices in hotel restaurants in the cities of Pelotas/RS and Rio Grande/RS and relate it to the microbiological quality of the food offered, besides to identify sources of contamination. The sector of food and beverages (F&B) of four hotels was evaluated in two visits with an interval of 30 days regarding hygiene-sanitary conditions, by application of check list and microbiological analyzes of samples collected on site. Surface, utensils, equipment and hands handlers samples have been collected for counting coagulase positive Staphylococcus and thermotolerant coliform. Isolates obtained from these counting cultures were compared by bands profiles obtained by rep-PCR. According to the non-conformity observed in the check list on the first visit, only one hotel was rated as great, two were classified as good and one received a bad rating. However, on the second visit, the one considered bad got a good rate due to improvements in its unit. Some microbiological analysis showed a limit above the allowed for the count of analyzed microorganisms, identifying failure in the hygiene-sanitary process. By rep-PCR, was identified the same strain in samples of cheese and hands, butter and cutting board, cutting board and cheese and fruit salad and hands, showing cross-contamination due to flaws in the process of care and handling of food.

The government of Ethiopia has initialized an investment in the agricultural sector in order to secure food production for a growing population. The Koga Irrigation and Water Management Project is a pilot project and hopes are that crop production will double. Water quality is an important factor to meet these expectations. The aim of this study is to assess the irrigation water’s biological and chemical quality by using locally available methods and compare the results with international water quality standards pertaining to agricultural use as well as human and animal consumption. The water was sampled and analyzed for biological, chemical and physical parameters. The most important parameters were thermotolerant coliforms, electrical conductivity and turbidity. The first part of the thesis was a literature study dealing with the Koga project and the water use in the area. The second part focuses on 17 water samples that were taken within an individual command area: irrigation canals, fish pond and drinking water well. The samples were then analyzed at the water quality and treatment lab at the University of Bahir Dar. The results were compared to guideline values for livestock, crop, fish and human use recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). All water samples, including the drinking water from the groundwater well, were contaminated with thermotolerant coliforms and had a relatively high turbidity. Additionally, the irrigation water contained levels of boron which were higher than recommended for crop production. Electrical conductivity values were overall satisfactory. These results give only an idea of the overall water quality within the Koga Irrigation Project. More samples need to be taken in order to draw any concrete conclusions and provide any recommendations.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T18:57:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2330.pdf: 2747102 bytes, checksum: 42b3374c620038a839a3f3c1d80f9df0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-15 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) is the most consumed vegetable in Brazil, being classified as an important food, to be a rich source of vitamins. According to the practices adopted, its cultivation can be organic or conventional. However, lettuce can be a transmitter of pathogenic microorganisms to humans, as thermotolerant coliforms and Escherichia coli, since it is in contact with these contaminants often present in soil, water, in natural inputs (poultry litter) providing their development and survival. This research aimed to assess quantitatively the presence of thermotolerant coliforms and E. coli in water for irrigation and washing water, and the not washed and washed lettuce, grown under organic and conventional systems. The samples were collected in ten farms, five under organic and five under conventional systems, located at the cities of Ibiúna, Jaguariúna, Campinas e Morungaba - SP. In the laboratory, the samples were submitted to the analysis by the technique of counting the Most Probable Number. The results show that water for irrigation was considered one of the main factors responsible for contamination of lettuce, as showed by the presence ofhigh rate of thermotolerant coliforms and E. coli, independent of the cultivation system. However, the conventional system had been showing levels of contamination by thermotolerant coliforms and E. coli in water higher thanin organic system. In lettuce, pre washing contributed to the reduction of contamination by thermotolerant coliforms and E. coli in the product; however contamination by thermotolerant coliforms was considered high in the both cultivation systems. Moreover, others practices used in the farm such as personal hygiene, the inappropriate use of compost and the presence of animals in the areas of crops are source of contamination. / A alface (Lactuca sativa) é a hortaliça folhosa mais consumida no Brasil, sendo classificada como um importante alimento para a população por ser uma rica fonte de vitaminas. Em função das práticas adotadas, o seu cultivo pode ser orgânico ou convencional. No entanto, alface pode ser um veículo transmissor de microrganismos patogênicos ao homem, como coliformes termotolerantes e Escherichia