Alors que la quantité de boues résiduaires produites à l’échelle mondiale ne cesse d’augmenter, la gestion de ces boues est désormais devenue un enjeu sociétal majeur. Dans le cadre d’une politique de développement durable, son efficacité passe nécessairement par la réduction des volumes produits (via l’optimisation des procédés de traitement) et par une meilleure valorisation. Pour cela, les procédés ainsi que les outils mis en oeuvre pour traiter puis valoriser le matériau doivent être de plus en plus performants. Les traitements étant essentiellement basés sur des écoulements, cette performance accrue nécessite la mesure et la maîtrise des caractéristiques des boues résiduaires telles que la consistance et les propriétés d’écoulement. Cependant le matériau est complexe et ses propriétés rhéologiques varient selon sa composition. Ainsi, le principal critère utilisé pour déterminer sa consistance, la teneur en matière solide, s’avère limité puisque la boue la plus consistante n’est pas nécessairement celle qui contient le plus de matière solide. Un état de l’art sur le comportement rhéologique des matériaux non-Newtoniens en général et des boues résiduaires en particulier a montré l’intérêt de s’intéresser au rôle de la matière organique et de la thixotropie dans la variabilité des propriétés rhéologiques du matériau. Dans cet objectif, une méthodologie expérimentale a d’abord été développée pour s’assurer de l’obtention de résultats fiables. Cela a permis de montrer l’influence des procédures expérimentales sur les mesures rhéologiques et de définir une procédure expérimentale robuste garantissant la répétabilité et la reproductibilité des résultats obtenus. Puis, à partir de cette procédure expérimentale, il a été montré que les effets de la thixotropie n’affectent que les propriétés solides des boues, les propriétés liquides en étant indépendantes. De plus, cette approche a permis de mettre en évidence que le comportement thixotrope est intrinsèquement lié à la matière organique contenue dans les boues : plus la matière organique est élevée, plus les boues sont thixotropes. Ensuite, à partir de la matière solide et de la proportion de matière organique contenue dans le solide, un critère plus pertinent que la teneur en matière solide a été établi pour comparer les propriétés rhéologiques entre boues d’origines différentes. Ce critère, appelé consistance équivalente, s’avère suffisant pour tenir compte de l’influence de la composition sur les propriétés rhéologiques des boues. Enfin, selon la valeur de la consistance équivalente, il a été montré que le comportement rhéologique des boues résiduaires peut être considéré comme Newtonien, non-Newtonien simple (effets thixotropes négligeables) ou non-Newtonien avec des effets thixotropes. / Sludge management is a major issue as the production is increasing year after year while the solutions to reuse it are limited. In the context of sustainable management and circular economy, treatment processes need to be well controlled to pilot operating systems. Since treatment processes are essentially based on flowing properties, improving the efficiency requires the measurement and control of sludge rheology, among which viscous properties. However, sludge is complex material and its rheological properties highly dependent of its composition. The solid content, the most usual parameter considered to evaluate rheological properties, is quite limited as sludge consistency is not directly connected to the solid content. An in-depth state of the art review on non-Newtonian materials rheology with a focus on sewage sludge has underlined the role of organic matter and thixotropy in complex fluid rheological properties. In that purpose, an experimental methodology was defined to ensure reliable results. This allowed to highlight the impact of experimental setups on rheological measurements and to define a robust experimental methodology that ensures the repeatability and the reproducibility of the measurements. Then, thanks to this experimental methodology, it has been shown that thixotropy is a solid-like characteristic, viscous properties being independent of material history. In addition, this approach has made it possible to demonstrate that the thixotropic behavior is intrinsically connected to the organic matter content: the higher the organic matter, the more thixotropic the sludge. Moreover, from the solid matter and the ratio of organic matter in the solid, a criterion (more relevant than the solid content) has been established to compare the rheological properties between sludge of different origins. This criterion, called equivalent consistency, appears to be sufficient to take into account the impact of the composition on sludge rheological properties. Finally, it has been shown that the rheological behavior of sewage sludge can be considered as Newtonian, simple non-Newtonian (with negligible thixotropic effects) or non-Newtonian with thixotropic effects depending the value of the equivalent consistency.

