京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第21608号 / 理博第4515号 / 新制||理||1648(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科生物科学専攻 / (主査)准教授 小山 時隆, 教授 長谷 あきら, 教授 鹿内 利治 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

In recent decades, more and more countries have opened up to international trade and the effects it has on society is an area that is both studied and discussed to a large extent, without reaching consensus. Understanding the full consequences of trade is important in order to make political decisions and create fair trade agreements. Previously, trade and gender inequality’s impact on poverty have been studied as two separate areas and in previous research we have not found studies examining the relationship between trade, poverty and gender inequality together. The purpose of this study is therefore to combine two areas that have previously been treated separately and to examine how international trade affects poverty and the role of gender inequality in the tiger economies. Tiger economies is a collective name for the rapidly growing economies of Asia and the countries are characterized by liberalized markets and openness to free trade. The study is carried out through a mediation analysis and examines whether inequality between the sexes acts as a mediator in the context of how trade affects poverty. For the estimation, panel data for eight countries over 30 years are used. The dependent variable poverty is measured as household consumption per capita, while trade flow and gender inequality and four other control variables are explanatory variables. The results show that both increased trade and higher gender equality lead to increased household consumption and thus reduced poverty in the tiger economies. The study also shows that gender inequality acts as a mediator for the relationship between trade and poverty, which means that trade leads to a reduction in poverty directly, but also that trade leads to increased female participation in the labor market, which in turn reduces poverty. Gender inequality and trade should therefore be studied together to examine the effect and the exclusion of one of the variables may lead to incorrect conclusions about what affects poverty in the tiger economies. / De senaste decennierna har allt fler länder öppnat upp för internationell handel och vilka effekter det har för samhället är ett område som både studeras och diskuteras i stor utsträckning, utan att nå konsensus. Att förstå de fulla konsekvenserna av handel är av betydelse för att kunna fatta politiska beslut och skapa rättvisa handelsavtal. Tidigare har handelns och ojämlikhet mellan könens påverkan på fattigdom studerats som två separata områden och vi har i den tidigare forskningen inte funnit studier som undersöker sambandet mellan handel, fattigdom och ojämlikhet mellan könen tillsammans. Syftet med denna studie är därför att kombinera två områden som tidigare behandlats separat och undersöka hur internationell handel påverkar fattigdom och vilken roll ojämlikhet mellan könen har i tigerekonomierna. Tigerekonomierna är ett samlingsnamn för snabbt växande ekonomier i Asien och länderna kännetecknas av avreglerade marknader och öppenhet mot frihandel. Studien genomförs genom en medieringsanalys och undersöker om ojämlikhet mellan könen fungerar som mediator i sambandet för hur handel påverkar fattigdom. För skattningen används paneldata för åtta länder över 30 år. Beroende variabeln fattigdom mäts som hushållskonumstion per capita, medan handelsflöde och ojämlikhet mellan könen samt fyra kontrollvariabler utgör förklarande variabler. Resultatet visar att både ökad handel och högre jämlikhet mellan könen leder till ökad hushållskonsumtion och således minskad fattigdom i tigerekonomierna. Studien visar även att ojämlikhet mellan könen fungerar som mediator för sambandet mellan handel och fattigdom, vilket innebär att handel dels leder till minskad fattigdom direkt, men även att handel leder till ökat kvinnligt deltagande på arbetsmarknaden som i sin tur minskar fattigdom. Ojämlikhet mellan könen och handel bör således studeras tillsammans för att undersöka effekten av hur de påverkar fattigdom och uteslutning av en av variablerna kan leda till felaktiga slutsatser om vad som påverkar fattigdom i tigerekonomierna.

The number of California vernal pools and vernal lakes are diminishing. Through the present study, this investigator hopes to increase the understanding of vernal pool biota, as well as the awareness that these unique habitats need protection. Other studies of California vernal pools have emphasized their flora, their plankton and their physicochemical aspects. The purpose of this investigation is to survey the insects and other macrofauna found in two vernal lakes of eastern Stanislaus County, to examine the phenology of the insects within one of these lakes, and to compare the insect taxa found in these vernal lakes to those reported from studies of similar vernal pools.

Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät, Universität Leipzig, und Zoo Leipzig Die Krankheiten, Fortpflanzung und Immobilisation der Tiger des für seine Zucht berühmten Leipziger Zoologischen Gartens wurden zusammenfassend über einen Zeitraum von über 50 Jahren analysiert. Das Datenmaterial bestand aus Kranken- und Sektionsberichten sowie bakteriologischen, virologischen, parasitologischen und mykologischen Untersuchungsbefunden. Insgesamt wurden über 4000 Fälle ausgewertet und mit der medizinischen Fachliteratur verglichen. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit zeigen, dass sich die Haltungsbedingungen der Tiger im Leipziger Zoologischen Garten im Laufe der Zeit wesentlich verbessert haben und der Gesundheitsstatus heute als sehr gut eingeschätzt werden kann. Zur Distanzimmobilisation und -narkose haben sich die Kombination von 3 mg/kg Xylazin und 3 mg/kg KM Ketaminhydrochlorid sowie Yohimbin als Antidot in einer Dosis von 0,5 mg/kg KM bewährt. Zu den häufigsten Krankheitsbildern gehörten Infektionskrankheiten, unter ihnen die sog. Koliinfektion und die Pasteurellose. Obwohl sie heute mit einfachen Mitteln therapierbar sind, verursachten sie seinerzeit in der Studienpopulation gleichzeitig v. a bei Jungtigern große Verluste. Seit Beginn der BCG-Impfung ist die Tuberkulose nicht mehr im Leipziger Tigerbestand aufgetreten. Ebenso brachte die Umstellung auf eine Lebendvakzine bei der Panleukopenieprophylaxe eine entscheidende Verbesserung. Die meisten Todesfälle verursachten nach den Infektionskrankheiten Krankheiten des Respirationstrakts (Pneumonien) und Fortpflanzungsstörungen (v. a. Totgeburten). Ab einem Alter von 9 Jahren traten bei weiblichen Tigern Störungen im Geburtsverlauf auf. Am häufigsten erkrankten neonatale Tiger an Infektionskrankheiten und an den Folgen von Fruchtwasseraspiration. Bei den Krankheiten des Bewegungsapparats steht die auf einem alimentären sekundären Hyperparathyreoidismus beruhende Osteodystrophia fibrosa im Vordergrund. Ihr wird seit den 80er Jahren durch verstärkte Fütterung mit Ganzkörperfuttertieren vorgebeugt. Als Therapie von Nephritiden hat sich bei den Tigern des Untersuchungsguts besonders in den letzten Jahren eine einmalige subkutane Infusionstherapie mit insgesamt 2 ml/kg KM Glukose und Natriumbikarbonat im Verhältnis 1:1 sowie Elektrolyten und Aminosäuren, Enrofloxacin und Marbofloxacin in den von den Herstellern angegebenen Dosierungen bewährt. Regelmäßige Krallenpflege ab einem Alter von 9 Jahren beugt Lahmheiten durch eingewachsene Krallen sowie Wundinfektionen vor. Vitaminmängeln wird im Leipziger Zoologischen Garten durch Fütterung von Ganzkörpertieren mit allen Innereien sowie die prophylaktische Gabe von Multivitaminpräparaten vorgebeugt. Möglicherweise verhaltensbedingte Todesfälle bei ansonsten gesunden neonatalen Tigern lassen in einigen Fällen auf eine gestörte Mutter-Kind-Beziehung schließen. Lediglich vereinzelt traten im Untersuchungsgut Krankheiten der Leber, des Herz- und Kreislaufsystems, des endokrinen Systems, Vergiftungen, sexuelle Verhaltensstörungen und Kachexien auf. Bestandsprobleme wurden durch Caliciviren hervorgerufen, die klinische Symptome sowohl bei adulten als auch jungen Tigern und Löwen hervorriefen. Hier muss zwischen artgemäßer Aufzucht und Infektionsrisiko abgewogen werden. Zu den erst postmortal festgestellten Krankheiten gehörte das metastasierende Hämangiosarkom. Die „Tigerkrankheit“ gehörte über viele Jahre zu den schwer behandelbaren Krankheiten mit hoher Rezidivrate. Mittlerweile haben sich zwar Ampicillin und Penicillin als effektive Therapeutika im Leipziger Zoologischen Garten bewährt. Dennoch konnte auch in dieser Arbeit die Ätiologie nicht endgültig geklärt werden und bedarf weiterführender Untersuchungen. Ansätze für künftige Forschungsaufgaben bietet die Klärung der möglicherweise generell bei Tigern hereditären Kataraktätiologie und des Hydrocephalus internus bei Amurtigern. Die hohe Diskrepanz der eigenen Ergebnisse im Vergleich zum Schrifttum erfordert weitere Studien an umfangreicherem Material zur Prävalenz von CDV, FIV und FeLV bei Tigern. Bislang nicht im Schrifttum beschriebene Krankheiten (z. B. Obstipation, Hämangiosarkom, Furunkulose, Pyodermie, Härungsanomalien und Panaritien), Infektionen (z. B. mit Gattung Salmonella Saint-Paul, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella anatum, Salmonella cholerae suis, Staphylococcus epidermidis und Staphylococcus intermedius) und Infestationen (z. B. Capillaria aerophila) werden in den entsprechenden Kapiteln besonders herausgestellt.

