From initial contact with water until hardening, and deterioration, cement and concrete materials are subjected to various chemical and physical transformations and environmental impacts. This thesis focuses on the properties during the fresh state, shortly after mixing until the induction period. During this period flow history, including shearing and resting, and hydration both play big roles in determining the rheological properties. The rheological properties of cement and concrete not only affect the casting and pumping process, but also very critical for harden properties and durability properties. Compared with conventional concrete, self-consolidating concrete (SCC) can introduce many advantages in construction application. These include readiness to apply, decreasing labor necessary for casting, and enhancing hardened properties. However, challenges still remain, such as issues relating to formwork pressure [1-7] and multi-layer casting [8]. Each of these issues is closely related to the property of thixotropy. From the microstructural point of view, thixotropy is described as structural buildup (flocculation) under rest and breakdown (deflocculation) under flow. For SCC, as well as other concrete systems, it is about balancing sufficient flowability during casting and rate of structural buildup after placement for the application at hand. For instance, relating to the issue of SCC formwork, it is ideal for the material to be highly flowable to achieve rapid casting, but then exhibit high rate of structural buildup to reduce formwork pressure. This can reduce the cost of formwork and reduce the risk of formwork failure. It is apparent that accurately quantifying the two aspects of thixotropy, i.e. structuration and destructuration, is key to tackling these challenges in field application. Thus, the overall objective of my doctoral study is to improve quantification of key parameters tied to thixotropy that we have identified to be important: static yield stress, cohesion and degree of shear-induced particle migration. The two main contributions are as follows: Firstly, I quantified structuration of fresh paste and mortar systems by measuring static yield stress. After an extensive review of various rheological methods to probe viscoelastic properties of yield stress fluids, I selected, developed, and implemented a creep recovery protocol. Creep results were supplemented by low-amplitude oscillatory shear results, and supported that the measured static yield stress corresponds to the solid-liquid transition. This improved quantification of static yield stress can help better understand the effect of mix composition on SCC formwork pressure development, as well as static segregation and stability [9]. Since the static yield stress is measured before the structure is broken down, the effects of sand migration are eliminated. This study also analyzed effects of other supplementary cementitous materials such as nanoclay and fly ash. Results showed that nanoclay effectively increases static yield stress and structuration rate, while fly ash decreases static yield stress. To complement this investigation, I studied cohesion using the probe tack test, as cohesion is widely cited to be closely related to formwork pressure. I verified that probe tack test is a quick and useful method to measure static cohesion. Results showed that nanoclay increased cohesion dramatically while fly ash did not have an apparent effect on cohesion. Secondly, I developed an empirical model to fit the stress decay process under constant shear rate, For mortar systems, the stress decay can be attributed to two mechanisms: colloidal destructuration and sand migration. Such a model could be used to characterize particle migration and dynamic segregation [10], a critical issue for casting applications. In addition, shear induced particle migration is a widely recognized challenge in characterizing mortars and concretes through shear rheological methods [11-13]. Therefore this model can help determine the range of shear rates within which migration can be minimized to guide the design of protocols for dynamic rheological characterization and to ultimately develop design strategies to minimize mitigation. Compared with currently existing methods, this model provides a faster approach to quantify the sand migration process, including kinetics.

The present work deals with the development of a direct simulation strategy for solving the motion of spherical particles in non-Newtonian liquids. The purely viscous (non-elastic) non-Newtonian liquids are described by Bingham and thixotropy models. Validation of the strategy is performed for single phase (lid driven cavity flow) and two phase flows (sphere sedimentation). Lid driven cavity flow results illustrate the flow evolution of thixotropic liquid and subtle differences between thixotropic rheology and pseudo Bingham rheology. Single sphere sedimentation in Bingham liquid is shown to be influenced by the yield stress of the liquid. Time-dependent properties such as aging prominently affect the settling of a sphere in thixotropic liquid. The hydrodynamic interactions between two spheres are also studied at low and moderate Reynolds numbers. In thixotropic liquid, an intriguing phenomenon is observed where the separation distance between the spheres first increases and then rapidly decreases. / Chemical Engineering

No description available.