coli, uma vez que se encontra em contato com esses contaminantes presentes freqüentemente no solo, na água, nos insumos naturais (cama de frango) propiciando o desenvolvimento e a sobrevivência dos mesmos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar, quantitativamente, a presença de coliformes termotolerantes e de E.coli em água de irrigação e de pré-lavagem, assim como, o produto alface não lavada e pré-lavada, cultivada sob cultivo orgânico e convencional, em relação à recomendação da ANVISA. As coletas foram realizadas em dez propriedades, cinco de cultivo orgânico e cinco de cultivo convencional, localizadas nas cidades de Ibiúna, Jaguariúna, Campinas e Morungaba - SP. Em laboratório, as amostras foram submetidas à análise de tubos múltiplos e série bioquímica e procedeu-se a avaliação pela técnica de contagem do Número Mais Provável. Os resultados mostraram um alto índice de coliformes termotolerantes e E. coli na água de irrigação, sendo um fator importante pela contaminação da alface, independente do sistema de cultivo. Todavia, o cultivo convencional apresentou índices de contaminação por esses microrganismos na água superiores ao do cultivo orgânico. No produto alface, a pré-lavagem contribuiu para a redução da contaminação por coliformes termotolerantes e E. coli, entretanto a contaminação pelo primeiro foi mais alta em ambos os sistemas de cultivos. Além disso, outras práticas utilizadas nas propriedades como a higiene pessoal, o uso de adubos compostados inadequados e a presença de animais nas áreas de cultivo são fontes de contaminação.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T18:57:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2330.pdf: 2747102 bytes, checksum: 42b3374c620038a839a3f3c1d80f9df0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-15 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) is the most consumed vegetable in Brazil, being classified as an important food, to be a rich source of vitamins. According to the practices adopted, its cultivation can be organic or conventional. However, lettuce can be a transmitter of pathogenic microorganisms to humans, as thermotolerant coliforms and Escherichia coli, since it is in contact with these contaminants often present in soil, water, in natural inputs (poultry litter) providing their development and survival. This research aimed to assess quantitatively the presence of thermotolerant coliforms and E. coli in water for irrigation and washing water, and the not washed and washed lettuce, grown under organic and conventional systems. The samples were collected in ten farms, five under organic and five under conventional systems, located at the cities of Ibiúna, Jaguariúna, Campinas e Morungaba - SP. In the laboratory, the samples were submitted to the analysis by the technique of counting the Most Probable Number. The results show that water for irrigation was considered one of the main factors responsible for contamination of lettuce, as showed by the presence ofhigh rate of thermotolerant coliforms and E. coli, independent of the cultivation system. However, the conventional system had been showing levels of contamination by thermotolerant coliforms and E. coli in water higher thanin organic system. In lettuce, pre washing contributed to the reduction of contamination by thermotolerant coliforms and E. coli in the product; however contamination by thermotolerant coliforms was considered high in the both cultivation systems. Moreover, others practices used in the farm such as personal hygiene, the inappropriate use of compost and the presence of animals in the areas of crops are source of contamination. / A alface (Lactuca sativa) é a hortaliça folhosa mais consumida no Brasil, sendo classificada como um importante alimento para a população por ser uma rica fonte de vitaminas. Em função das práticas adotadas, o seu cultivo pode ser orgânico ou convencional. No entanto, alface pode ser um veículo transmissor de microrganismos patogênicos ao homem, como coliformes termotolerantes e Escherichia coli, uma vez que se encontra em contato com esses contaminantes presentes freqüentemente no solo, na água, nos insumos naturais (cama de frango) propiciando o desenvolvimento e a sobrevivência dos mesmos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar, quantitativamente, a presença de coliformes termotolerantes e de E.coli em água de irrigação e de pré-lavagem, assim como, o produto alface não lavada e pré-lavada, cultivada sob cultivo orgânico e convencional, em relação à recomendação da ANVISA. As coletas foram realizadas em dez propriedades, cinco de cultivo orgânico e cinco de cultivo convencional, localizadas nas cidades de Ibiúna, Jaguariúna, Campinas e Morungaba - SP. Em laboratório, as amostras foram submetidas à análise de tubos múltiplos e série bioquímica e procedeu-se a avaliação pela técnica de contagem do Número Mais Provável. Os resultados mostraram um alto índice de coliformes termotolerantes e E. coli na água de irrigação, sendo um fator importante pela contaminação da alface, independente do sistema de cultivo. Todavia, o cultivo convencional apresentou índices de contaminação por esses microrganismos na água superiores ao do cultivo orgânico. No produto alface, a pré-lavagem contribuiu para a redução da contaminação por coliformes termotolerantes e E. coli, entretanto a contaminação pelo primeiro foi mais alta em ambos os sistemas de cultivos. Além disso, outras práticas utilizadas nas propriedades como a higiene pessoal, o uso de adubos compostados inadequados e a presença de animais nas áreas de cultivo são fontes de contaminação.

