Title: Accuracy in throwing on the vertical target depending on combination of crossed and identical hand - eye laterality in selected population of FTVS students. Objectives: The aim of this study is determination of any disparity in success rate and darts distribution among selected strongly right-handed and left- handed population of male and female students of FTVS in throwing on the vertically positioned target. Methods: The main research method was used descriptive association method. A total of 60 individuals were enrolled in the study. We used Musalek's test battery (2013) containing questionnaire part, preferential tasks and proficiency tests to define particular sidedness of individual probands. Further a specific task of the throw at the target was employed. For data analysis we used descriptive statistics methods, chi-squared test goodness of fit, analysis of variance, tetrachoric correlation and level of substantive significance expressed by Cohen's d. Results: The results indicated that left-handed individuals did not show a significantly better accuracy in throwing at the vertically positioned target compared with right-handed individuals. It seems that gender is an important factor that affects the level of accuracy in the throws on target because male showed significantly better...

A conformação em torno elétrico é um dos métodos utilizados na fabricação de peças cerâmicas, principalmente utilitários e decorações. Porém nem todas as massas cerâmicas possuem plasticidade adequada para serem torneadas. A porcelana fosfática é um desses exemplos devido à composição de 50 % de cinza de ossos bovinos, 25 % de caulim e 25 % de feldspato. Uma massa de porcelana comercial de alta temperatura, branca e com boa plasticidade foi a referência de massa propícia para se trabalhar no torno elétrico e foi feito a caracterização desse material como distribuição granulométrica, picnometria a gás, composição química por fluorescência de raio X (FRX) e difração de raio X (DRX). Os mesmos métodos de caracterização foram feitos na porcelana fosfática. O limite de Atterberg foi utilizado como técnica para medir os teores de água das massas e a reometria por squeeze flow foi o método de análise para diferenciar massas cerâmicas plásticas e não-plásticas. Testes no torno elétrico foram feitos para concluir sobre melhoria na plasticidade da porcelana fosfática através da adição de aditivo como bentonita e polímero à base de éter celulose (MHEC). Adição de 4 % de bentonita na porcelana fosfática aumentou o índice de plasticidade de Atterberg em cerca de 100 % e as curvas de squeeze flow ficaram próximos das curvas do material de referência, apresentando assim plasticidade suficiente para fabricar peças no torno elétrico. / Throwing on electric wheel is one of techniques used to forming ceramic wares as tableware and decorative. However, ceramic body needs to have enough plasticity for hands working on throwing wheel. The phosphatic porcelain composition is 50 % of bone ash, 25 % of kaolin and 25 % of feldspar and generally has low plasticity. A commercial porcelain for throwing on the electric wheel was used as default and compared with the phosphatic porcelain. Raw material characterization as particle size distribution analysis, gas pycnometry, chemical composition by x-ray fluorescence (XRF), zeta potential and x-ray diffraction (XRD) was doing to compare both porcelains. Atterberg limits were used to measure moisture content of ceramic body and rheometry was evaluated by squeeze flow technique to determine the viscosity difference between porcelain and phosphatic porcelain. Test on the throwing wheel were made to verify plasticity improvement by addition of bentonite or a polymer based on ether cellulose (MHEC). The 4 % of bentonite addition increased about 100 % the Atterberg limit and the consequent change in the squeeze flow curves demonstrate to be similar with reference and with enough plasticity to throwing on the electric wheel. Keyword: Phosphatic porcelain. Plasticity. Throwing wheel. Bentonite. Squeeze flow.