Orientador: Maria Helena Robert / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T20:34:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nascimento_EvertonMarques_M.pdf: 63165933 bytes, checksum: 94cd9296c446ce1fc132e40394363fc8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Este trabalho analisa a influência de tratamentos de solubilização e envelhecimento na estrutura e propriedades de compósitos de baixa densidade de matriz da liga AA7075 reforçada com partículas cerâmicas porosas de cinasita (SiO2/Al2O3/Fe2O3) ou vermiculita (SiO2/Al2O3/MgO), produzidos por tixoconformação. Foram empregadas as condições de tratamento: solubilização a 470ºC por 12 horas e envelhecimento a 170ºC por 24 horas. Os materiais produzidos foram caracterizados nas condições tixoconformada, solubilizada e envelhecida. Nos compósitos no estado tixoconformado foram analisadas a densidade e a usinabilidade em processo de corte por jato de água abrasivo (AWJM), para determinação do Número de Usinabildade (N) de cada tipo de compósito. Os compósitos foram também analisados quanto à sua microestrutura (por MO e MEV), a distribuição dos principais elementos de liga (Zn, Mg e Cu) na matriz metálica, a microdureza da matriz metálica, o comportamento mecânico sob compressão semi-estática e compressão dinâmica (impacto) nas três condições citadas. Resultados mostraram que os compósitos produzidos apresentam, no estado tixoconformado, densidades relativas da ordem de 0,5 e número de usinabilidade por jato abrasivo (N) cerca de 20% superior ao da liga sem reforço. Quanto ao efeito do tratamento térmico na microestrutura dos compósitos, os resultados mostraram que a solubilização nas condições testadas não promovem total solubilização das fases secundárias, devido à sua presença como contornos grosseiros na estrutura tixoconformada; e que o envelhecimento promoveu a formação de precipitados finos dispersos na matriz. Como resultado destas alterações microestruturais foram observados aumentos da ordem de 35% na microdureza da matriz metálica de ambos os compósitos. Com relação ao comportamento mecânico em compressão, os compósitos mostraram comportamento característico de materiais celulares, apresentando característico platô de deformação plástica, a baixas tensões, por adensamento de poros. Como efeito dos tratamentos térmicos foram observados aumentos da ordem de 2x na tensão máxima e de 6x na tensão de platô, e cerca de 13 a 17% de redução da deformação plástica dos compósitos analisados. De modo geral os compósitos contendo cinasita apresentaram comportamento ligeiramente menos dúctil do que os contendo vermiculita / Abstract: This work analyses the influence of heat treatments (solution/ageing) in the structure and properties of low-density composites; aluminum matrix reinforced with porous ceramic particles, cinasite (SiO2/Al2O3/Fe2O3) and vermiculite (SiO2/Al2O3/MgO), were produced by thixoforming process. The used conditions are: solution at 470°C for 12 hours and ageing at 170°C for 24 hours. The composites were characterized in different conditions: as thixoformed and after solution/ageing treatments. Density and machinability in abrasive jet cutting (AWJM) process of the thixoformed composites were analysed to determine the machinability number of each composite. The microstructure (OM and SEM), the distribution of the main alloying elements (Zn, Mg and Cu) in metal matrix, the hardness of the metal matrix, the mechanical behavior under semi-static compression and dynamic compression (impact) in the three conditions were analysed. Results showed that the composites in the as thixoformed condition present relative densities of 0.5 and their machinability number in abrasive jet (N) is 20% higher than the one of unreinforced alloy. As an effect of heat treatment on the microstructure of the composite, it was observed that the solubilization in the tested conditions does not promote complete solubilization of eutectic phases due its presence as coarse grain boundaries in thixoformed structure; formation of fine precipitates dispersed in the matrix was promoted by the aging treatment. As a result of these microstructural changes, the hardness of the metal matrix (for both composites) increased in 35%. The mechanical behaviour of the composites in compression was similar to the behaviour of cellular materials, presenting a characteristic plateau of plastic deformation at low-stress due pores densification. For the composites produced, as an effect of heat treatment, was observed that the maximum stress increases 2x, the plateau-stress increases 6x and plastic deformation decreases about 34%. Generally the composites containing cinasita showed less ductile behavior than those containing vermiculite / Mestrado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Orientador: Eugênio José Zoqui / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T09:38:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Peluso_TomaisGoncalves_M.pdf: 4698944 bytes, checksum: 3430f71d5bf40358338cef1d992df4fc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: O objetivo desse estudo é avaliar a tixoconformabilidade da liga A318 sob três pontos de vista: o termodinâmico, o metalúrgico, e o reológico. Esse trabalho é motivado pela falta de estudos sobre a tixoconformabilidade desse material em ambientes industriais. Foram realizadas análises DSC e simulações utilizando o software Thermo-calc® para verificar a viabilidade do ponto de vista termodinâmico. Foram feitas comparações entre o material fundido com e sem agitação eletromagnética para decidir qual seria usado como material de estudo para o tratamento térmico de globularização, e em seguida análises para determinar tamanhos de glóbulo de fase