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Statutory formalities in South African lawMyburgh, Franziska Elizabeth 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (LLD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This dissertation examines the approach to statutory formalities in South African law. It focuses primarily on formal requirements which result in nullity in the event of non-compliance, and in particular, on those prescribed for alienations of land (section 2(1) of the Alienation of Land Act 68 of 1981) and suretyships (section 6 of the General Law Amendment Act 50 of 1956).
To provide context, the study commences with a general historical overview of the development of formal requirements. It also considers the advantages and disadvantages of formalities. The conclusion is reached that an awareness of both is required if a court is to succeed in dealing with the challenges posed by statutory formalities.
The dissertation then considers more specific aspects of the topic of formal requirements, including the difference between material and non-material terms. It also reveals that the current interpretation of statutory formalities is quite flexible and tends towards a conclusion of validity if reasonably possible. However, cases involving unnamed or undisclosed principals present particular challenges in this context, and the possibility of greater consistency, without the loss of theoretical soundness, is investigated. A discussion of what should be in writing, and with what exactitude, necessarily involves a consideration of the extent to which extrinsic evidence is admissible. The interaction between formal requirements and the parol evidence rule is therefore investigated. Special attention is paid to incorporation by reference. After an examination of the common-law approach to this topic, the conclusion is reached that room exists for developing this area of South African law, especially where a sufficient reference to another document is concerned.
Rectification also enjoys detailed examination, due to the unique approach adopted in South African law. Where formalities are constitutive, a South African court first satisfies itself that a recordal complies with these requirements ex facie the document, before it will consider whether rectification may be appropriate. An analysis of both civilian and common-law judgments suggests that the South African approach is based on a misconception of the purpose of rectification. This leads to the further conclusion that the requirement of ex facie compliance should be abolished as a separate step and that a court should rather consider whether awarding a claim for rectification would defeat the objects of formalities in general.
Finally, the remedies available to a party who performs in terms of an agreement void for formal non-compliance and the effect of full performance in terms of such an agreement, receive attention. An investigation of the remedies available in other legal systems reveals that the South African approach of limiting a party to an enrichment claim is unnecessarily restrictive. It is argued that local courts should reconsider their exclusion of estoppel in this context, particularly in cases where one party’s unconscionable conduct has led the other to rely on the formally defective agreement. In cases of full performance, no remedies are available, but it is argued that a distinction should be drawn between reciprocal and unilateral performances. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie proefskrif ondersoek die benadering tot statutêre formaliteite in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg. Dit fokus hoofsaaklik op die formele vereistes wat lei tot nietigheid in die geval van nie-nakoming, en in die besonder dié wat voorgeskryf word vir die vervreemding van grond (artikel 2 (1) van die Wet op Vervreemding van Grond 68 van 1981) en borgstellings (artikel 6 van die Algemene Regswysigingswet 50 van 1956).
Ten einde die nodige konteks te verskaf, begin die studie met ‘n algemene historiese oorsig van die ontwikkeling van formaliteite. Dit oorweeg ook die voor- en nadele van formaliteite. Die gevolgtrekking is dat ‘n bewustheid van beide vereis word indien ‘n hof die uitdagings wat deur statutêre formaliteite gestel word, suksesvol wil hanteer.
Die proefskrif oorweeg dan meer spesifieke aspekte van formaliteite, insluitende die verskil tussen wesenlike en nie-wesenlike bedinge. Dit toon ook dat die huidige opvatting van statutêre formaliteite redelik buigsaam is en tot ‘n bevinding van geldigheid lei waar dit redelikerwys moontlik is. Gevalle van onbenoemde of versweë prinsipale bied egter besondere uitdagings in hierdie verband en die moontlikheid word ondersoek om ‘n meer konsekwente, maar tegelyk teoreties-gefundeerde benadering te volg. ‘n Bespreking van wat op skrif moet wees, en met watter mate van sekerheid, behels noodwendig ‘n oorweging van die mate waarin ekstrinsieke getuienis toelaatbaar is. Die interaksie tussen formaliteite en die parol evidence-reël word derhalwe ondersoek. Spesiale aandag word bestee aan inlywing deur verwysing. Na oorweging van die benadering in gemeenregtelike stelsels, word die gevolgtrekking bereik dat ruimte bestaan vir ontwikkeling op hierdie gebied, veral met betrekking tot ‘n voldoende verwysing na ‘n ander dokument.
Rektifikasie word ook breedvoerig hanteer, vanweë die eiesoortige benadering in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg. Waar formaliteite konstitutief van aard is, sal ‘n Suid-Afrikaanse hof eers vasstel dat ‘n ooreenkoms ex facie die dokument aan die formaliteite voldoen, voordat dit sal oorweeg of rektifikasie moontlik is. ‘n Ontleding van sivielregtelike en gemeenregtelike beslissings dui daarop dat die Suid-Afrikaanse benadering op ‘n wanbegrip van die doel van rektifikasie gebaseer is. Dit lei tot die verdere gevolgtrekking dat die vereiste van ex facie nakoming as ‘n afsonderlike stap afgeskaf behoort te word en dat ‘n hof eerder moet oorweeg of die toestaan van ‘n eis vir rektifikasie die oogmerke van die formaliteite in die algemeen sou verydel.
Laastens word aandag geskenk aan die remedies beskikbaar aan ‘n party wat presteer ingevolge ‘n ooreenkoms wat nietig is weens nie-nakoming van formaliteite, asook die effek van volle prestasie kragtens so ‘n ooreenkoms. In eersgenoemde geval beperk die Suid-Afrikaanse reg daardie party tot ‘n verrykingseis. ‘n Ondersoek van die remedies beskikbaar in ander regstelsels toon dat dit onnodig beperkend is. Dit word aangevoer dat Suid-Afrikaanse howe die uitsluiting van estoppel in hierdie konteks moet heroorweeg, veral in gevalle waar een party se gewetenlose optrede daartoe lei dat die ander party staat maak op die formeel-gebrekkige ooreenkoms. In gevalle van volledige prestasie is daar geen remedies beskikbaar nie, maar dit word aangevoer dat ‘n onderskeid getref moet word tussen wedersydse en eensydige prestasies.
