Abstract available in the Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of an overreach and taper on measures of muscle architecture, jumping, and throwing performance in Division I collegiate throwers preparing for conference championships. Six collegiate track and field throwers (3 hammer, 2 discus, 1 javelin) trained for 12 weeks using a block-periodization model culminating with a 1-week overreach followed by a 3-week taper (ORT). Session rating of perceived exertion training load (RPETL) and strength training volume-load times bar displacement (VLd) were recorded weekly. Athletes were tested pre-ORT and post-ORT on measures of vastus lateralis architecture, unloaded and loaded squat and countermovement jump performance, underhand and overhead throwing performance, and competition throwing performance. There was a statistical reduction in weight training VLd/session (d = 1.21, p ≤ 0.05) and RPETL/session (d = 0.9, p ≤ 0.05) between the in-season and ORT training phases. Five of 6 athletes improved overhead throw and competition throwing performance after the ORT (d = 0.50, p ≤ 0.05). Vastus lateralis muscle thickness statistically increased after the in-season training phase (d = 0.28, p ≤ 0.05) but did not change after the ORT. Unloaded countermovement jump peak force and relative peak power improved significantly after the ORT (d = 0.59, p ≤ 0.05, d = 0.31, p ≤ 0.05, respectively). These findings demonstrate that an overreaching week followed by a 3-week taper is an effective means of improving explosive ability and throwing performance in collegiate track and field throwers despite the absence of detectable changes in muscle architecture.

PURPOSE: To examine the effects of an overreaching week followed by a 3-week taper (ORT) on DI collegiate throwers after 8 weeks of in-season training. METHODS: Seven throwers (5 male, 2 female) (20.8 ± 1.1 years, 182.9 ± 7.6 cm, 100.6 ± 22.2 kg) were recruited for the study. Throwing performance (TP) was normalized across events using z-scores calculated from the top 500 throws/year in DI over the past 5 years (-1.28 ± 0.99). Athletes were tested on measures of vastus lateralis muscle thickness (MT) using B-mode ultrasound, countermovement jump peak power with 0kg (CMJPP0) on a force platform, overhead shot put throw (OHT) at baseline (T1), pre-taper (T2) and post-taper (T3). TP was measured at a conference meet and championships. Training load (TL=session RPE·duration) and strength training volume-load (VL) were monitored for 12 weeks at all training sessions and competitions. One-way repeated measures ANOVA and paired sample t-tests were used for analysis with alpha level set at p"0.05. RESULTS: There was a statistical reduction in weight training VL (d=1.21, 90% CI [0.58, 1.8], p=0.01) and TL (d=0.96 [0.26, 1.7], p=0.04) between in-season (T1 to T2) and OR-T (T2 to T3) training phases. There were statistical time effects for MT (p=0.02), CMJPP0 (p=0.02), and TP (p=0.04). Post-hoc analysis revealed statistical improvements in MT (T1-T2: d=0.28 [0.11, 0.45], p=0.02), CMJPP0 (T2-T3: d=0.27 [0.1, 0.44], p=0.02), OHT (T2-T3: d=0.49 [0.16, 0.82], p=0.03) and TP (T2-T3, d=0.57 [0.22, 0.93], p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: The OR-T appeared to augment TP at conference championships and national ranking. Collegiate throwers may benefit from an OR-T phase where TL and VL are exponentially reduced prior to an important competition.

This study analyzed the relationships present between grip strength, wrist flexion, arm length, partial and total, and throwing velocity. Thirty-one subjects were tested to obtain the data on these variables. A multiple linear regression equation produced a significant F ratio for the relationship between grip strength and throwing velocity. Neither wrist flexion nor arm length obtained a significant F ratio to throwing velocity. A stepwise multiple regression equation again displayed a significant F ratio for grip strength and throwing velocity. Wrist flexion and arm length did not produce a significant F ratio for their relationships to throwing velocity. This study concludes that of the variables tested, only grip strength displayed a significant relationship to throwing velocity. This study indicates that throwing velocity can be predicted at a moderate level from the measurement of grip strength.