primária, tamanhos de grão e fatores de forma, o que resultou no material fundido com agitação sendo escolhido. O material então passou pelo tratamento térmico de globularização, a fim de observar a evolução morfológica do material. Foram utilizadas micrografias para determinar os tamanhos de glóbulo primário e fator de forma, e micrografias coloridas para determinar os tamanhos de grão, para cada condição de ensaio proposta. O tratamento térmico globularizou com sucesso a microestrutura do material, obtendo fatores de forma de até 0,64, e tamanhos de glóbulo e grão de apenas 76 e 115 µm respectivamente. O material tratado termicamente passou então por ensaios de compressão a quente, para que fosse observado seu comportamento reológico. O maior valor de tensão obtido durante os ensaios foi de apenas 1,95 MPa, e a viscosidade aparente se manteve na ordem de grandeza de 105 Pa.s, o que de acordo com a literatura é semelhante à do vidro fundido, e apresentam ótima conformabilidade. De maneira geral, observou-se pouca variação na morfologia e na reologia do material para as condições de estudo propostas, mostrando que o material é viável para ser utilizado no estado semissólido em ambientes industriais / Abstract: The objective of this study is to evaluate the thixoformability of the A318 alloy under three points of view: the thermodynamic one, the metallurgic one, and the rheologic one. This work is motivated by the lack of that support the thixoformability of this material in industrial environment. DSC analyses, and simulations using the Thermo-calc® software were run in order to verify the viability from the thermodynamical point of view. Comparisons were made between the materials as-cast and electromagnetically stirred in order to decide which would be the feedstock material for the globularization heat treatment, analyzes to determine globule size, grain size and shape factor resulted in the stirred material being chosen. Material then went into globularization heat treatment in order to observe the evolution of the material¿s microstructure. The heat treated material then went through hot pressing tests in order to observe its rheologic behavior. Micrographs were used to determine average primary globule size and shape factor, and macrographs to determine grains size. The heat treatment successfully globularized the microstructure, giving shape factors as high as 0.64, and primary globule and grains sizes only as high as 76µm and 115µm respectively. The material then went through hot pressing tests in order to observe its rheologic behavior. The highest stress shown during the tests was only as high 1,95 MPa, and the apparent viscosity was in the order of magnitude of 105 Pa.s, which according to specialized literature is similar to that of the molten glass, which shows great conformability. In general, there was close to no variation in morphologic and rheologic behavior for the intended test conditions, showing the material¿s processing in the semisolid state in industrial environments to be viable / Mestrado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

No description available.

The jet printing of solder paste from a uid dynamics perspective involves viscosity change due to varying shear rate and eventual break o of the ejected solder paste droplet from the uid in the printer head. The ability to model the jetting process in a simulation package is important as it can be used as a tool for future development of the jetting device. The jetting process is modelled as a two phase (air - solder paste) ow with interface tracking performed using phase eld method and temporal stepping based on a second-order Backward Di erence Formula with relaxed tolerences. This thesis investigates the droplet morphology, volume and speed predictions for three di erent piston actuation modes and solder paste viscosity denitions given by the Carreau- Yasuda model. A Darcy condition with the porosity parameter is calibrated equal to unity such that the droplet speed is within the realistic range of 20 m/s - 30 m/s. The simulations are compared against previous simulation results from IBOFlow, performed within a collaboration between Mycronic AB and Fraunhofer-Chalmers Centre. As the Carreau models cannot capture the dependence of the uid viscosity of ow history, an indirect structure based viscosity model is used to compare the thixotopic behaviour. The expressions for the parameters of the structure based viscosity model are derived based on an analytical model which assumes that shear rate is constant. Experimental data for constant shear rate is curve tted on a Carreau model and an initial estimate of the parameters are obtained. The parameters are then adjusted to match experimental thixotopic behaviour. This method can be used to obtain parameter values for structure based viscosity models for uids with no previous data. Once the solder paste is ejected through the nozzle and the piston retracts, the uid undergoes stretching. Studying lament stretching during jetting is dicult as it can be driven by both droplet and piston motion. The data from an extensional rheometer is analyzed to study the lament stretching phenomenon for solder pastes. An analytical model for the critical aspect ratio is derived for a Newtonian uid lament undergoing a pure extension and modelled as a cylinder whose radius is decreases with time. The exponential decrease of the lament radius predicted by the analytical model is found to reproduce the experimental observations very well. The lament radius calculated based on the lament height from the experiments and analytical model shows that the model captures the stretching process, but the formation of beads usually seen in suspensions is not accounted for.