Le traitement de boues de station d'épuration (Boues activées de Marrakech) en mélange avec déchets verts (Palmier dattier) selon deux mélanges dont les proportions : A (1/3 Boues + 2/3 Déchets de palmier) et B (1/2 Boues + 1/2 Déchets de palmier), a été effectué par la filière du compostage, pendant six mois. Au cours du co-compostage, l’intense activité microbienne s’est traduite par une augmentation de température (autour 65 C°) au cours des premières semaines (phase thermophile) et un taux de décomposition final de l’ordre de 40%. Après six mois de co-compostage, le compost final est caractérisé par un rapport C/N voisin de 10, un rapport de NH4+/NO3- < 1, un pH autour de la neutralité signe de maturité des composts. L’analyse FTIR a montré une diminution de l'absorbance des bandes aliphatiques et l'augmentation de la structure de bandes d'absorbance aromatiques reflètent l'état d'avancement du processus d'humification. Le taux d’abattement des lipides totaux est de l’ordre de 43%. Les esters méthyliques d’acide gras (FAMEs) des Gram-positif (i,C15 :0) ont augmenté durant la phase thermophile. Les FAMEs d’origine non spécifique (C6 :0, C14 :0) ont connu une intense diminution, les FAMEs de bactéries non spécifiques représentent une grande teneur durant la phase thermophile. L’indice CPI a augmenté à la fin du co-compostage indiquant l’enrichissement du compost en FAMEs d’origine végétale. Les principaux composés ligneux identifiés, au cours du co-compostage, par Py-GC-MS, sont classés en deux groupes. Le premier est constitué de 7 composés dont la teneur diminue au cours du co-compostage, parmi lesquels : Toluène, 2,4-diméthylbenzène, éthylbenzène, Styrène, 1-éthyl-2-méthylbenzène, 4-méthylphénol et 2-méthylnaphthalène. Le deuxième groupe est constitué de 4 composés qui augmentent au cours du co-compostage : phénol, benzofuran, éthylméthoxyphénol et diméthoxyphénol. Les principaux stéroïdes identifiés sont les C27-C29 sterènes, stanols, 5β-cholesta-3-one, cholesta-3,5-diène et 2 thiostéranes. A l’exception des thiosteranes et quelques composés de C27-C29 cholestenes la concentration relative des stéroides diminue au cours du processus suit à leur attaque microbien. L’abattement total de la teneur des stéroïdes est corrélé positivement avec les indicateurs de maturité du compost (C/N et NH4+/NO3-) ce qui ouvre la voie à une éventuelle utilisation des stéroïdes comme indicateur de dépollution et de maturité de compost. 12 isolats d’actinomycètes ayant une activité antimicrobienne vis-à-vis d’un large spectre des germes pathogènes ont été isolés sur le milieu sélectif CTEA. Le degré d’hygiénisation est confirmé par la diminution de la concentration des coliformes fécaux et totaux, et l’abattement des œufs d’helminthes identifiés (Ascaris sp., Capillaria sp., et Trichuris sp.) vers la fin du co-compostage. La phytotoxicité, déterminée par l’effet des extraits hydrosolubles à différents stades de co-compostage sur la germination et la croissance des radicules (Navet, Cresson, Laitue, Luzerne), a diminué et l’indice de germination dépasse 100%, après six mois de co-compostage. La génotoxicité du chrome hexavalent (Cr(VI)) du substrat de co-compostage est corrélée positivement avec la fréquence des micronoyaux (MN). Après six mois de co-compostage le taux des MN diminue avec un taux d’abattement de 70,4% et 77,2% avec l’abattement de la concentration du Cr(VI) avec 58 et 58,6% respectivement pour le mélange A et B. Ceci ouvrira la voie d’utilisation de cet indice comme un indice de maturité des composts. La diminution de la phytotoxicité et la génotoxicté au cours du co-compostage confirme l’état de stabilisation et de la maturité des co-composts, ce qui pemettra l’épandage de ces composts en tant qu’amendement organique