Thesis Title: The Effect of Kinesio Tape (KT) on the Muscle Activation of the Long Head of the Biceps in Baseball Players. Objective: KT is one of several treatment techniques in injury prevention and treatment for high demand movements, such as overhead throwing. The baseball throwing motion, or the overhead throwing motion, places tremendous stress on the shoulder where coordination of its subsequent musculature, such as the long head of the biceps, are crucial. As a result, injuries do occur. However, the acute effect of KT on the muscular activity of the LHB is not well known. The aim of this thesis is to verify that the application of KT to the skin located superficially to the Long Head of the Biceps increases its activity in the baseball throwing motion. Methods: The research sample included 21 active Czech Extraliga baseball players (21 male, aged 25.3 ±5.9 years, height 183.2 ±6.9 cm, weight 83.8 ±11.1 kg, years baseball of participation 17.1 ±6.5 years), which reported no current or recent shoulder pain or injury. The surface Electromyograph (sEMG) of the muscle activity from each subject was collected using a Bittium Biomonitor transmitter and receiver, model ME6000 (Bittium Inc. Oulu, Finland). There was recorded Maximum Voluntary Isometric Contraction (MVIC) activity of the Long Head...

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The aim of my master's thesis was to explore the teaching of dodgeball on the first stage of primary school in Benešov region by the questionnaire method. I addressed the students and teachers of participating schools in the district round and then suggested a model of teaching the game and implemented it in their teaching practice, which took place at the sports club called Dodgeball girls at the sports center at primary school Benesov, Jiraskova 888. The girls team was compiled from the years 2005 and 2006. I was monitoring the keeping with the scheduled training units, and its influence on the success of the team in the district round of dodgeball. Testing of motoric abilities and skills was carried out in autumn and spring parts of the training cycle. There is a comparison of girls dodgeball results from the initial trainings with results after completion of the training technology. I have registered all the detected and processed results into the tables and graphs, which have showed the improvement or deterioration in the individual tested players. KEYWORDS Ability, skill, setting-up activities, playing skills, lesson item, research, motor abilities, motor skills, preschool age, artistic gymnastics, motor tests.

The purpose of this study was to examine whether the feedback schedule controlled by the learner created an optimal environment for retention of motor skills. Two experiments were conducted and participants were randomly assigned to a Control (100% KR), 20% RF KR, Self-controlled and Yoked conditions. In experiment one an anticipation timing task and in experiment two a ball throwing task was used. The second experiment also included a transfer test in order to measure the persistence of the acquired capability for performance. Absolute constant error (&amp / #9474 / CE&amp / #9474 / ) and variable error (VE) were calculated for four blocks of ten trials in acquisition phase and two blocks of ten trials in retention and transfer phases to analyze the subject&rsquo / s performances by repeated measures ANOVA. Experiment one analysis indicated significant main effects for groups in &amp / #9474 / CE&amp / #9474 / and VE. Participants in the self-controlled condition performed significantly better on retention test than the control group. Contrary to the expectations, experiment two analysis showed no significant differences between the groups in acquisition and retention tests. Group differences were only observed in transfer test between the 20% RF KR and Yoked conditions. There was an improvement in the performance by groups as they progressed through the acquisition trials. The results of the experiment were not consistent with regard to effects of KR on learning. The reasons might be attributed to several factors such as the age and the motivation of the subjects, and the nature of the task.

Multiple scholars have briefly discussed the Maya use of the atlatl. Yet, there has never been a decisive encompassing discussion of prevalence and use of the atlatl in the Maya region with multiple lines of support from iconographic and artifactual analyses. This thesis explores the atlatl at Chichén Itzá, Tikal, and Caracol Maya sites to prove that atlatl prevalence can be interpreted primarily based on projectile point “classification function” analysis with support from iconographic and artifactual remains. The classification functions are derived from creating mutually exclusive groups of dart points and arrow points by using discrete functional analysis. Discerning between dart and arrow points can be completed with a high degree of accuracy based on maximum shoulder width of lithic points in an assemblage. Because the atlatl and bow complexes have been primarily constructed of perishable materials, the best method to determine the prevalence of atlatl use is by identifying the launcher based on projectile point identification. Using a cross-site comparison of projectile point size, the Maya use and prevalence of the atlatl will be elucidated

科学研究費補助金 研究種目:基盤研究(B)(2) 課題番号:10480007 研究代表者:櫻井 伸二 研究期間:1998-2000年度