A lot of fluids are more complex than water: polymers, paints, gels, ketchup etc., because of big particles and their complicated microstructures, for instance, molecule entanglement. Due to this structure complexity, some material can display that it is still in yielded state when the imposed stress is released. This is referred to as thixotropy. This dissertation establishes mathematical analysis on a thixotropic yield stress fluid using a viscoelastic model under the limit that the ratio of retardation time versus relaxation time approaches zero. The differential equation model (the PEC model) describing the evolution of the conformation tensor is analyzed. We model the flow when simple shearing is imposed by prescribing a total stress. One part of this dissertation focuses on oscillatory shear stresses. In shear flow, different fluid states corresponding to yielded and unyielded phases occur. We use asymptotic analysis to study transition between these phases when slow oscillatory shearing is set up. Simulations will be used to illustrate and supplement the analysis. Another part of the dissertation focuses on planar Poiseuille flow. Since the flow is spatially inhomogeneous in this situation, shear bands are observed. The flow is driven by a homogeneous pressure gradient, leading to a variation of stress in the cross-stream direction. In this setting, the flow would yield in different time scales during the evolution. Formulas linking the yield locations, transition width, and yield time are obtained. When we introduce Korteweg stress in the transition, the yield location is shifted. An equal area rule is identified to fit the shifted locations. / Ph. D.

[pt] Neste trabalho estuda-se experimentalmente o comportamento dos fluidos tixotrópicos. Conseguiu-se imagens de fluidos tixotrópicos escoando através de uma expansão seguida de uma contração, ambas abruptas e axissimétricas. A existência de uma superfície de cedêndia produto da fronteira entre o fluido que escoa e o que não escoa, que estende-se da entrada da expansão até a saída da contração, é o principal fenômeno a ser estudado. O número de Re, o tempo para vazão mássica constante e as dimensões da geometria são as variáveis do experimento. Para o desenvolvimento do experimento utilizou-se uma dispersão de laponita RD, que é um fluido transparente com boas características tixotrópicas. Este fluido foi caracterizado reologicamente através da obtenção da flow curve e de testes oscilatórios Strain sweep e frequency sweep. A caracterização reológica apresentou alguns problemas com respeito ao envelhecimento, tipo de geometria e reômetro utilizado, além da falta de repetitividade para baixas taxas de deformação devido ao não pré-cisalhamento da amostra. Todos os problemas foram analisados para dar solução. Os resultados mostraram que a laponita RD é um fluido tixotrópico com característica elástica na região viscoelástica linear. O escoamento do fluido através de uma expansão seguida de uma contração axissimétrica apresentou três tipos de forma que dependem da relação L-D, D-d e o número de Reynolds: escoamento de regime tubular, escoamento de regime tubular expandido e escoamento de regime descontinuo. / [en] The behavior of thixotropics fluids through axisymmetrics expansionscontractions is studied in this research. The main objective is to visualize the shear banding in the flow of a thixotropic fluid, which is the interface between a flowing fluid and a non-flowing fluid. This research uses an experimental procedure to visualize the shear banding within the fluid. The variables used in the experimental procedure were: steady flow rate time, flow rate and geometric characteristics. A dispersion of laponite RD was utilized as the experimental fluid due to its thixotropic and transparent properties. The flow curve , strain sweep and frequency sweep of the fluid were used to obtain the rheology characterization. The rheology characterization showed lack of repeatability due to several factors, such as: aging, type of rheometers, geometry used in the rheometers and lack pre shearing of the sample. All of these issues have been analyzed to give solutions. Finally, the results showed that laponita RD is a thixotropic fluid and elastic in the viscoelastic region. Also that the flow of the fluid through the axisymmetrics expansion-contraction device has three types of behaviors: constant flow area, variable flow area with an expansion in the middle zone and variable flow area with layers of different velocities.

