Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-10-31T17:20:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Elisa Vila Nova de Noronha.pdf: 4419781 bytes, checksum: 0804df588af66f56621082802458f769 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-31T17:20:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Elisa Vila Nova de Noronha.pdf: 4419781 bytes, checksum: 0804df588af66f56621082802458f769 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-21 / For the drilling process to succeed, it is necessary the use of a drilling fluid. The measurement of rheological properties from these fluids becomes important in order to allow good hydraulic gusher maintenance and management. If these measures are taken in an on- line order that will mean agility in decision-making about the maintenance of the properties of the fluid and it will result in savings of thousands of dollars during the drilling of a well. It is in this context that this current report, developed in the UFRRJ laboratory of fluid flow, aims to evaluate the performance of a modified and calibrated process viscometer, making it a unique equipment for conducting real-time measures of apparent viscosity and thixotropy curve. The process viscometer chosen has the geometry of coaxial cylinders being, thus similar to the current workbench equipment used in drilling rigs. The modified viscometer performance was confronted with the rheometer benchtop Haake Rheostress 1. Different compositions of fluids, containing assorted concentrations of viscosifier polymers and suspension solid have been tested. The results indicated that there was an agreement on the results towards a considered error permissible for a viscometer process. The online viscometer brings a pioneering real-time measuring capacity and plotting of rheological behavior curves towards the current technology used in drilling operation. / Para que o processo de perfura??o seja bem-sucedido, ? necess?rio o uso de um fluido de perfura??o. A medi??o das propriedades reol?gicas destes fluidos torna-se importante para permitir uma boa manuten??o e gest?o hidr?ulica do po?o. Se estas medidas forem realizadas de forma online isso significar? agilidade na tomada de decis?o sobre a manuten??o das propriedades do fluido e acarretar? na economia de milhares de d?lares durante a perfura??o de um po?o. ? neste contexto que o presente trabalho, desenvolvido no Laborat?rio de Escoamento de Fluidos da UFRRJ, tem como objetivo avaliar o desempenho de um viscos?metro de processo modificado e calibrado, tornando-o em um equipamento exclusivo, para realizar medidas em tempo real de curva de viscosidade aparente e tixotropia. O viscos?metro de processo escolhido tem a mesma geometria de cilindros coaxiais sendo desta forma semelhante ao atual equipamento de bancada utilizado nas sondas de perfura??o. O desempenho do viscos?metro modificado foi confrontado com o re?metro de bancada Haake Rheostress 1. Foram testadas diferentes composi??es de fluidos contendo concentra??es variadas de pol?meros viscosificantes e s?lidos em suspens?o. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que houve concord?ncia nos resultados diante de um erro considerado admiss?vel para um viscos?metro de processo. Acredita-se que o viscos?metro online avaliado traz uma capacidade pioneira de medi??o em tempo real e plotagem de curvas de comportamento reol?gico diante da atual tecnologia utilizada na ?rea petroqu?mica.