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Tenuitvoerlegging van hofbevele teen die StaatWessels, Louis 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (LLM (Public Law))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / A worrying recent trend is the failure of national government and some provincial governments to comply with court orders. The prohibition on execution of court orders against the state (as contained in section 3 of the State Liabilities Act) has left judgement creditors in these cases without an effective remedy for execution. In contrast, in the absence of a provision prohibiting execution of judgement debt against local governments, creditors of such governments are able to attach all the assets of local governments in execution of such debt. This has resulted in these local governments being unable to fulfil their constitutional obligation to provide basic services. This study investigates the South African rules in respect of the execution of court orders against the state with the aim of proposing a solution for the above problems.
First of all, the historical and ideological origins of section 3 are set out. Thereafter, the courts’ practical interpretation of section 3 is investigated. From the above inquiry it becomes apparent that, at present, section 3 prohibits all steps towards execution of judgement debt against both the national government and provincial governments. As against this, local governments are not protected by section 3 and as such, court orders (except in certain exceptional instances) may freely be executed against local governments.
The constitutionality of this state of affairs is considered next. It is argued that section 3 is incompatible with the doctrines of the rule of law, the supremacy of the Constitution and the separation of powers. It is also submitted that section 3 is an unjustifiable limitation of sections 9 and 34 of the Constitution, in addition to being contrary to sections 165, 173 and 195(f) of the Constitution. In order to achieve a constitutionally acceptable approach to execution of court orders against the state, and as a consequence of the above findings, it is recommended that section 3 should be amended to (a) make it clear that the state is obliged to comply with court orders, (b) to ensure that creditors have effective means of executing judgement debt against the state and (c) to ensure that the government is not rendered impotent by such execution procedures.
Thereafter, international approaches to execution of court orders against the state are investigated. These approaches are then measured against the above-mentioned guidelines for achieving a constitutionally acceptable dispensation for execution of court orders so as to evaluate the suitability of such remedies for South African law. In the light of this discussion, it is proposed that effective remedies for execution of judgement debt against the state should be made available. It is proposed that: (a) orders ad factum praestandum should be enforceable by contempt of court proceedings, (b) orders ad pecuniam solvendam should be enforceable by means of attachment of state assets for purposes of execution (suggestions are also made to counter the disruptive effect of this remedy) and (c) that courts should also be able to issue declaratory orders that an order of court has been disobeyed by the state.
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Korporatiewe bestuur en die demografiese profiel van nie-uitvoerende maatskappydirekteure in Suid-AfrikaDippenaar, Annelene 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (LLM (Mercantile Law))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / The collapse of Enron, WorldCom and other companies and the worldwide adoption of codes of good corporate governance have highlighted the poor standard of corporate governance systems and brought about big changes in this field. Corporate scandals in Britain and South Africa have contributed to greater local awareness of the failings of traditional company governance.
In the Anglo-Saxon system non-executive directors are important watchdogs over powerful executive directors and other managers who are in a position to abuse their powers to the disadvantage of the shareholders. As independent supervisors non-executive directors are in a position to protect the interests of shareholders and prevent the manipulation of power relationships by executive managers.
Independent supervision is of the outmost importance to ensure effective corporate governance. It contributes to the objectivity of the decision-making process and also to the appointment of other efficient non-executive directors. Independence of non-executive directors is influenced by the limited candidates in the pool from which they are appointed. This leads to a limited number of non-executive directors serving on multiple boards of directors, which in turn compromises their independent supervision function.
The promotion of diversity on company boards, can expand the “limited gene pool” of non-executive directors. The question arises whether black economic empowerment, as a mechanism to promote greater diversity, has in South Africa contributed to a wider gene pool from which non-executive directors are appointed?
In this study it is concluded that, instead of widening the gene pool of non-executive directors, black economic empowerment is creating a second “gene pool” of black directors who serve on multiple boards and with potential implications for their independence.
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Geslag en Regstellende Aksie in die WerkplekLoots, Barbara Evelyn 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (LLM (Mercantile Law))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / The concept of affirmative action, in contrast to discrimination, does not have a
universal uniform meaning. On the one hand affirmative action can be seen as an
attempt to promote equal opportunities for individuals or groups previously
disadvantaged by discrimination. On the other hand, its application is controversial
when black people, women and disabled people are given preference, for example,
when decisions are made that preclude the appointment of better-qualified
candidates. Affirmative action therefore has pros and cons, depending on the
approach adopted. In South Africa affirmative action, as defined in s 15 of
Employment Equity Act 55 of 1998 (EEA), is seen as a measure that ensures equal
employment opportunities and equitable representation of suitably qualified people
from designated groups. Affirmative action thus enjoys legislative recognition and is
judicially developed by the courts. Nonetheless the concept is problematic. A specific
concern is the fact that the meaning of affirmative action is even more elusive when
the conceptual relationship to discrimination and equality is examined in an effort to
identify its theoretical foundation. Affirmative action is aimed at pursuing working
conditions that promote a real, and not just theoretical, realisation of rights. It
focuses on addressing the burden of discrimination, which is still borne by certain
groups in society. In Harmse v City of Cape Town [2203] 6 BLLR 557 (LC), the court
found that the broader idea of constitutional equality implies that the elimination of
unfair discrimination includes affirmative action. The court based its reasoning on s
9(2) of the equality clause of the Constitution, wherein provision is made for
measures, such as affirmative action, that are “designed to protect or advance
persons, or categories of persons, disadvantaged by unfair discrimination…” In
Dudley v City of Cape Town [2004] 5 BLLR 413 (LC) the court found that the EEA
distinguishes between the prohibition of unfair discrimination and affirmative action,
as contained in chapters II and III of the Act, regarding approach, aim and
application. This however does not imply that the two concepts are in no way
connected. Another area of concern relates to doubts surrounding the effectiveness of
affirmative action. The gender gap in the workplace becomes apparent when the
labour market composition is taken into consideration. This emphasises the fact that
affirmative action is not accomplishing sufficient transformation to further equality in
the workplace. The origin of the problem lies in the fact that the impact of affirmative action depends on the approach to equality (be it formal equality, equality of
opportunities or substantive equality) that it is designed to promote. Another
affirmative action dilemma is the problem of enforcement of measures of this nature.