Recheios são componentes utilizados na indústria de chocolates e de confeitos. Os recheios para chocolates podem ser elaborados com gorduras vegetais, açúcar fondant, creme de leite, amido ou com preparados de frutas contendo gomas. Nesses produtos, as gomas podem ser empregadas com a função de estabilizante, espessante ou como redutores de gordura, minimizando alterações sensoriais, de textura e de separação de fases. A goma guar vem sendo utilizada em muitos produtos alimentícios. A goma chichá é extraída de uma árvore brasileira (Sterculia striata) que pertence à mesma família da goma comercial caraia (Sterculia urens). O murici (Byrsonima verbascifolia, Rich) é um fruto brasileiro de alto valor nutricional. Assim foram elaboradas formulações alterando-se a base gordurosa, com os tipos de gordura hidrogenada, low trans, de cupuaçu e manteiga de cacau em diferentes teores (10%, 7,5% e 5% p/v). A polpa de murici (13%) e as gomas chichá e guar (0,3% m/v) foram adicionadas com a finalidade de agregar valor nutricional e estabilizar os recheios. O estudo reológico das formulações foi realizado por testes oscilatórios e rotacionais realizados em conjunto com imagens de microscopia óptica, sendo importante para avaliar os aspectos estruturais e micro estruturais dos produtos decorrente dos ingredientes utilizados, verificando-se assim diferenças de comportamento e interações entre os mesmos. Avaliações físico-químicas foram efetuadas nas formulações contendo gordura low trans + suco de laranja concentrado e gordura low trans + polpa de murici. Os resultados mostraram que a adição da polpa de murici elevou os teores de proteínas e minerais das formulações. A análise reológica apontou caráter sólido ou de gel forte para todas as amostras, pois o módulo elástico foi superior ao módulo viscoso (G\' > G\"). Verificou-se que as formulações com gordura low-trans + goma guar e gordura low trans + goma chichá apresentaram comportamento semelhante; a adição dessas gomas mostrou melhora na recuperação da estrutura inicial do sistema. Em geral, os recheios produzidos apresentaram boa estabilidade e valor nutricional agregado. / Fillings are components used in the chocolate and confectionery industry. The fillings for chocolates can be made with vegetable fats, fondant, cream, starch or fruit preparations containing gums. In these products, the gums can be employed as a stabilizer, thickener or a fat reducing, minimizing sensory, texture and phase separation. Guar gum has been used in many food products. Chichá gum is extracted from a Brazilian tree (Sterculia striata) that belongs to the same family of commercial karaya gum (Sterculia urens). Murici (Byrsonima verbascifolia, Rich) is a Brazilian fruit of high nutritional value. Thus formulations were prepared by changing the fat base with different fat types (hydrogenated fat, low-trans, cupuaçu and cocoa butter) and levels (10%, 7.5% and 5%). Murici pulp (13%), chichá and guar gum (0.3% w / v) were added in order to add nutritional value and stabilize. The rheological study of the formulations was performed by rotational and oscillatory tests in conjunction with optical microscopy images, being important to evaluate the structural and micro structural aspects of the products due to the added ingredients, thus verifying behavioral differences and interactions between them. Physical-chemical evaluations were leaded in the formulations containing low trans fat + concentrated orange juice and low trans fat + murici pulp. The results showed that the addition of murici pulp increased levels of proteins and minerals in formulations. The rheological analysis showed solid or strong gel character for all samples because the elastic modulus was higher than the viscous modulus (G\' > G\'\'). Formulations with low trans fat + guar gum and low trans fat + chichá gum showed similar behavior; addition of the gums showed better recovery of the initial structure of the system. In general, the produced fillings showed good stability and added nutritional value.