A conformação em torno elétrico é um dos métodos utilizados na fabricação de peças cerâmicas, principalmente utilitários e decorações. Porém nem todas as massas cerâmicas possuem plasticidade adequada para serem torneadas. A porcelana fosfática é um desses exemplos devido à composição de 50 % de cinza de ossos bovinos, 25 % de caulim e 25 % de feldspato. Uma massa de porcelana comercial de alta temperatura, branca e com boa plasticidade foi a referência de massa propícia para se trabalhar no torno elétrico e foi feito a caracterização desse material como distribuição granulométrica, picnometria a gás, composição química por fluorescência de raio X (FRX) e difração de raio X (DRX). Os mesmos métodos de caracterização foram feitos na porcelana fosfática. O limite de Atterberg foi utilizado como técnica para medir os teores de água das massas e a reometria por squeeze flow foi o método de análise para diferenciar massas cerâmicas plásticas e não-plásticas. Testes no torno elétrico foram feitos para concluir sobre melhoria na plasticidade da porcelana fosfática através da adição de aditivo como bentonita e polímero à base de éter celulose (MHEC). Adição de 4 % de bentonita na porcelana fosfática aumentou o índice de plasticidade de Atterberg em cerca de 100 % e as curvas de squeeze flow ficaram próximos das curvas do material de referência, apresentando assim plasticidade suficiente para fabricar peças no torno elétrico. / Throwing on electric wheel is one of techniques used to forming ceramic wares as tableware and decorative. However, ceramic body needs to have enough plasticity for hands working on throwing wheel. The phosphatic porcelain composition is 50 % of bone ash, 25 % of kaolin and 25 % of feldspar and generally has low plasticity. A commercial porcelain for throwing on the electric wheel was used as default and compared with the phosphatic porcelain. Raw material characterization as particle size distribution analysis, gas pycnometry, chemical composition by x-ray fluorescence (XRF), zeta potential and x-ray diffraction (XRD) was doing to compare both porcelains. Atterberg limits were used to measure moisture content of ceramic body and rheometry was evaluated by squeeze flow technique to determine the viscosity difference between porcelain and phosphatic porcelain. Test on the throwing wheel were made to verify plasticity improvement by addition of bentonite or a polymer based on ether cellulose (MHEC). The 4 % of bentonite addition increased about 100 % the Atterberg limit and the consequent change in the squeeze flow curves demonstrate to be similar with reference and with enough plasticity to throwing on the electric wheel. Keyword: Phosphatic porcelain. Plasticity. Throwing wheel. Bentonite. Squeeze flow.

An examination of throwing was performed in a controlled environment with the aim of identifying the control and order parameters of throwing as proposed by dynamic pattern theory. A pilot study was conducted to test the possibility that the mass of a ball, the distance thrown and the size of targets were the control parameters. Based upon the results of the pilot study, only the distance was manipulated as an independent variable in the principal study.Three-dimensional motion was recorded using three video cameras in the motion analysis laboratory and later analysed using the Peak motion analysis system (software version 5.0, 1992). Sixteen right handed adult females, aged 18 - 35 years, volunteered to participate in the principal study. Subjects were seated with their trunks secured to the back support of an adjustable chair. Ten different targets (0.6 to 6.91 m) were labelled on the floor in front of the subjects. A large area for each target was defined so that the throwing skill of subjects could be ignored as a factor in the research design. Subjects were asked to throw a 0.5 kg ball to ten different distances using their own styles which allowed them to change the pattern of throwing as the distance thrown increased.All 16 subjects selected either an overarm or an underarm throw or employed both patterns. No subject used other patterns of throwing. At the shortest distance, a greater number of subjects selected an underarm throw. As the distance thrown increased, some subjects switched to the overarm throw. At the distance of 3.36 m, there were eight subjects (50%) using each style of throwing. Alteration of the throwing pattern mainly occurred from the underarm to the overarm throw. The results suggest that the distance thrown may be one of the control parameters in the throwing movement.Furthermore, the presence of both throwing patterns for all distances ++ / thrown suggests the presence of a multiple stable state in throwing motions. Trajectories of movement become more uniform as the distance thrown increased. Variability was greatest when subjects threw to the shortest distance for both patterns. These results imply that as the distance thrown increased the stability of both throwing patterns increased. Moreover, these results also imply a phase transition within each throwing pattern, in addition to the phase shift between the pattern of throwing.No result could directly illustrate the period of the transition. This may be due to the fact that phase transition in a multistable system is the result of an external force which drives the system from one state to another. Alteration of the pattern does not occur as a result of loss of the stability of the previous state. Furthermore, the presence of both throwing patterns for all distances thrown suggests the presence of a multiple stable state in throwing motions. Trajectories of movement become more uniform as the distance thrown increased. Variability was greatest when subjects threw to the shortest distance for both patterns. These results imply that as the distance thrown increased the stability of both throwing patterns increased. Moreover, these results also imply a phase transition within each throwing pattern, in addition to the phase shift between the pattern of throwing. No result could directly illustrate the period of the transition. This may be due to the fact that phase transition in a multistable system is the result of an external force which drives the system from one state to another. Alteration of the pattern does not occur as a result of loss of the stability of the previous state. However, some of the results such as the hysteresis graph presented indirect evidence, which could imply a phase shift between throwing patterns. In addition the higher ++ / degrees of joint angle recruitment in the overarm throw suggest that the stability of the system may be better maintained in the overarm throw than in the underarm throw.Alteration of the sub-styles of throwing within the same throwing pattern seemed to occur in between the shortest and the longest distances thrown. Many of the results supported this concept, for example, data related to the relative timing, the total ROM, the releasing joint angles, the trajectories of the movement, the phase plane plots, the angle-angle plots, and relative phase. However, the presence of sub-styles in the underarm throw was not as obvious as was the case for the overarm throw.In conclusion, the changes in motor behaviour during throwing as the distance thrown increased as examined in the present study can be explained by dynamic pattern theory in some aspects. However, further investigation of the stability of the patterns and energy utilisation necessary for the execution of the underarm and overarm throw are essential to determine the most suitable order parameter and to confirm the proposed control parameter (distance thrown) identified.