Other alternatives, such as diversity management where both the employer and the
employees benefit, should possibly be considered as a method of effectively
empowering women to ensure that they can compete successfully with men in the
labour market. Diversity management ultimately appears to have a social, as well as
an economic advantage in the development of equitable representation of
disadvantaged groups in the labour market.
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Een rechtsvergelijkende studie tussen het Nederlandse en Zuid-Afrikaanse ontslagrecht : met als deelonderwerp, retrenchmentAbbo, Tertius 11 1900 (has links)
Thesis (LLM) -- Stellenbosch University, 1992. / Includes bibliography / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The central concern of this thesis is retrenchment. It
begins with an overview of the law concerning dismissal
whereafter the general position relating to retrenchment
and the guidelines of the Industrial Court in that regard,
are discussed. Reference is also made to retrenchment on
the grounds of insolvency, closure and merger of companies.
The legal position in South Africa is compared with that
in Dutch labour law, with the purpose of the determining
which of the two systems offer the best protection to
employees faced with retrenchment.
Two criteria were applied, ie that of ,~srtainty of law and
the level of protection offered by the law.
The differences between the two systems are substantial.
While South Africa has a common law system, the Dutch have
a civil law system. A second difference is the fact that
in the Netherlands there exists a very strong state
intervention in employment affairs to a far larger degree
than in South Africa. Dutch dismissal law can be called
preventive and pro-active, while the South African law
appears to be largely re-active.
The general conclusion is that workers' ri9hts in the event
of retrenchment are more secure in Dutch labour law, and
that the Dutch system offers a useful point of reference
for reform of the South African position. / DUTCH OPSOMMING: Het centrale onderwerp in deze thesis is retrenchment.
Alvorens hier op in te gaan is eerst een overzicht gegeven
van de relevante arbeidswetten en het ontslagrecht in het
algemeen.
We hebben gekeken naar de diverse omstandigheden waarin
retrenchment zoal voorkomt. Ondermeer is ingegaan op de
omstandigheden rondom sluiting, faillissement en fusie van
tedrijven.
Verder zijn de diverse richtlijnen voer retrenchment en de
rol van de Industrial Court ter sprake gekomen.
Om een en ander in perspectief te plaatsen is voorts een
vergelijking gemaakt met Nederland. De bedoeling is om te
kijken naar welk systeem betere waarborgen biedt voar de
werknemer. Hiertoe zijn twee criteria gesteld. Deze zijn
de mate van rechtszekerheid en de mate van
r~chtsbescherming.
De geconstateerde verschillen zijn behoorlijk. Als eerste
is het juridisch systeem al verschillend. Zuid-Afrika kent
een gemene rechtssysteem en Nederland een burgerlijk
rechtssysteem.
Een tweede verschil is dat i.n Nederland sprake is van een
actieve staatsinterventie. In Nederland kan men spreken
van een prefentief ontslagrecht, terwijl in Zuid-Afrika
gesproken kan worden van repressief ontslagrecht.
De conclusie die uiteindelijk getrokken is, is dat het
Nederlandse systeern betere waarborgen biedt voor de
werknemer.
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Zur Frage, inwieweit der südafrikanische Sectional Titles Act aus der neu verabschiedeten WEG-Novelle in Deutschland Nutzen ziehen kannScholze, Gregor 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (LLM (Private Law))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The most important innovations of the revised German Wohnunungseigentumsgesetz which
came into force on 1 July of 2007, concern the possiblity to amend parts of the constitution of
the scheme (Gemeinschaftsordnung) by majority instead of unanimous resolution; the
extension of the decision-making competence of sectional owners; the easier and more
appropriate distinction between maintenance of and luxurious and non-luxurious
improvements to the common property; the recognition that the body corporate has legal
capacity to act in certain circumstances; the increase in the functions and powers of the
professional manager (Verwalter); and the replacement of the procedure for non-contentious
matters for the settlement of disputes by the ordinary civil court procedure. These
predominantly valuable innovations raise the question in how far South African law could
benefit from these amendments, and whether they could be used as a model for solving
some of the unsatisfactory aspects of the South African sectional title law.
The revised Wohnungseigentumsgesetz now allows apartment owners to amend more
provisions of the constitution by majority resolution. The harsh unanimity principle is in many
contexts replaced by the majority principle and individual apartment owners are allowed to
request an amendment of certain provisions of the constitution for important reasons. The
Sectional Titles Act and the model management and conduct rules regulate the relationship
between sectional owners in South Africa. Both the developer and the body corporate have
the authority to supplement or amend the existing model rules by special rules. However, in
comparison with the revised Wohnungseigentumsgesetz the management and conduct rules
can only be amended by a unanimous or special resolution for management and conduct
rules respectively and an individual owner is not allowed to request an amendment of a
model rule on account of the unfair consequences suffered by him or her.
An important advantage of the revised Wohnungseigentumsgesetz in comparison with
section 32(4) of the Sectional Titles Act is furthermore that no written consent is required
from the sectional owner who is adversely affected by an amendment of certain aspects of
the participation quota. This requirement causes many problems. First, the circumstances in
which an owner can be considered adversely affected have not been judicially determined.
Second, the South African requirement is out of step with modern conditions, which witness
the number of larger schemes increasing, because it allows one owner to block objectively
necessary resolutions of the body corporate. The provision requiring the written consent of
the adversely affected owner should therfore be repealed.
The same applies to the general requirements for carrying out maintenance of and
improvements to the common property. On closer analysis it becomes clear that the
management rules contain no criteria to distinguish between maintenance and improvement
measures or between luxurious and non-luxurious improvements. In final analysis these
distinctions seem to depend on subjective rather than on objective criteria. By contrast the
revised Wohnungseigentumsgesetz contains a clear objective distinction between the four
categories of improvements to the common property. / GERMAN ABSTRACT: Seit dem 1. Juli 2007 gilt in Deutschland ein novelliertes Wohnungseigentumsgesetz. Die
wichtigsten Neuerungen betreffen die Ermöglichung von Änderungen der Gemeinschaftsordnung
nicht nur durch einstimmigen Beschluss der Wohnungseigentümer, die Erweiterung
der Beschlusskompetenzen der Wohnungseigentümer, die Erleichterung der Durchführung
baulicher Maßnahmen, die Gestaltung der Teilrechtsfähigkeit der Eigentümergemeinschaft
und die Festlegung der erweiterten Rechte und Pflichten des Verwalters sowie die
Überleitung des Verfahrens der freiwilligen Gerichtsbarkeit in die Zivilprozessordnung. Die
überwiegende Zahl der grundsätzlich zu begrüßenden Neuregelungen gibt auch für das
südafrikanische Recht wertvolle Denkanstöße zu der Frage, ob eine Novellierung des
Sectional Titles Act im Sinne der Neuregelungen des WEG eine Möglichkeit wäre,
bestehende „Ungereimtheiten“ und Probleme zwischen den Wohnungseigentümern und im
Wohnungseigentumskomplex in Südafrika besser lösen zu können.