Recheios são componentes utilizados na indústria de chocolates e de confeitos. Os recheios para chocolates podem ser elaborados com gorduras vegetais, açúcar fondant, creme de leite, amido ou com preparados de frutas contendo gomas. Nesses produtos, as gomas podem ser empregadas com a função de estabilizante, espessante ou como redutores de gordura, minimizando alterações sensoriais, de textura e de separação de fases. A goma guar vem sendo utilizada em muitos produtos alimentícios. A goma chichá é extraída de uma árvore brasileira (Sterculia striata) que pertence à mesma família da goma comercial caraia (Sterculia urens). O murici (Byrsonima verbascifolia, Rich) é um fruto brasileiro de alto valor nutricional. Assim foram elaboradas formulações alterando-se a base gordurosa, com os tipos de gordura hidrogenada, low trans, de cupuaçu e manteiga de cacau em diferentes teores (10%, 7,5% e 5% p/v). A polpa de murici (13%) e as gomas chichá e guar (0,3% m/v) foram adicionadas com a finalidade de agregar valor nutricional e estabilizar os recheios. O estudo reológico das formulações foi realizado por testes oscilatórios e rotacionais realizados em conjunto com imagens de microscopia óptica, sendo importante para avaliar os aspectos estruturais e micro estruturais dos produtos decorrente dos ingredientes utilizados, verificando-se assim diferenças de comportamento e interações entre os mesmos. Avaliações físico-químicas foram efetuadas nas formulações contendo gordura low trans + suco de laranja concentrado e gordura low trans + polpa de murici. Os resultados mostraram que a adição da polpa de murici elevou os teores de proteínas e minerais das formulações. A análise reológica apontou caráter sólido ou de gel forte para todas as amostras, pois o módulo elástico foi superior ao módulo viscoso (G\' > G\"). Verificou-se que as formulações com gordura low-trans + goma guar e gordura low trans + goma chichá apresentaram comportamento semelhante; a adição dessas gomas mostrou melhora na recuperação da estrutura inicial do sistema. Em geral, os recheios produzidos apresentaram boa estabilidade e valor nutricional agregado. / Fillings are components used in the chocolate and confectionery industry. The fillings for chocolates can be made with vegetable fats, fondant, cream, starch or fruit preparations containing gums. In these products, the gums can be employed as a stabilizer, thickener or a fat reducing, minimizing sensory, texture and phase separation. Guar gum has been used in many food products. Chichá gum is extracted from a Brazilian tree (Sterculia striata) that belongs to the same family of commercial karaya gum (Sterculia urens). Murici (Byrsonima verbascifolia, Rich) is a Brazilian fruit of high nutritional value. Thus formulations were prepared by changing the fat base with different fat types (hydrogenated fat, low-trans, cupuaçu and cocoa butter) and levels (10%, 7.5% and 5%). Murici pulp (13%), chichá and guar gum (0.3% w / v) were added in order to add nutritional value and stabilize. The rheological study of the formulations was performed by rotational and oscillatory tests in conjunction with optical microscopy images, being important to evaluate the structural and micro structural aspects of the products due to the added ingredients, thus verifying behavioral differences and interactions between them. Physical-chemical evaluations were leaded in the formulations containing low trans fat + concentrated orange juice and low trans fat + murici pulp. The results showed that the addition of murici pulp increased levels of proteins and minerals in formulations. The rheological analysis showed solid or strong gel character for all samples because the elastic modulus was higher than the viscous modulus (G\' > G\'\'). Formulations with low trans fat + guar gum and low trans fat + chichá gum showed similar behavior; addition of the gums showed better recovery of the initial structure of the system. In general, the produced fillings showed good stability and added nutritional value.

This study investigated the effects of peristaltic pulse dynamic compression (PPDC) on range-of-motion (ROM) changes in forward splits. Serious stretching usually involves discomfort and large time investments. Tissue structural changes and stretch tolerance have heretofore been considered the primary mechanisms of enhanced ROM. The PPDC treatment was computer controlled. Circumferential and segmented inflation pressures were induced by feet to hip leggings. Nine subjects, experienced in stretching and a forward split position, volunteered. The subjects were familiarized with the protocol and randomly assigned to an initial condition: experimental (PPDC), or control (CONT). The study involved a crossover design. Second conditions were tested within 1–5 days. All tests were 2 trials of right and left forward splits. Split flexibility was assessed by measuring the height of the anterior superior iliac spine of the rear leg from the floor. Pelvic posture was controlled by rear leg position. The PPDC treatment was 15 minutes of seated PPDC. The control condition was the same except that leggings were not inflated. Pressures of 5 cells in the leggings were set at factory defaults, 70 mm Hg sequentially. Difference score results indicated statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05) differences by condition and the condition by leg interaction. The rapid acute changes in ROM (PPDC: right 25.3%, left 33.3%; CONT: right 12.2%, left 1.0%) support the premise that changes in ROM were dependent on mechanisms other than tissue structural changes and/or stretch tolerance. PPDC provides a means of rapidly enhancing acute ROM requiring less discomfort and time.