La fatigue est un des principaux mécanismes de dégradation des chaussées. En laboratoire, la fatigue est simulée en utilisant des essais de chargement cyclique, généralement sans période de repos. L’évolution du module complexe (une propriété du matériau utilisée dans la caractérisation de la rigidité des matériaux viscoélastiques) est suivie de manière à caractériser l’endommagement. Son changement est généralement interprété comme étant dû au dommage, alors que d’autres phénomènes (se distinguant du dommage par leur réversibilité) apparaissent. Des effets transitoires, propres aux matériaux viscoélastiques, apparaissent lors des tout premiers cycles (2 ou 3) et produisent une erreur dans la détermination du module complexe. La non-linéarité (dépendance du module complexe avec le niveau de déformation) est caractérisée par une diminution réversible instantanée du module et une augmentation de l’angle de phase qui est observée avec l’augmentation de l’amplitude de déformation. De plus, pendant le chargement, de l’énergie mécanique est dissipée en raison du caractère visqueux du comportement du matériau. Cette énergie se transforme principalement en chaleur ce qui induit une augmentation de température. Cela produit une diminution de module liée à cet auto-échauffement. Quand le matériau revient à la température initiale, le module initial est alors retrouvé. La partie restante du changement de module peut être expliquée, d’une part par un autre phénomène réversible, appelé dans la littérature « thixotropie », et d’autre part par le dommage « réel », qui est irréversible. Cette thèse explore ces phénomènes dans les bitumes, mastics (bitume mélangé avec des particules fines, dont le diamètre est inférieur à 80μm) et enrobés bitumineux. Un chapitre (sur la nonlinearité) présente des essais de « balayage d’amplitude de déformation » avec augmentation ou/et diminution des amplitudes sont présentés. Un autre se concentre sur l’auto-échauffement. Il comprend une proposition de procédures de modélisation dont les résultats sont comparés avec des résultats des cycles initiaux d’essais de fatigue. Finalement, un chapitre est dédié à l’analyse du module complexe mesuré pendant le chargement et les phases de repos. Des essais de chargement et repos ont été réalisés sur bitume (où le phénomène de thixotropie est supposé avoir lieu) et mastic, de manière à déterminer l’effet de chacun des phénomènes identifiés sur l’évolution du module complexe des matériaux testés. Les résultats de l’étude sur la nonlinearité suggèrent que son effet vient principalement du comportement non linéaire du bitume, qui est déformé de manière très non-homogène dans les enrobés bitumineux. Il est démontré qu’un modèle de calcul thermomécanique simplifié de l’échauffement local, ne considérant aucune diffusion de chaleur, peut expliquer le changement initial de module complexe observé au cours des essais cycliques sur enrobés. Néanmoins, la modélisation de la diffusion de chaleur a démontré que cette diffusion est excessivement rapide. Cela indique que la distribution de l’augmentation de température nécessaire pour expliquer complètement le module complexe observé ne peut pas être atteinte. Un autre phénomène réversible, qui a des effets sur le module complexe similaires à ceux d’un changement de température, doit donc avoir lieu. Ce phénomène est considéré être de la thixotropie. Finalement, à partir des essais de chargement et repos, il est démontré qu’une partie majeure du changement de module complexe au cours des essais cycliques vient des processus réversibles. Le dommage se cumule de manière approximativement linéaire par rapport au nombre de cycles. Le phénomène de thixotropie semble partager la même direction sur l’espace complexe que la nonlinéarité. Cela indique que les deux phénomènes sont possiblement liés par la même origine microstructurelle. Des travaux supplémentaires sur le phénomène de thixotropie sont nécessaires. / Fatigue is a main pavement distress. In laboratory, fatigue is simulated using cyclic loading tests, usually without rest periods. Complex modulus (a material stiffness property used in viscoelastic materials characterisation) evolution is monitored, in order to characterise damage evolution. Its change is generally interpreted as damage, whereas other phenomena (distinguishable from damage by their reversibility) occur. Transient effects, proper to viscoelastic materials, occur during the very initial cycles (2 or 3) and induce an error in the measurement of complex modulus. Nonlinearity (strain-dependence of the material’s mechanical behaviour) is characterised by an instantaneous reversible modulus decrease and phase angle increase observed when strain amplitude increases. Moreover, during loading, mechanical energy is dissipated due to the viscous aspect of material behaviour. This energy turns mainly into heat and produces a temperature increase. This produces a modulus decrease due to self-heating. When the material is allowed to cool back to its initial temperature, initial modulus is recovered. The remaining stiffness change can be explained partly by another reversible phenomenon, called in the literature “thixotropy”, and, then, by the “real” damage, which is irreversible. This thesis investigates these phenomena in bitumen, mastic (bitumen mixed with fine particles, whose diameter is smaller