The impacts of human activities on the natural world have accelerated rapidly in recent centuries and decades. Consequent loss and fragmentation of natural habitats is the greatest threat to short and long-term survival of the planet’s rich biodiversity. Large carnivores are particularly sensitive to these changes, as many species rely on expansive natural areas to maintain healthy, genetically diverse populations. As a result, this charismatic clade is a focal point of conservation attention, and is also frequently used as a conservation umbrella to conserve other species which share their broad range of habitats. While diminished, fragmented populations and geographic isolation can be detrimental to species longevity, habitat corridors which connect populations throughout a broader human-dominated landscape provide resistance and resilience to the effects of isolation by maintaining genetic connectivity between sub-populations. Accordingly, understanding how large carnivores move through natural and non-natural landscapes to connect with other populations is a key area of research in movement ecology and conservation biology. In this dissertation, collaborators and I implemented open-source synthetic, comparative, and machine learning approaches to model the movement of tigers and jaguars, two ecologically vital and connectivity-dependent carnivore species, in regions of their ranges which are largely shared with humans. For Chapters 1 and 2, focusing on tigers in central India, we synthesized five independently derived layers of landscape resistance to derive consensus among existing research (Chapter 1) and comparatively test different movement simulation techniques’ abilities to predict tiger occurrence data (Chapter 2). We found that existing research efforts on habitat quality and potential connectivity areas for tigers in central India were more aligned than independent results indicated. We also derived a geospatial layer for “consensus connectivity areas (CCAs)” – areas where existing research agreed on high potential movement for tigers – and detailed the extensive current and future anthropogenic pressures on these important areas. Additionally, we found that while outputs from several popular techniques for simulating wildlife movement can predict in situ tiger occurrences, a circuit theory-based method, Circuitscape, performed best overall in this landscape and was the most robust to both inputs and validation data used for the analysis. In Chapter 3, we analyzed a collection of jaguar telemetry data to understand how the environmental responses of jaguar movements vary depending on the behavioral state of the animal. We found that jaguars in a higher (i.e., exploratory) movement state were more likely to move through anthropogenic areas, low tree cover, and areas farther from high tree cover. As similar, less risk-averse behavior has been reported in other carnivores during larger scale movements such as dispersal, these exploratory movement patterns may be a proxy for dispersal movement tendencies and thus more applicable for connectivity planning for jaguars, particularly in mixed-use landscapes. Collectively, this research provides insight into the movement ecology of two threatened large carnivore species as well as multiple open-source methodologies for modeling movement that can be applied to other research questions and conservation objectives worldwide.

Shaped in part by diverse landscapes, game profiles, and ruling personalities, hunting in the Indian princely states in the colonial period was heterogeneous to a previously unrecognized extent. At the same time, significant underlying political, social, and cultural continuities unified states and their rulers’ approaches to sport. Focusing on the Rajput realms of Mewar, Orchha, and Bikaner, I show how princes of different ranks negotiated their states’ divergent landscapes in pursuit of dissimilar game, and how they trusted in superior hunting grounds, wildlife, and shooting methods to advance their personal standings and sovereign powers. I also investigate how these rulers used hunting to maintain connections with their state and lineage histories, to exemplify local Rajput ideals and identities, and to manage relationships with various audiences, including their subjects, state nobles, other princes, and British officials. This study is concerned as much with princely perceptions of game and shooting grounds as with “real” landscapes or environmental changes. I examine how the princes conceptually linked natural abundance with favorable political conditions and degradation with lost power and compromised dignity. I consider what it meant to pursue tigers, wildfowl, antelope, and wild boar in dense jungles, wetlands, arid plains, and imposing hills. In addition, I look at the ways princes attempted to employ and also to modify those meanings to suit their own purposes. I did the research for this dissertation at government and private archives in India and the United Kingdom. Because my primary goal was to discover princely views, I relied as far as possible on sources produced by elite Indians or by those in their service. Among the materials I used were state government records, personal correspondence, speeches, game diaries, hunting memoirs, photographs, and miniature paintings. Much of the documentation was in English, with the major exception of records relating to Mewar State and its subordinate noble estates. The language of those papers ranged from Hindi through Rajasthani (Mewari). To understand British responses better, I consulted Government of India records. Published memoirs and travelogues written by Europeans who visited and hunted in the regions under consideration also proved useful. / text