<p>The major issue concerns how the different lignosulfonate types changes the rheological properties of the cement based material (concrete, mortar and cement paste) as a function of temperature and time. In such terms, it is demonstrated that the high molecular weight lignosulfonates performs far better than the low molecular weight ones. The former type also performs considerable better compared to a naphthalene based polymer. </p><p>The above investigation is done with help from the second part of this thesis, which identifies some of the parameters p1, p2,... affecting the shear viscosity η = η ( p1, p2,...) of the cement based material. This is done by investigating the thixotropic behavior of cement paste mixed with either lignosulfonates or naphthalene. The thixotropic behavior is directly related to coagulation, dispersion and re-coagulation of the cement particles. In making the analysis, a modification is applied to the Hattori-Izumi theory, which is a theory about the bookkeeping of the number of reversible coagulated connections between the cement particles. The modification consist, among other things, of include a fading memory to the analysis. That is, the cement paste is allowed to remember its recent past. By a combination of experimental results and numerical simulations, it is demonstrated that such memory term is very important.</p><p>An experimental error is present during a viscometric measurement on concrete (a coaxial cylinders viscometer is used). The error is generated by particle migration. Investigating and compensating for this error constitutes the third part of this thesis. Realizing the nature of this error, some corrections are applied. However, with these corrections, one is only extracting the viscometric values of a "fat'' concrete that surrounds the inner cylinder of the viscometer after the particle migration is basically complete, and not of the concrete in the original homogenous state.</p>

<p>Human skeletal muscles possess thixotropic, i.e. history-dependent mechanical properties. This means that the degree of passive muscle stiffness and resting tension is dependent on the immediately preceding history of contractions and length changes. Athletes, for instance, reduce passive muscle stiffness by various types of ‘limbering-up’ procedures, whereas muscle stiffness gradually increases during inactivity.</p><p>Passive resistance of antagonistic muscles may significantly add to the total load during voluntary muscle contractions. This resistance may vary from one moment to another, depending on immediately preceding events. This research was conducted to determine whether history-dependent variations in passive muscular forces influence motor control of voluntary joint movements and steady maintenance of joint positions in healthy subjects. </p><p>In study I, the EMG signal revealed motor compensations for history-dependent variations in passive stiffness of the antagonists during slow voluntary wrist joint movements. Studies II and III demonstrated that the voluntary muscle activity required to maintain a certain wrist joint position was highly influenced by previous changes in forearm muscle length and contractions. Study IV showed that rapid voluntary movements varied in speed and onset time depending on the prevailing degree of muscle resistance, and in addition that the central nervous reaction time required to execute rapid movements was highly influenced by immediately preceding muscle-conditioning procedures.</p><p>History-dependent variations in passive muscular forces seem to be effectively compensated by the motor control system. Presumably, voluntary motor commands to the muscles are automatically adjusted in strength to history-dependent changes in passive muscular forces. Such adjustments occur within the central nervous system, which receives information about the mechanical state of the muscles. Several issues in connection with muscle thixotropy remain unaddressed. For instance, do alterations in the normal thixotropic mechanical behaviour of the muscles impose a particular problem in patients with certain neuromuscular diseases? </p>