Im neuen novellierten WEG sind mehr als bislang Mehrheitsentscheidungen der
Wohnungseigentümer zulässig. Statt des starren Einstimmigkeitsprinzips gilt nun oftmals das
Mehrheitsprinzip. Zudem ist es auch dem einzelnen Wohnungseigentümer möglich, eine
Änderung einer Vereinbarung zu verlangen, sofern ein Festhalten an einer geltenden
Regelung aus schwerwiegenden Gründen unter Berücksichtigung aller Umstände des
Einzelfalles, unbillig erscheint. Gesetzliche Regelungen, welche das Gemeinschaftsverhältnis
in Südafrika ordnen, sind im Sectional Titles Act selbst und in den management und
conduct rules der Annexure 8 und 9 des Sectional Titles Act enthalten. Zudem hat sowohl
der developer als auch die Wohnungseigentümergemeinschaft (body corporate) die
Befugnis, die Rechte, Pflichten und Nutzungsrechte der Wohnungseigentümer in
sogenannten „special rules“ selbst festzulegen. Im Vergleich zu den Regelungen des
novellierten WEG ist es für Wohnungseigentümer in Südafrika jedoch schwerer, eine
Änderung solcher Regelungen herbeizuführen. Wollen die Wohnungseigentümer von den
Regelungen der management oder conduct Rules abweichen, können sie dies bezüglich der
management rules nur durch einheitlichen Beschluss (resolution) und hinsichtlich der
conduct rules mittels eines Beschlusses mit 75%er Mehrheit (special resolution). Ein
individueller Anspruch des einzelnen Wohnungseigentümers auf Änderung, Ergänzung oder
Ersetzung der rules bei Unbilligkeit besteht nicht.
Ein gewichtiger Vorteil der Neuregelung des § 16 Abs. 3 WEG im Vergleich zu Artikel 32(4)
des Sectional Titles Act ist zudem, dass es in Deutschland keiner schriftlichen Zustimmung
des von der Entscheidung negativ betroffenen Wohnungseigentümers bedarf. Eine
Änderung der participation quota hinsichtlich des Kostenverteilungsschlüssels ist nur
möglich, wenn ein von der Entscheidung negativ betroffener Wohnungseigentümer seine
schriftliche Zustimmung erteilt. Wann eine solche negative Betroffenheit („adversely
affected“) letztlich vorliegt, ist zum einen nicht abschließend geklärt. Zum anderen ist gerade
unter der Prämisse immer größerer werdender sectional titles schemes nicht mehr
zeitgemäß, einem einzelnen Wohnungseigentümer die Möglichkeit zu geben, objektiv
notwendige Entscheidungen der body corporate zu blockieren. Das Erfordernis der
Zustimmungsbedürftigkeit eines negativ betroffenen Wohnungseigentümers sollte daher
aufgegeben werden. Gleiches gilt für die generelle Zulässigkeit von baulichen Veränderungen.
Bei genauerer Analyse des südafrikanischen Rechts wird zudem klar, dass in den
Management Rules nicht definiert ist, was unter Verbesserungen, d.h. unter „improvements
to the common property“ zu verstehen ist oder wie im Einzelfall zwischen luxuriösen und
nicht-luxuriösen Aufwendungen zu unterscheiden ist, da es letztlich von der subjektiven
Betrachtungsweise Einzelner abhängt. Das novellierte WEG enthält im Vergleich dazu eine
klarere objektive Begriffsabgrenzung der vier Kategorien baulicher Maßnahmen. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die belangrikste veranderings aangebring deur die wysiging van die Duitse
Wohnunungseigentumsgesetz wat op 1Julie 2007 in werking getree het, is die volgende: die
wysiging van die reëls van die skema (Gemeinschaftsordnung) deur middel van ‘n
meerderheidsbesluit in plaas van ‘n eenparige besluit; die uitbreiding van die
besluitnemingsbevoegdhede van deeleienaars, die helder en meer gepaste vereistes vir die
aanbring van verbeterings aan die gemeenskaplike eiendom, die erkenning van die
regsbevoegdheid van die regspersoon in sekere gevalle, die uitbreiding van die
bevoegdhede van die professionele bestuurder en die vervanging van die informele
geskilbeslegtingsprosedure deur die gewone hofprosedure. Hierdie veranderinge laat die
vraag ontstaan in hoeverre die Suid-Afrikaanse reg voordeel kan trek uit hierdie wysigings en
in hoeverre die veranderings as model kan dien vir wysiging van onbevredigende aspekte
van die Wet op Deeltitels.
Die gewysigde Wohnunungseigentumsgesetz laat deeleienaars tans toe om meer bepalings
van die model reëls deur meerderheidsbesluit te verander. Die streng eenparigheidsbeginsel
word in meerdere verbande deur die meerderheidsbeginsel vervang en deeleienaars word in
sekere gevalle selfs toegelaat om aansoek te doen vir die wysiging van sommige bepalings
op grond van ‘n geldige rede. Die Wet op Deeltitels en die model bestuurs- en gedragsreëls
reguleer die regsverhouding tussen deeleienaars. In teenstelling met die gewysidge Duitse
wet kan die die regspersoon die bestuursreëls slegs deur middel van ‘n eenparige besluit en
die gedragsreëls deur middel van ‘n spesiale besluit verander en ‘n deeleienaar word nie
toegelaat om ‘n verandering van die reëls aan te vra op grond van onregverdige benadeling
nie.