Tiger nuts (Cyperus esculentus L) are recognized as a high potential, alternative source of food nutrients. However, there is limited scientific literature on the technological possibilities for developing value-added foods, such as fermented products from tiger nut milk. Therefore, strategies for producing and improving the properties of fermented tiger nut milk were investigated for generating lactose-free, nutritious yogurt-like products with acceptable sensory properties and a prolonged shelf life quality. A wet-milling procedure was standardized for extracting tiger nut milk from tiger nuts, and the effects of the extraction process on nutrient distribution, colour properties and colloidal stability of the milk were analyzed. Next, tiger nut milk was enriched with proteins and/or hydrocolloids and the impact of the additives on the physical properties of the milk were determined. Enriched tiger nut milk was fermented by using classical yogurt cultures and the obtained products were analyzed for the microbiological, physico-chemical and sensory characteristics. Additionally, effects of enriching tiger nut milk with microbial transglutaminase cross-linked proteins on the microbiological and physico-chemical properties were evaluated. Higher wet-milling intensity improved the nutrient composition, colloidal stability and colour of the milk. Enrichment of tiger nut milk with milk proteins and xanthan gum enhanced the viscosity and stability, and after fermentation, led to homogenous gel-like products with superior microbiological, physico-chemical and different sensory properties compared to the fermented plain tiger nut milk. Microbial transglutaminase cross-linked proteins improved the physical characteristics of the fermented product, especially during storage. This product would be relevant in many developing countries with high prevalence of lactose intolerance, limited access to nutritious food but show a high distribution of tiger nut vegetation. / Erdmandeln (Cyperus esculentus L) haben ein hohes Potential als alternative Quelle Lebensmittelinhaltsstoffen. Allerdings gibt es nur in begrenztem Ausmaß Literatur über technologische Möglichkeiten zur Entwicklung von Mehrwert-Lebensmitteln wie fermentierter Erdmandelmilch. Daher wurden Strategien zur Herstellung und Verbesserung der Eigenschaften von fermentierter Erdmandelmilch zur Erzeugung laktosefreier joghurtähnlicher Produkte mit akzeptablen sensorischen Eigenschaften untersucht. Für die Extraktion der Erdmandelmilch wurde ein Nassmahlverfahren standardisiert und der Einfluss des Verfahrens auf die Nährstoffverteilung, die Farbeigenschaften und die kolloidale Stabilität der Milch analysiert. Als nächstes wurde Erdmandelmilch mit Proteinen und/oder Hydrokolloiden angereichert, und der Einfluss der Additive auf die physikalischen Eigenschaften des Extrakts bestimmt. Angereicherte Erdmandelmilch wurde mit klassischen Joghurtkulturen fermentiert, und die mikrobiologischen, physikalisch-chemischen und sensorischen Eigenschaften der Produkte wurden untersucht. Zusätzlich wurden Effekte der Anreicherung von Erdmandelmilch mit enzymatisch vernetzten Proteinen auf die mikrobiologischen und physikalisch-chemischen Eigenschaften bewertet. Eine höhere Nassmahlintensität verbesserte die Nährstoffzusammensetzung, die kolloidale Stabilität und die Farbe der Milch. Die Anreicherung erhöhte die Viskosität und Stabilität und führte nach der Fermentation zu homogenen gelartigen Produkten mit verbesserten mikrobiologischen, physikalisch-chemischen und sensorischen Eigenschaften im Vergleich zur fermentierten Erdmandelmilch. Mikrobielle Transglutaminase-vernetzte Proteine verbesserten die physikalischen Eigenschaften des fermentierten Produkts, insbesondere während der Lagerung. Dieses Produkt wäre in vielen Entwicklungsländern mit hoher Prävalenz von Laktoseintoleranz und begrenztem Zugang zu nahrhaften Lebensmitteln als Alternative von Interesse.