The short-term enhancement of physical performance known as post-activation potentiation could be exploited in the design of sport-specific training sessions. The purpose of this study was to compare the potentiation of softball throwing velocity following two kinds of resistance-training session: a control session consisting of traditional heavy-load sets, and an experimental "Pmax" session consisting of sets of loads selected to maximise the mean power output during explosive bench presses. Both sessions included plyometric medicine ball chest passes. Eight male softball players of premier grade, with at least 2 yr experience of resistance training, performed the two sessions in a crossover fashion, with 30 min recovery between sessions. Softball throwing velocity was measured with a radar gun immediately before and at 2-min intervals 4-10 min after each session. Percent effects on throwing speed were analyzed via log transformation, and t statistics were used to make magnitude-based inferences with respect to the smallest important change of 2%. The average throwing velocity increased between pre and post tests for both treatments; the average increase was a substantial 2.3% (0.5 to 4.1%). Throwing velocity after Pmax training was a trivial 0.4% slower relative to that after heavy-load training (90% confidence limits -1.2 to 1.9%). There was a greater change in throwing velocity by 10 min post treatment than by 4 min post treatment; the change by 10 min was 5.0% (3.2 to 6.7%) for the Pmax training session and 5.3% (2.1 to 8.6%) for the heavy-load session. These effects were almost certainly beneficial for throwing speed, but the difference between them was unclear (-0.3%; -3.7 to 3.1%). The mean change between 4 and 10 min for both treatments combined was 5.1% (90% confidence limits 3.6 to 6.7%). The short-term enhancement of throwing performance following heavy-load and Pmax training sets has implications for the design of softball warm-up routines. There is also the potential for softball players to use such training to improve their throwing velocity during games.

Pottery is a kind of craft which requires retentive training. The only way to achieve each technique is to practice in repetition till the skill has been absorbed into the hands and body of the practitioner. The most obvious problematic achievement in pottery skill is ‘wheel throwing’ technique. With the long history in straight forward training, one needs to free the mind and allow oneself be a ‘copy machine’ in order to learn the technique properly. The paradox of traditional practice of having mastered the skill, but could not break through, is one of typical obstruction to many crafters. ‘Flood’ as theme for investigation in clay was an attempt to set up a method in order to find the ‘breaking through’ in term of ‘thinking’ and ‘making’ for traditional pottery practitioner to be relevant in the pace of contemporary surrounding. The investigation was planned to de‐familiarize my perception over my tradition and practice, and it was an eye‐opening to how I positioned myself personally and professionally to the discipline, the society and the world.