‘n Belangrike voordeel van die gewysigde Duitse wet in vergelyking met artikel 32(4) van die
Wet op Deeltitels is verder dat die skriftelike toestemming van ‘n deeleienaar wat deur die
wysiging van sekere aspekte van die deelnemingkwota benadeel word, nie verkry hoef te
word nie. Dit is ‘n groot verbetering. Eerstens is dit moeilik om te bepaal in watter
omstandighede ‘n deeleienaar se regte deur die wysiging van die deelnemingskwota
benadeel word. Tweedens is die Suid-Afrikaanse bepaling uit pas met moderne
ontwikkelings waar ‘n deeleienaar in groot deeltitleontwikkelings toegelaat word om objektief
redelike besluite van die regspersoon te blokkeer. Hierdie bepaling van die Wet op Deeltitels
moet dus herroep word.
Dieselfde geld vir die vereistes met betrekking tot die onderhoud van en verbeterings aan
die gemeenskaplike eiendom in die Suid-Afrikaanse wetgewing. Op die keper beskou bevat
die bestuursreëls geen geskikte riglyne om tussen die onderhoud van, en luukse en nieluukse
verbeterings aan die gemeenskaplike eiendom te onderskei nie. Die onderskeiding
berus oënskynlik op subjektiewe eerder as objektiewe oorwegings. Daarenteen bevat die
gewysigde Duitse Wet helder, objektiewe kriteria om onderhoud en vier soorte verbeterings
aan die gemeenskaplike eiendom te onderskei.
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Tenure security under the Communal Property Associations Act 28 of 1996 : an analysis of establishment and management procedures with comparative reference to the Sectional Titles Act 95 of 1986Jacobs, Petrus Jacobus 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (LLM )-- University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis discusses the efficacy of procedures involving communal participation in the management of land by communal property associations, and how this contributes to the promotion of security of tenure as envisaged by the South African Land Reform programme. The Communal Property Associations Act 28 of 1996 (CPA Act) is aimed at regulating communal living arrangements to create security of tenure for its respective landholders. However, the general opinion of commentators in the land reform sector has continued to be that communal property institutions are ineffective and generally fail. Many assert that problems experienced are symptoms of a wider weakness relating to the institutional design of the juristic person, its regulation and the support it receives. To determine the strength of this assertion, the concept and conditions of security of tenure in South African law, and the obstacles hampering it, are investigated. Security of tenure is especially important as it provides a foundation from which land holders can exercise their rights productively.
This is followed by an overview of the existing legal mechanisms for communal living arrangements that are similar to the arrangements catered for in the CPA Act. One of these arrangements, namely the Sectional Titles Act is used to compare mechanisms similar to the establishment and management procedures in the CPA Act. The main conclusion regarding establishment procedures is that many of the provisions of the CPA Act are not being implemented properly. While some institutional problems exist and must be addressed, negotiation with and guidance by the Department of Rural Development and Land Reform are necessary to overcome such problems. An inadequate establishment process will only lead to problems and conflict in the management phase that could hamper security of tenure. Communal property associations are managed by an organisation structure comprising of a juristic person, a committee and the community. The thesis shows that committee members often lack the necessary training to fulfil their duties adequately. The CPA Act also allow communal property associations too much discretion in allocating powers and functions of the committee that can lead to paralysis in decision-making processes. The Department Rural Development and Land Reform has extensive powers to monitor and intervene in matters of the association if problems exist, but in practice such measures are not resorted to. These problems create dysfunction in many communal property associations. While the CPA Act can provide security of tenure for communities, the most significant obstacle is the lack of support from the Department of Rural Development and Land Reform in implementing the provisions of the CPA Act. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis handel oor die doeltreffendheid van die prosedures rondom die deelname van gemeenskappe aan die bestuur van grond in gemeenskaplike eiendomsverenigings, en hoe dit bydra tot die bevordering van die onaantasbaarheid van grondregte, soos beoog deur die Suid-Afrikaanse grondhervormingsprogram. Die Communal Property Associations Act 28 of 1996 (CPA Wet) het ten doel om gemeenskaplike bewoning van grond te reguleer ten einde om sekerheid vir houers van grond in die hand te werk. Die heersende mening van kommentatore in die grondhervormingsektor is nietemin nog steeds dat gemeenskaplike eiendomsinstellings ondoeltreffend is, en oor die algemeen misluk. Verskeie kommentatore doen aan die hand dat die heersende probleme simptome is van onderliggende tekortkominge in die wyse waarop die regspersoon saamgestel word en hoe dit gereguleer en ondersteun word. Ten einde hierdie opvatting te deurgrond, word daar in hierdie tesis gekyk na die omstandighede waaronder onaantasbaarheid van grondregte bewerkstellig kan word in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg, en na die struikelblokke wat bestaan om heirdie doel te bereik. Onaantasbaarheid van grondregte is belangrik, veral omdat dit die basis is waarop houers van grond in staat gestel word om hul regte produktief uit te oefen.
Hierna volg ‘n oorsig van die bestaande regsmeganismes vir gemeenskaplike bewoning van grond, wat soortgelyk is aan dié van die CPA Wet. Een sodanige opset is die Deeltitelswet, wat gebruik word om soortgelyke meganismes vir die totstandkoming van en die bestuursprosedures van die CPA Wet te vergelyk. Die gevolgtrekking met betrekking tot totstandkomingsprosedures is dat die bepalings van die CPA Wet nie behoorlik in werking gestel is nie. Benewens die institusionele probleme wat aangespreek moet word, is onderhandeling met en leiding deur die Departement van Landelike Ontwikkeling en Grondhervorming nodig, om bestaande struikelblokke uit die weg te ruim. ‘n Ontoereikende totstandkomingsproses sal slegs lei tot verdere probleme en geskille in die latere bestuur van die skema wanneer die skema bestuur moet word. Dit werk onsekerheid m.b.t. die grondregte in die hand. Die bestuurstruktuur van gemeenskaplike eiendomsverenigings bestaan uit ‘n regspersoon, ‘n komitee en die gemeenskap. Die tesis dui aan dat komiteelede dikwels nie voldoende opgelei is om hul funksies behoorlik te vervul nie. Die CPA Wet maak ook voorsiening vir te veel diskresionêre begoegdhede in die akte van oprigting en die bepalings omtrent die funksies van die komitee, wat die besluitnemingsproses kan lamlê. Die Departement van Plaaslike Ontwikkeling en Grondhervorming het verreikende magte m.b.t monitering en intervensie in die sake van die verenigings, waar probleme bestaan. In die praktyk word hierdie bevoegdhede egter nie aangewend soos beoog nie. Die probleme versoorsaak dat gemeenkskaplike eiendomsverenigings nie na behore funksioneer nie. Die wetsbepalings kan onaantasbaarheid van grondregte vir gemeenskappe in die hand werk, maar die grootste struikelblok is die behoorlike implementering van die wetsbepalings.