than 80μm) and bituminous mixtures. One chapter (on nonlinearity) presents increasing and/or decreasing strain amplitude sweep tests. Another one focuses on selfheating. It includes a proposition of modelling procedures whose results are compared with the initial cycles from fatigue tests. Finally, a chapter is dedicated to the analysis of the measured complex modulus during both loading and rest periods. Loading and rest periods tests were performed on bitumen (where the phenomenon of thixotropy is supposed to happen) and mastic in order to determine the effect of each of the identified phenomena on the complex modulus evolution of the tested materials. Results from the nonlinearity investigation suggest that its effect comes primarily from the nonlinear behaviour of the bitumen, which is very non-homogeneously strained in the bituminous mixtures. It was demonstrated that a simplified thermomechanical model for the calculation of local selfheating (non-uniform temperature increase distribution), considering no heat diffusion, could explain the initial complex modulus change observed during cyclic tests on bituminous mixtures. However, heat diffusion modelling demonstrated that this diffusion is excessively fast. This indicates that the temperature increase distribution necessary to completely explain the observed complex modulus decrease cannot be reached. Another reversible phenomenon, which has effects on complex modulus similar to the ones of a temperature change, needs to occur. That phenomenon is hypothesised as thixotropy. Finally, from the loading and rest periods tests, it was demonstrated that a major part of the complex modulus change during cyclic loading comes from the reversible processes. Damage was xivfound to cumulate in an approximately linear rate with respect to the number of cycles. The thixotropy phenomenon seems to share the same direction in complex space as the one of nonlinearity. This indicates that both phenomena are possibly linked by the same microstructural origin. Further research on the thixotropy phenomenon is needed.

No description available.

A study was conducted to evaluate the properties and processes influencing the rate and magnitude of volume decrease and strength gain for oil sand fine tailings resulting from a change in bitumen extraction process (caustic versus non-caustic) and the effect of adding a coagulant to caustic fine tailings. Laboratory flume deposition tests were carried out with the objective to hydraulically deposit oil sand tailings and compare the effects of extraction processes on the nature of beach deposits in terms of geometry, particle size distribution, and density. A good correlation exists between flume deposition tests results using oil sand tailings and the various other tailings materials. These comparisons show the reliability and effectiveness of flume deposition tests in terms of establishing general relationships and can serve as a guide to predict beach slopes. Fine tailings were collected from the various flume tests and a comprehensive description of physical and chemical characteristics of the different fine tailings was carried out. The characteristics of the fine tailings is presented in terms of index properties, mineralogy, specific surface area, water chemistry, liquid limits, particle size distribution and structure. The influence of these fundamental properties on the compressibility, hydraulic conductivity and shear strength properties of the fine tailings was assessed. Fourteen two meter and one meter high standpipe tests were instrumented to monitor the rate and magnitude of self-weight consolidation of the different fine tailings materials. Consolidation tests using slurry consolidometers were carried out to determine consolidation properties, namely compressibility and hydraulic conductivity, as well as the effect of adding a coagulant (calcium sulphate [CaSO4]) to caustic fine tailings. The thixotropic strength of the fine tailings was examined by measuring shear strength over time using a vane shear apparatus. A difference in water chemistry during bitumen extraction was concluded to be the cause of substantial differences in particle size distributions and degree of dispersion of the comparable caustic and non-caustic fine tailings. The degree of dispersion was consistent with predictions for dispersed clays established by the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) values for these materials. The biggest advantage of non-caustic fine tailings and treating caustic fine tailings with coagulant is an increased initial settlement rate and slightly increased hydraulic conductivity at higher void ratios. Thereafter, compressibility and hydraulic conductivity are governed by effective stress. The chemical characteristics of fine tailings (water chemistry, degree of dispersion) do not have a significant impact on their compressibility behaviour and have only a small influence at high void ratio (low effective stress). Fine tailings from a caustic based extraction process had relatively higher shear strengths than comparable non-caustic fine tailings at equivalent void ratios. However, shear strength differences were small and the overall impact on consolidation behaviour, which also depends on compressibility and hydraulic conductivity, is not expected to be significant.

No description available.