This thesis investigates autobiography from the standpoint of Native Americans, using Anita Endrezze¡¦s work as my anchor text. Drawing on Hertha Wong¡¦s critical position on Native American life writing, I argue that Anita Endrezze¡¦s autobiography, Throwing Fire at the Sun, Water at the Moon (2000), widens the scope of traditional generic limitations. The first chapter is the introduction, which delineates the theme of the thesis and introduces Yaqui history and Endrezze¡¦s family and cultural background. The second chapter analyzes what characterizes Native American autobiography by borrowing Hertha Wong¡¦s standpoint. Hertha Wong is one of the first theorists who yearn to widen the scope of the well-established generic limitations. She theorizes Native American autobiography by putting its etymology (¡§self,¡¨ ¡§life,¡¨ and ¡§writing¡¨) under scrutiny. Wong¡¦s critical base is the key thread of the chapter, and other critics¡¦ positions on Native American life writing are also provided as subsidizing points. Chapter Three revolves around how Endrezee conceptualizes ¡§the self¡¨ in her autobiographical narratives. Wong argues that Native Americans never regard the self as a separate entity from their community. Correspondingly, Endrezze consciously strives to construct a communal self in her personal narratives. To reach the aim, she relates herself to her relatives, her ancestors, and the present-day Yaquis. Besides, through her homing-in journey, she makes a direct connection to her ancestral homeland. Therefore, the representation of the self is not only community-based but also localized. Chapter Four aims to show that Endrezze¡¦s life narratives go beyond the realms of humans. That is, her autobiography resists anthropocentric narratives. She tells stories about the corn, the rain, and a wide variety of plants and animals. It is through the assistance of non-humans that human life is sustainable. Chapter Five aims to argue that Endrezze¡¦s autobiography shatters the fallacy that Native American culture is in demise. On the contrary, it is burgeoning. Endrezze uses her autobiography to fight back. Endrezze attempts to hybridize the languages to pose some reading obstacles to Euro-Americans. Besides, inserting her paintings at the end of autobiography is also a political act because it subverts traditional writing system. She mocks at the mono-dimensional narratives. Chapter Six is my conclusion, in which Endrezze¡¦s cultural and literary contributions are re-affirmed. It is my deep hope that Endrezze¡¦s book can, as her book title symbolizes, become another form of fire/water to continue the life of Yaquis.

Throwing with power and accuracy is a uniquely human behavior and a potentially important mode of early hunting. Chimpanzees, our closest living relatives, do occasionally throw, although with much less velocity. At some point in our evolutionary history, hominins developed the ability to produce high performance throws. The anatomical changes that enable increased throwing ability are poorly understood and the antiquity of this behavior is unknown. In this thesis, I examine how anatomical shifts in the upper body known to occur during human evolution affect throwing performance. I propose a new biomechanical model for how humans amplify power during high-speed throwing using elastic energy stored and released in the throwing shoulder. I also propose and experimentally test a series of functional hypotheses regarding how four key shifts in upper body anatomy affect throwing performance: increased torso rotational mobility, laterally oriented shoulders, lower humeral torsion, and increased wrist hyperextensability. These hypotheses are tested by collecting 3D body motion data during throws performed by human subjects in whom I varied anatomical parameters using restrictive braces to examine their effects on throwing kinematics. These data are broken down using inverse dynamics analysis into the individual motions, velocities, and forces acting around each joint axis. I compare performance at each joint across experimental conditions to test hypotheses regarding the relationship between skeletal features and throwing performance. I also developed and tested a method for predicting humeral torsion using range of motion data, allowing me to calculate torsion in my subjects and determine its effect on throwing performance. My results strongly support an important role for elastic energy storage in powering humans’ uniquely rapid throwing motion. I also found strong performance effects related to anatomical shifts in the torso, shoulder, and arm. When used to interpret the hominin fossil record, my data suggest high-speed throwing ability arose in a mosaic-like fashion, with all relevant features first present in Homo erectus. What drove the evolution of these anatomical shifts is unknown, but as a result the ability to produce high-speed throws was available for early hunting and likely provided an adaptive advantage in this context. / Anthropology