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A comparative study of black rural women's tenure security in South Africa and NamibiaKamkuemah, Anna Ndaadhomagano 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (LLM)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / Includes bibliography / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The South African land question presents complex legal and social challenges. The
legal aspects of land are inextricably linked to other socio-economic aspects, such
as access to housing, healthcare, water and social security. The Constitution
provides for land reform in the property clause - section 25. This clause, while
seeking to redress the colonial land dispossessions, by means of a tripartite land
reform programme, also protects the property rights of all. The different legs of the
land reform programme are redistribution, which is aimed at enabling citizens to
access land on an equitable basis; restitution, which sets out to restore property
rights or grant equitable redress to those dispossessed of land as a result of past
racially discriminatory laws or practices and finally tenure reform. Tenure reform is
premised on transforming the landholding system of those with legally insecure
tenure as a result of past racially discriminatory laws or practices or granting
comparable redress. The primary focus of this thesis is on tenure security for black
rural women in South Africa, while using the Namibian experience with regard of the
same group as a comparison. Historically, before colonialism, landholding was governed by the customary law of
the various tribes in South Africa. This landholding system underwent extensive
change through the colonial era that ultimately led to a fragmented and
disproportionate distribution of land based on race, with insecure land rights
particularly in rural areas, where women are the majority. With the dawn of the
Constitutional era, South Africa embarked upon a social justice project, based on a
supreme Constitution, embodying human dignity, equality, non-racialism,
accountability and the rule of law. Land reform forms part of the social project and is
governed by the Constitution and influenced by both the civil and customary law.
With the South African tenure context, policy documents, legislation and case law
will be analysed. In this process the role of the stakeholders and other related
factors, for example customary practices are also considered. The analysis indicates
that case law has played a significant part in addressing women’s plight with regard
to equality, tenure reform and abolishing suppressive legislative provisions and practices. It is furthermore clear that the different categories of women are affected
differently by the overarching tenure and other related measures.
For a legal comparative study, Namibia was chosen for the following reasons: (a)
both South Africa and Namibia have a shared colonial and apartheid background; (b)
both countries have a Constitutional foundation incorporating human rights and
equality; and (c) both countries have embarked on land reform programmes.
However, contrary to the South African position, both the Namibian Constitution and
its National Land Policy are more gender-specific. Tenure reform is an on-going
process in Namibia in terms of which specific categories of women have benefitted
lately. To that end the gender inclined approach may be of specific value for the
South African situation, in general, but in particular concerning black rural women.
Consequently, particular recommendations, linked to the specific categories of
women, are finally provided for the South African position, in light of the Namibian
experience. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Suid-Afrikaanse grondkwessie beliggaam ingewikkelde regs- en sosiale
uitdagings. Die regsaspekte wat verband hou met grond is ook onlosmaaklik
gekoppel aan sosio-ekonomiese kwessies, soos byvoorbeeld toegang to behuising,
gesondheidsdienste, water en sosiale sekuriteit. Die Grondwet maak vir
grondhervorming in die eiendomsklousule, artikel 25, voorsiening. Die
eiendomsklousule beoog om koloniale grondontnemings (deur ‘n drie-ledige
oorhoofse grondhervormingsprogram) aan te spreek en terselfdertyd eiendomsregte
te beskerm. Die oorhoofse grondhervormingsprogram bestaan uit herverdeling,
waarmee billike toegang tot grond vir alle burgers bewerkstellig word; restitusie,
waarvolgens herstel (of ander billike vergoeding) vir persone en gemeenskappe wat
grond en regte as gevolg van rasdiskriminerende maatreëls verloor het,
bewerkstellig word en laastens grondbeheerhervorming. Grondbeheerhervorming
behels die aanpas of opgradeer van grondbeheervorme (of die betaal van billike
vergoeding) in gevalle waar regte onseker (of swak) is weens rasdiskriminerende
maatreëls en praktyke van die verlede. Die hooffokus van die tesis is op die
regsekerheid (al dan nie) van grondbeheer van swart landelike vrouens in Suid-
Afrika, met die Namibiese ervaring as regsvergelykende komponent. Histories, voordat kolonialisme ingetree het, was grondbeheer deur die tradisionele
inheemse reg van die verskillende gemeenskappe in Suid-Afrika gereguleer. Hierdie
grondbeheersisteme het grootskaalse verandering gedurende die koloniale tydperk
ondergaan. Dit het eindelik tot ‘n rasgebaseerde, gefragmenteerde sisteem gelei
waarvan die verdeling van grond disproporsioneel was en die grondbeheervorme
regsonseker, veral in die landelike gebiede waar vrouens die meerderheid van die
bevolking uitmaak.
Toe die grondwetlike era in Suid-Afrika aanbreek, is daar met ‘n sosiale
geregtigheidprojek (heropbou en ontwikkeling) begin. Hierdie benadering is op die
Grondwet gefundeer waarin menswaardigheid, gelykheid, nie-rassigheid, rekenskap
en regsorde beliggaam is. Grondhervorming vorm deel van die oorhoofse projek en word deur die Grondwet bestuur en deur beide die nasionale en die Inheems reg
beïnvloed.