The major issue concerns how the different lignosulfonate types changes the rheological properties of the cement based material (concrete, mortar and cement paste) as a function of temperature and time. In such terms, it is demonstrated that the high molecular weight lignosulfonates performs far better than the low molecular weight ones. The former type also performs considerable better compared to a naphthalene based polymer. The above investigation is done with help from the second part of this thesis, which identifies some of the parameters p1, p2,... affecting the shear viscosity η = η ( p1, p2,...) of the cement based material. This is done by investigating the thixotropic behavior of cement paste mixed with either lignosulfonates or naphthalene. The thixotropic behavior is directly related to coagulation, dispersion and re-coagulation of the cement particles. In making the analysis, a modification is applied to the Hattori-Izumi theory, which is a theory about the bookkeeping of the number of reversible coagulated connections between the cement particles. The modification consist, among other things, of include a fading memory to the analysis. That is, the cement paste is allowed to remember its recent past. By a combination of experimental results and numerical simulations, it is demonstrated that such memory term is very important. An experimental error is present during a viscometric measurement on concrete (a coaxial cylinders viscometer is used). The error is generated by particle migration. Investigating and compensating for this error constitutes the third part of this thesis. Realizing the nature of this error, some corrections are applied. However, with these corrections, one is only extracting the viscometric values of a "fat'' concrete that surrounds the inner cylinder of the viscometer after the particle migration is basically complete, and not of the concrete in the original homogenous state.

Human skeletal muscles possess thixotropic, i.e. history-dependent mechanical properties. This means that the degree of passive muscle stiffness and resting tension is dependent on the immediately preceding history of contractions and length changes. Athletes, for instance, reduce passive muscle stiffness by various types of ‘limbering-up’ procedures, whereas muscle stiffness gradually increases during inactivity. Passive resistance of antagonistic muscles may significantly add to the total load during voluntary muscle contractions. This resistance may vary from one moment to another, depending on immediately preceding events. This research was conducted to determine whether history-dependent variations in passive muscular forces influence motor control of voluntary joint movements and steady maintenance of joint positions in healthy subjects. In study I, the EMG signal revealed motor compensations for history-dependent variations in passive stiffness of the antagonists during slow voluntary wrist joint movements. Studies II and III demonstrated that the voluntary muscle activity required to maintain a certain wrist joint position was highly influenced by previous changes in forearm muscle length and contractions. Study IV showed that rapid voluntary movements varied in speed and onset time depending on the prevailing degree of muscle resistance, and in addition that the central nervous reaction time required to execute rapid movements was highly influenced by immediately preceding muscle-conditioning procedures. History-dependent variations in passive muscular forces seem to be effectively compensated by the motor control system. Presumably, voluntary motor commands to the muscles are automatically adjusted in strength to history-dependent changes in passive muscular forces. Such adjustments occur within the central nervous system, which receives information about the mechanical state of the muscles. Several issues in connection with muscle thixotropy remain unaddressed. For instance, do alterations in the normal thixotropic mechanical behaviour of the muscles impose a particular problem in patients with certain neuromuscular diseases?

Orientador: Maria Helena Robert / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T10:48:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ferreira_LygiaMariaPolicarpio_M.pdf: 14529538 bytes, checksum: f34c04de7772ea86ea3d164ba7a34c41 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Este trabalho explora a aplicação da tecnologia de metais semi-sólidos para a fabricação de compósitos de matriz metálica (CMM), e ainda a possibilidade de reciclagem de cavacos de usinagem para a produção destes materiais, buscando o desenvolvimento de uma engenharia de baixo custo. São empregados como matriz a liga AA7075, dada a grande geração de cavacos de usinagem na indústria aeronáutica, e SiC ou NiAl2O4 particulados como reforços. O processo é baseado na tixoconformação de misturas de cavacos e partículas de reforço; é esperada a penetração destas últimas em contornos de glóbulos, contendo líquido, no interior do cavaco no estado semi-sólido. São avaliados parâmetros de processo e sua influência na qualidade do produto, em particular na distribuição de reforço na matriz e interação matriz/reforço. Compósitos tixoconformados contendo 10, 20 e 30% em peso de SiC são avaliados mecanicamente através de ensaios de microindentação instrumentada e desgaste micro-abrasivo. Os resultados mostraram, de modo geral, a viabilidade do processo proposto para a fabricação de diferentes tipos de compósitos, o qual envolve procedimento simples e de reduzido custo, além de mostrar a possibilidade de produção de materiais com boas propriedades mecânicas a partir da reciclagem de cavacos, particularmente importante em uma indústria que envolve elevada demanda de energia, como a do Al. Os resultados indicaram que a qualidade geral do produto, em termos de distribuição do reforço e interação reforço/matriz dependem da adequada seleção dos parâmetros de processo: temperatura, tempo de aquecimento, pressão de tixoconformação. Entre as várias condições estudadas, as composições nas quais foi utilizado NiAl2O4 como reforço apresentaram melhores características microestruturais, com melhor interface entre matriz e reforço e baixa porosidade. Boa dispersão das partículas de reforço e baixa porosidade também foram observados para compósitos reforçados com SiC nos quais foram adicionadas partículas finas de silício e alumina / Abstract: This work explores the application of semi-solid technology to produce metal matrix composites, and also the possibility of using machining chips as raw material. The main aim is to develop a process inserted in a low cost engineering concept. To achieve this general objective, the alloy AA7075 is used as matrix, once a significant amount of rejected chips of this high resistance, low weight alloy is generated in the aeronautical industry. As reinforcing material, SiC or NiAl2O4 particles are used. The proposed process is based on the thixoforming of pre-compacted mixtures of chips and reinforcing particles; it is expected the penetration of reinforcing particles within the semi-solid, thixotropic material. It is analyzed the influence of processing parameters in the final quality of products, particularly in the reinforcement dispersion in the matrix and matrix/reinforcement interface. Thixoformed composites containing 10, 20 and 30% weight SiC are produced and evaluated concerning mechanical properties through indentation tests and micro wear. Results showed the general viability of producing composites by the proposed technique, based on a simple and low cost procedure. It was also shown the possibility of producing materials with good mechanical properties from recycled chips, which is particularly important in the high energy demanding Aluminium industry. Results showed the importance of choosing appropriate processing parameters (temperature, heating rate / soaking time and thixoforming pressure), to achieve desired product quality. Among the various conditions studied, the compositions in which NiAl2O4 was used as reinforcement showed better microstructural characteristics with better interface between matrix and reinforcement, and lower porosity. Good dispersion of the reinforcement particles and low porosity were also observed for SiC reinforced composites in which fine particles of silicon and alumina were added / Mestrado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Mestra em Engenharia Mecânica