This purpose of this study is to investigate the apologetic rhetoric of professional athletes’ off-field scandals. The three case studies used were Tiger Woods, Kobe Bryant, and Michael Phelps. A genre analysis was conducted to determine the success or failure of the speech by examining the image repair strategies used during the rhetoric. Further research revealed that the audiences’ perception plays a large role in determining if the rhetoric was successful or not. Two factors that aid the audience are the medium in which the public address was given, and the time it took to deliver the speech once the off-field scandal took place. The findings determined that Tiger Woods apologia was not successful, while Kobe Bryant’s was successful. The rhetoric of Michael Phelps’ speech lacked in delivery and strategies chosen. To have a successful apologia, one should have a clear use of strategies as well as a timely public address. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2017. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

A Star Called Henry (1999), do escritor irlandês Roddy Doyle (1958-), é o primeiro livro da trilogia The Last Roundup, cujo protagonista é Henry Smart. Este nasce em Dublin no início do século XX e desempenha papel importante na luta pela independência da Irlanda. Juntamente com os Irish Volunteers, Smart combate no Levante de Páscoa de 1916, auxilia na escrita da declaração de independência do país e torna-se soldado do Irish Republican Army (IRA) durante a Guerra da Independência (1919-1921). Henry é um herói, mas não do tipo clássico: filho de um assassino de aluguel e de uma adolescente pobre, Smart é ladrão desde os primeiros anos de vida e, durante suas lutas pela Irlanda, afirma não estar interessado no ideal nacionalista, uma vez que luta por dinheiro, comida e reconhecimento. Vivendo às margens da sociedade, Henry Smart desconstrói uma aura romântica em torno do Levante, da Guerra da Independência e dos heróis nacionalistas. O ponto de partida desta pesquisa é o questionamento sobre o impulso do autor em escrever um romance histórico em tempos de prosperidade financeira, pois Doyle publica a obra durante o período conhecido como Tigre Celta (1994-2008). Também questionamos por que o autor decide representar Dublin e os heróis nacionais de modo contrastante com o simbolismo nacionalista. Entendemos que o contexto de publicação do romance influencia a produção artística e, dessa forma, ao escolher a temática histórica, Doyle constrói uma crítica ao nacionalismo do início do século XX e também à sociedade do Tigre Celta. O autor entrelaça temporalidades a fim de expor as lacunas e inconsistências do passado e também do presente. / A Star Called Henry (1999), by the Irish writer Roddy Doyle (1958), is the first book of the trilogy The Last Roundup, whose protagonist is Henry Smart. He is born in Dublin at the beginning of the twentieth century and he plays an important role in the fight for Irelands independence. Along with the Irish Volunteers, Smart fights in the 1916 Easter Rising, helps to write the proclamation of independence and becomes a soldier of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) in the War of Independence (1919-1921). Henry is a hero, but not the classic kind: the son of a hired killer and a poor teenager, Smart is a thief since his early years and, when he fights for Ireland, he is not interested in the nationalist ideal, since he fights for money, food and recognition. Living at the margins of society, Henry Smart deconstructs the romantic aura around the Rising, the War of Independence and the nationalist heroes. The starting point of this research is to investigate the authors impulse to write a historical novel in times of financial prosperity, since Doyle publishes the book during the Celtic Tiger era (1994-2008). We also aim to understand why the author decides to represent Dublin and the nationalist heroes in a way that contrasts with the nationalist symbolism. We understand that the context of publication influences the artistic production, and, therefore, when choosing the historical theme, Doyle criticizes both the early twentieth-century nationalism and the Celtic Tiger society. The author intertwines temporalities in order to expose the gaps and inconsistencies of the past and the present.

Although tiger sharks are an important apex predator in many ecosystems, little is known about their reproduction. The goal of this study was to determine the size-at-maturity and the reproductive seasonality of tiger sharks in the western Atlantic Ocean. This was achieved using a combination of ultrasonography and measurements of plasma hormone concentrations; in particular, testosterone for males and estradiol and progesterone for females. Steroid hormone concentrations were measured using chemiluminescent assays (CLIA). Maturity was also examined through histology of reproductive organs in females and clasper calcification in males. Females were found to mature between 270 and 310 cm total length and males were found to mature between 260 and 300 cm total length. Mating was determined to occur in October/November, based on the presence of mating wounds on females and increased concentrations of testosterone in males. Some females were shown to exhibit increased plasma estradiol concentrations also during October/November; however, we do not believe that ovulation takes place until May or June based on ultrasonography data. This suggests a period of sperm storage although histological examination of the oviducal gland was not able to confirm this. Ultrasonography data, showing increasing embryo size over the course of a year, and data on minimum size of tiger sharks caught in longline surveys suggested that parturition occurs between June and September with pups being born as small as 56 cm fork length. The findings from this study show that some tiger sharks reach reproductive maturity at sizes smaller than what has been previously suggested. Additionally, the possibility of tiger sharks storing sperm suggests that their reproductive cycle is a minimum of two years long and could be up to three years in duration. This information is important for management of the species in the future. Additionally, this study adds to the limited knowledge about reproduction of elasmobranchs and how patterns of reproductive steroids can correlate with different reproductive events.