Met betrekking tot die Suid-Afrikaanse grondbeheeristeem word beleidsdokumente,
wetgewing en regspraak geanaliseer. In hierdie proses word die rol van
belanghebbendes en ander verwante aspekte, soos byvoorbeeld Inheemse partyke,
ook oorweeg. Die analise dui aan dat dit veral ontwikkelings in regspraak is wat ‘n
groot bydrae gelewer het om vrouens se stryd om gelykheid en sekerheid van
grondbeheer te bevorder en wat gelei het tot die afskaffing van onderdrukkende
wetgewende maatreëls en praktyke. Dit is verder ook duidelik dat verskillende
kategorieë van vrouens verskillend deur die oorhoofse grondbeheer- en ander
verwante maatreëls, geaffekteer word. Namibië is vir die regsvergelykende analise geïdentifiseer omdat (a) beide Suid-
Afrika en Namibië ‘n koloniale en apartheidsgeskiedenis deel; (b) beide jurisdiksies
‘n grondwetlike basis het waarin menseregte en gelykheid beliggaam word; en (c)
beide lande grondhervormingsprogramme van stapel gestuur het. In teenstelling met
die Suid-Afrikaanse benadering, is die Namibiese Grondwet en die nasionale
grondbeleid egter meer geslag-spesifiek. Grondbeheerhervorming in Namibië is ‘n
aaneenlopende proses waaruit veral sekere kategorieë vrouens onlangs voordeel
getrek het. Om daardie rede mag die geslag-spesifke benadering wat in Namibië
gevolg word vir Suid-Afrika ook van waarde wees, nie net in die algemeen by
grondbeheer nie, maar spesifiek ook met betrekking tot swart landelike vroue. In die
lig van die Namibiese ervaring word daar ten slotte spesifieke aanbevelings tot die
Suid-Afrikaanse sisteem, gekoppel aan bepaalde kategorieë van vroue, gemaak.
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Water as a human right under international human rights law : implications for the privatisation of water servicesMoyo, Khulekani 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (LLD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / Bibliography / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The worsening scarcity of fresh water resources has led to an increasing number of people without sustainable access to safe water across the globe. Water privatisation has been presented as the panacea to addressing the global water crisis. Privatisation of water has heightened the impetus for the explicit recognition of water as a human right. This dissertation seeks to establish the legal status of the right to water under international human rights law. The dissertation further attempts to ascertain the scope and normative content of such a right. In order to answer these questions, this dissertation carries out a detailed analysis of the possible legal basis, scope and normative content of the right to water under international human rights law. The principal question that arises is how a State can ensure compliance with its human rights obligations in the event of involvement of non-State actors such as private corporations in the management and distribution of water services. This dissertation‘s main hypothesis is that although privatisation of water services does not relieve the State of its legal responsibility under international human rights law, such privatisation imposes certain obligations on private actors consistent with the right to water. The dissertation goes beyond articulating normative considerations and looks at implementation at the national level by highlighting good practices on the practical implementation of the right to water consistent with the normative standards imposed by the right. The dissertation‘s key contribution is its development of an accountability model to ensure that States and private actors involved in the provision of water services have clearly designated roles and responsibilities consistent with the human right to water. If properly implemented, the model has the potential to give greater specification to the normative commitments imposed by the right to water in privatisation scenarios. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die verergerende skaarste van vars water bronne het aanleiding gegee tot die toename in die hoeveelheid mense sonder volhoubare toegang tot veilige water oor die hele aarde. Dit word aangevoer dat die privatisering van water die wondermiddel is om die globale water krisis aan te spreek. Die privatisering van water het aanleiding gegee tot 'n verskerpte aandrang om water uitdruklik te erken as 'n mensereg. Hierdie proefskrif poog om die regsstatus van die reg tot water te vestig binne die raamwerk van internasionale menseregte. Die proefskrif probeer verder om vas te stel wat die omvang en normatiewe inhoud van so 'n reg sal wees. Vervolgens voltrek hierdie proefskrif 'n uitvoerige analise van die moontlike regsbasis, omvang en normatiewe inhoud van die reg tot water binne die raamwerk van internasionale menseregte. Die vernaamste vraag wat opduik is hoe 'n Staat kan verseker dat sy menseregte verpligtinge nagekom word waar nie-Regeringsrolspelers soos korporasies betrokke is by die bestuur en distribusie van waterdienste. Die kern hipotese van hierdie proefskrif is dat alhoewel die privatisering van waterdienste nie die Staat verlig van sy regsverpligtinge in terme van internasionale menseregte nie, sodanige privatisering sekere verpligtinge aan privaatrolspelers voorskryf wat in lyn is met die reg op water. Hierdie proefskrif gaan verder as die artikulering van normatiewe oorwegings en kyk ook na die implementering op nasionale vlak deur goeie praktyke uit te lig met betrekking tot die prakiese implementering van die reg tot water wat konsekwent is met die normatiewe standaarde wat die reg voorskryf. Die kern bydrae van hierdie proefskrif is die ontwikkeling van 'n aanspreeklikheismodel wat versker dat Regerings en privaat rolspelers wat betrokke is by die voorsiening van waterdienste duidelik aangewysde funksies en verantwoordelikhede het wat in lyn is met die reg tot water. Indien hierdie model behoorlik implementeer word, het dit die potensiaal om grooter spesifikasie te gee aan die normatiewe verpligtinge wat deur die reg tot water voorgeskryf word in privatiserings scenarios.
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Investigating an alternative administrative-law system in South AfricaMaree, Petrus Jacobus Hermanus 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (LLD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This dissertation considers the question whether there are viable alternatives to the
conceptual framework within which the South African administrative-law system
operates, given that the administration now functions under new constitutional
demands and new approaches to administrative engagement. The intention is not to
proffer concrete recommendations for such a system, but only to propose an approach
by means of which questions concerning the legal regulation of the administration and
administrative function may be addressed.
The dissertation introduces the concept of the contextualised administrative-law
system. This concept emphasises the legal relationship between the public
administration and the judiciary, but is not limited to this relationship. The
administrative-law system does not operate in a vacuum, though, and is informed by
the conceptual framework within which the system operates. The system is also a
function of its geo-political and socio-economic context.
The historical development of the doctrine of separation of powers, as one aspect
of the conceptual framework, is traced. Thereby the normative, dynamic and flexible
nature of the doctrine is established. On this basis, the potential and value of a fourth
branch, the administration, within the separation-of-powers doctrine is assessed. By
implication, the administrative function would constitute a fourth, distinct function in
addition to the legislative, executive and judicial functions.