Cette thèse de doctorat a été financée par l’entreprise SIKA spécialisée dans les matériaux de construction. Les trois chapitres de cette thèse correspondent à la tentative de résolution de trois problématiques d’origine industrielle. Dans le premier chapitre, nous avons étudié l’effet de la concentration en particules sur les propriétés d’écoulement de fluides complexes rhéofluidifiants ou rhéoépaississants et démontré l’origine microscopique de cet effet. Dans le second chapitre, nous avons étudié la floculation de particules colloïdales sous faibles perturbations et mis en évidence l’existence, au cours de la reconstruction, d’un maximum du module élastique. Enfin le troisième chapitre est l’étude d’un diagramme de phase de jet de suspensions concentrées. En régime dilué et semi-dilué, les résultats sont conformes à ceux de la bibliographie, en revanche nous avons étudié un nouveau régime à très haute fraction volumique où le jet, instable, se met à osciller. Nous avons montré que ces oscillations étaient dues au rhéoépaississement de la suspension. / This thesis has been done in collaboration with the company SIKA, one of the leader if the construction industry. This thesis report is organized in three chapters where each of them tries to answer a problem coming from industrial processes. In the first chapter, we studied the impact of particles concentration on the flowing properties of complex fluids such as shear-thinning and shear-thickening fluids. We demonstrated the importance of local contacts between particles to explain the evolution of the viscosity with the volume fraction. In the second chapter, we studied the aggregation of colloidal attractive suspensions under small perturbations and proved the existence of a maximum of elastic modulus during the rebuilding of the structure. Finally, the third chapter is a study of a phase diagram of a concentrated suspension jets. In the diluted and semi-diluted regimes, we found results in agreement with the bibliography, meanwhile at very high concentration, we studied a new regime where the jet, unstable, is oscillating. We showed those oscillations can be explained by the shear-thickening behaviour of the suspensions at those high concentrations.

This dissertation establishes a mathematical framework for analyzing a viscoelastic model that displays thixotropic behavior as a model parameter gets very small. The model is the partially extending strand convection model, originally derived for polymeric melts that have long strands that get in the way of fully retracting. A Newtonian solvent is added. The uniaxial and equibiaxial extensional flows are studied using combined asymptotic analysis and numerical simulations. An initial value problem with a prescribed elongational stress is solved in the limit of large relaxation time. This gives rise to multiple time scales. If the initial stress is less than a critical value, the initial elastic elongation is followed by settling to an unyielded state at the slow time scale. If the initial stress is larger than the critical value, then yielding ensues. The extensional flows produce delayed yielding and hysteresis, both associated with thixotropy in complex fluids. / Ph. D.