The short-term enhancement of physical performance known as post-activation potentiation could be exploited in the design of sport-specific training sessions. The purpose of this study was to compare the potentiation of softball throwing velocity following two kinds of resistance-training session: a control session consisting of traditional heavy-load sets, and an experimental "Pmax" session consisting of sets of loads selected to maximise the mean power output during explosive bench presses. Both sessions included plyometric medicine ball chest passes. Eight male softball players of premier grade, with at least 2 yr experience of resistance training, performed the two sessions in a crossover fashion, with 30 min recovery between sessions. Softball throwing velocity was measured with a radar gun immediately before and at 2-min intervals 4-10 min after each session. Percent effects on throwing speed were analyzed via log transformation, and t statistics were used to make magnitude-based inferences with respect to the smallest important change of 2%. The average throwing velocity increased between pre and post tests for both treatments; the average increase was a substantial 2.3% (0.5 to 4.1%). Throwing velocity after Pmax training was a trivial 0.4% slower relative to that after heavy-load training (90% confidence limits -1.2 to 1.9%). There was a greater change in throwing velocity by 10 min post treatment than by 4 min post treatment; the change by 10 min was 5.0% (3.2 to 6.7%) for the Pmax training session and 5.3% (2.1 to 8.6%) for the heavy-load session. These effects were almost certainly beneficial for throwing speed, but the difference between them was unclear (-0.3%; -3.7 to 3.1%). The mean change between 4 and 10 min for both treatments combined was 5.1% (90% confidence limits 3.6 to 6.7%). The short-term enhancement of throwing performance following heavy-load and Pmax training sets has implications for the design of softball warm-up routines. There is also the potential for softball players to use such training to improve their throwing velocity during games.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:49:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RICARDO DREWS.pdf: 1002550 bytes, checksum: cf00986d44308bfc993373b5d0eec8b8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-22 / The present study investigated the effects of different ability conceptions on the learning of a throwing task in 6, 10, and 14-years-old children. In each age group, different groups were given either inherent ability (IA) or acquirable skill (AS) instructions before the beginning of practice. Participants were blindfolded and threw beanbags with their non-dominant hand at a target that was placed on the floor at a distance of 3 m. All participants performed 40 practice trials and received veridical feedback (accuracy score) after each trial. One day after the practice phase, retention and transfer (4 m) tests (10 trials each) without instruction or feedback about conceptions of ability, each consisting of 10 trials. As expected, older participants had higher accuracy scores in both practice and retention/transfer than younger participants. Importantly, instructions highlighting the malleability of the skill (AS groups) provided on Day 1 resulted in greater throwing accuracy in retention and transfer than did those implying an underlying inherent ability (IA groups). Thus, the induced conceptions of ability influenced the learning of the throwing task regardless of the children s age. Previous findings (Wulf & Lewthwaite, 2009) suggest that AS conceptions of ability facilitate automaticy in movement control, presumably by reducing learners concerns about their performance and ability. The present findings add to the increasing evidence of motivational influences on motor skill learning and demonstrate that these effects generalize to children. The findings underscore the importance of how instructions are worded in the context of teaching and learning / O presente estudo investigou os efeitos das induções de diferentes concepções de capacidade na aprendizagem motora de uma tarefa de arremesso em crianças de 6, 10 e 14 anos de idade. Em cada faixa etária, diferentes grupos receberam instruções de concepções fixas (GF) ou concepções maleáveis (GM) antes do inicio da prática. Os participantes (n=120) realizaram uma tarefa de arremessar saquinhos de feijão de olhos vendados com a mão não dominante, tendo o objetivo de acertar o centro de um alvo a uma distância de 3 metros. Todos os participantes realizaram 40 tentativas de prática e receberam feedback verídico sobre sua performance depois de cada tentativa. Um dia após a fase de aquisição, foi realizado um teste de retenção e um teste de transferência (4 m), sem feedback ou instrução sobre concepções de capacidade, constando de 10 tentativas cada. Como esperado, os resultados demonstraram que os participantes mais velhos obtiveram escores de precisão mais elevados, nas fases de aquisição e retenção/transferência, em relação aos participantes mais jovens. Mais Importante, instruções induzindo a maleabilidade da habilidade (GM) na fase de prática resultaram em maior precisão do arremesso nas fases de retenção e transferência em relação aquelas induzindo estabilidade da capacidade (GF). Assim, pode-se concluir que a indução de concepções de capacidade influenciou a aprendizagem da tarefa de arremessar em crianças, independente da faixa etária. Achados anteriores (Wulf & Lewthwaite, 2009) sugerem que as concepções de capacidade facilitam a automaticidade do controle de movimento, provavelmente por reduzir as preocupações dos sujeitos sobre o seu desempenho e capacidade. Os presentes achados adicionam à evidência crescente de influências motivacionais sobre a aprendizagem de habilidades motoras e demonstram que estes efeitos podem ser generalizados para crianças. Os resultados ressaltam a importância de como as instruções são utilizadas no contexto de ensino e aprendizagem