The concept of the administrative-law system is consequently applied to the South
African context. Firstly, the development of the South African system is outlined and,
secondly, the administrative-law relationship is analysed. This discussion establishes
that the system is characterised by an embryonic administrative law, the equating of
administrative law and judicial review, an emphasis on the rule-of-law or “red-light”
approach to administrative regulation, a rhetoric of deference, and the supremacy of
the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. Therefore, the system must be
informed by the Constitution and, arguably, by Karl Klare’s project of transformative
constitutionalism and Etienne Mureinik’s “culture of justification”.
The content of the separation of powers is also investigated by means of an
historical analysis of the considerations that rationalise the existence of an
independent administrative jurisdiction in France. This entails an exposition of the
Conseil d’État’s structure, organisation and dual function. Principles that describe the French system, other than the pure separation of powers, are discussed, namely, the
duality of jurisdiction, the separation of administrative and judicial authorities, the
separation of the administrative jurisdiction and active administration, the maxim “to
judge the administration is still administering”, and the hybrid nature of
administrative litigation.
The legal regulation of public contracts can be regarded as a doctrinal perspective
of the administrative-law system. The public contract is discussed as one form of
administration, due to its conceptual ambiguity as a legal instrument on the boundary
between public and private law and due to the administration’s increasing contractual
activity. To an extent the contrat administratif of French law indicates that particular
legal rules are an extension of the broader principles, considerations and institutional
structures discussed in the preceding sections.
This dissertation introduces an approach that emphasises the relationship between
the administration and the judiciary as well as the conceptual framework within which
the administrative-law system operates. Through the application of this approach to
the South African context and to public contracting the key concepts and debates
underlying an appropriate administrative-law system in South Africa are identified
and investigated. This constitutes a platform for the development of a particular
administrative-law system and an exposition of viable alternatives to the conceptual
framework within which the system operates. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie proefskrif ondersoek die vraag of daar lewensvatbare alternatiewe tot die
konseptuele raamwerk van die huidige Suid-Afrikaanse administratiefreg-stelsel
moontlik is. Dié vraag word gestel teen die agtergrond van die nuwe grondwetlike
vereistes en benaderings waaraan administratiewe interaksie moet voldoen. Die
bedoeling is nie om aanbevelings vir die bestaande stelsel te maak nie, maar eerder
om ‘n benadering voor te stel waarin vrae oor die regulering van die administrasie en
die administratiewe funksie geakkommodeer kan word.
In die proses skep die proefskrif ‘n nuwe konsep: die administratiefreg-stelsel in
konteks, wat die regsverhouding tussen die administrasie en die regbank beklemtoon,
terwyl dit nie beperk is tot die verhouding nie. Uiteraard word die administratiefregstelsel
beïnvloed deur die konseptuele raamwerk waarin dit funksioneer, terwyl dit
verder ook ‘n funksie is van sy geopolitiese en sosio-ekonomiese konteks.
Die historiese ontwikkeling van die skeiding van magte, een aspek van die
konseptuele raamwerk, word bespreek en daardeur word die normatiewe, dinamiese
en buigsame aard van die leerstuk bevestig. Hiermee word die potensiaal en waarde
van ‘n vierde been, naamlik die administrasie, binne die skeiding-van-magte leerstuk
oorweeg, met die implikasie dat die administratiewe funksie ‘n onafhanklike, vierde
funksie vestig, benewens die wetgewende, uitvoerende en regsprekende funksies.
Die konsep van die administratiefreg-stelsel word gevolglik toegepas op die Suid-
Afrikaanse konteks. Eerstens word die ontwikkeling van die Suid-Afrikaanse stelsel
uiteengesit en dan tweedens word die administratiefreg-verhouding ontleed. Hierdie
bespreking bevestig dat die stelsel gekenmerk word deur ‘n onderontwikkelde
administratiefreg, die gelykstelling van die administratiefreg en geregtelike
hersiening, die beklemtoning van die regstaat en ‘n sogenaamde rooilig-benadering
tot administratiewe regulasie, ‘n retoriek van geregtike agting, en die oppergesag van
die Grondwet van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika, 1996. Juis as gevolg hiervan moet
die stelsel op die Grondwet gegrond word. Daar word ook geargumenteer dat Karl
Klare se transformerende konstitusionalisme sowel as Etienne Mureinik se kultuur
van regverdiging die stelsel vorm behoort te gee.
Die skeiding van magte se inhoud word ook aan ‘n historiese ontleding van Franse
reg onderwerp om sodoende die rasionaal agter die onafhanklike administratiewe
jurisdiksie in Frankryk te verduidelik. Dit behels ‘n uiteensetting van die Conseil d’État se struktuur, interne organisering en tweeledige funksie. Die beginsels wat die
Franse stelsel beskryf, bo-en-behalwe die suiwer skeiding van magte, word bespreek
en dit is by name die dualiteit van jurisdiksie, die skeiding van administratiewe en
regsprekende owerhede, die skeiding van die administratiewe jurisdiksie en aktiewe
administrasie, die leuse wanneer die administrasie beoordeel word, word daar steeds
administreer, en die gemengde aard van administratiewe regsgedinge.
Die openbare kontrak word bespreek as ‘n instrument van administrasie gegewe
die konseptuele dubbelsinnigheid van daardie regskonsep, wat op die grens tussen
publiek- en privaatreg lê, en as gevolg van die administrasie se toenemende
kontraktuele aktiwiteit. In ‘n mate dui die Franse contrat administratif daarop dat
bepaalde regsreëls ‘n uitbreiding van die breër beginsels, oorwegings en institusionele
strukture is, soos in die voorafgaande afdelings bespreek word.
Dus stel hierdie proefskrif ‘n benadering voor wat die verhouding tussen die
administrasie en die regbank, sowel as die konseptuele raamwerk waarbinne die
administratiefreg-stelsel funksioneer, beklemtoon. Deur hierdie benadering toe te pas
op die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks, en op openbare kontraktering, word die konsepte en
debatte geïdentifiseer en ondersoek wat ‘n gepaste administratiefreg-stelsel
onderskryf. Dit vorm ‘n basis vir die ontwikkeling van ‘n bepaalde administratiefregstelsel
en die uiteensetting van lewensvatbare alternatiewe tot die konseptuele
raamwerk waarbinne die stelsel funksioneer.
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