des sols sans risque de contamination du système sol-plante. / The co-composting of activated sludge and lignocellulose waste (palm tree waste) was monitored to study the behaviour of two mixtures, referred to as A (1/3 sludge + 2/3 palm waste) and B (1/2 sludge + 1/2 waste palm) for 6 months. The biotransformation was evaluated by physicochemical and spectroscopic analyses. The thermophilic phase is characterized by a rise in temperature, which peaked at 65°C. This is the result of intense microbial activities. The final composts exhibited a higher degree of decomposition than the controls as shown by a decomposition rate of about 40%, decrease of C/N ratio to around 10 and NH4 +/NO3 - ratio below 1. The decrease of aliphatic absorbance bands and the increase of aromatic absorbance bands follow the progress of the humification process. Total extractable lipid was decreased by 43%. The fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) from Gram-positive bacteria (i, C15: 0) increased during the thermophilic phase. FAMEs from non-spécific origin (C6 :0, C14 :0) exhibited a decrease toward the end of co-compostin, linear FAMEs from non-specific bacteria underwent a decrease during co-composting. The CPI index thus increased at the end of the composting process, indicating that the final product was proportionally richer in fatty acids of plant origin. Two lignin groups were distinguished by Py-GC-MS. Group 1 contained toluene, 2,4-dimethylbenzene, ethylbenzene, styrene, 1-ethyl-2-methylbenzene, 4-methylphenol and 2-methylnaphthalene; their relative proportions decreased during co-composting. A second group of 4 components showed concentrations that increased with co-composting time: phenol, benzofuran, ethylmethoxyphenol and dimethoxyphenol. The main steroids identified were C27-C29 sterenes and stanols, 5β-cholesta-3-one, cholesta-3,5-diene and 2 thiosteranes. Except for thiosteranes and some of the C27-C29 cholestenes, the relative concentrations decreased during co-composting due to microbial degradation. The changes in steroids during co-composting, was positively correlated with the physico-chemical parameters of mature compost, especially C/N and NH4 +/NO3 - ratios, opening the way for the use of steroids as indicators of pollution and compost maturity. On the selective CTEA medium, 12 active strains of isolated actinobacteria presented a suppressive action against various pathogens. This may justify that a biotic factor is also an important factor contributing to making co-composting substrates hygienic. The degree hygiene reached is confirmed by the reduction in the faecal and total coliforms, and by the abatement of identified helminth eggs (Ascaris sp., Capillaria sp., and Trichuris sp.) towards the end of the process. The phytotoxicity determined by the effect of aqueous extract, at various stages of the co-composting, performed by monitoring the number of germinated seeds and the rootlets growth of turnip, watercress, alfalfa, and lettuce was decreased, and the growth of radicals that have a germination index that exceeds 100% after six months of co-composting. Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) genotoxicity showed a positive correlation with micronucleus (MN) frequency. After six months of co-composting, the MN rate decreased significantly by 70.4 and 77.2% with decreasing Cr(VI) concentration with 58 and 58.6%, for mixtures A and B respectively. That indicates their suitability for use as a maturity index. During co-composting the abatement rate of phytotoxicity and genotoxicity confirme the maturation and stabilization degree of co-composting end products which encourages their recycling in agriculture as a fertilizer for the soil without any contamination of the soil-plant system.