Time-critical networks of various types are widely used in fields such as industrial automation. Many of these time-critical networking solutions are proprietary and closed, which can make them costly to work with. An alternative to these legacy solutions is Time-Sensitive Networking. Time Sensitive Networking, or TSN, is an open standard for time-critical communication over Ethernet hardware and protocols. Compared to proprietary and closed legacy solutions, a TSN can be easier to set up. There is still however a challenge in configuring a TSN since the configuration process is hardware dependent. This thesis sets out to ease the configuration process, making it more user-friendly by providing a tool for the generation of end-host configurations. Currently, no such readily available tool exists for configuration of Linux end-hosts in TSNs. This is done by implementing extensions to the incomplete TSN configuration middleware DETD to a state where it is a suitable solution to this problem. The extensions made to DETD consist of implementing support for configuring listener streams, adding the ability to configure the TAPRIO queueing discipline, and adding support for an additional network interface card in the form of the Intel I210. To verify the functionality of these extensions a simple testbed using two real-time Linux machines is used.

The advancement of technology has led to an increase in the demand for ultra-low end-to-end network latency in real-time applications with a target of below 10ms. The IEEE 802.1 Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) is a set of standards that supports the required low-latency wired communication with ultra-low jitter for real-time applications. TSN is designed for fixed networks thus it misses the flexibility of wireless networks.To overcome this limitation and to increase its applicability in different applications, an integration of TSN with other wireless technologies is needed. The fifth generation of cellular networks (5G) supports real-time applications with its Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC) service. 5G URLLC is designed to meet the stringent timing requirements of these applications, such as providing reliable communication with latencies as low as 1ms. Seamless integration of TSN and 5G is needed to fully utilize the potential of these technologies in contemporary and future industrial applications. However, to achieve the end-to-end Quality of Service (QoS) requirements of a TSN-5G network, a significant effort is required due to the large dissimilarity between these technologies. This thesis presents a comprehensive and well-structured snapshot of the existing research on TSN-5G integration that identifies gaps in the current research and highlights the opportunities for further research in the area of TSN-5G integration. In particular, the thesis identifies that the state of the art lacks an end-to-end mapping of QoS requirements and traffic forwarding mechanisms for a converged TSN-5G network. This lack of knowledge and tool support hampers the utilisation of ground-breaking technologies like TSN and 5G. Hence, the thesis develops novel techniques to support the end-to-end QoS mapping and traffic forwarding of a converged TSN-5G network for predictable communication.Furthermore, the thesis presents a translation technique between TSN and 5G with a proof-of-concept implementation in a well-known TSN network simulator. Moreover, a novel QoS mapping algorithm is proposed to support the systematic mapping of QoS characteristics and integration of traffic flows in a converged TSN-5G network. / PROVIDENT

Time Sensitive Networking (TSN) is a standard that extends Ethernet, providing deterministic guarantees to internal communications. The standard is finding use in many different fields such as modern cars whose networks are getting increasingly complex. One problem with TSN is the NP-hard problem of scheduling network flows, the process in which schedules are made to ensure that network flows demanding real-time guarantees have their requirements met.The goal of thesis is to implement two different scheduling algorithms. The evaluation of the implementations measure how they perform in regards to finding possible schedules and for how much time they take with an increasing number of network flows to schedule. The algorithms approaches to scheduling are then discussed and judged in comparison with the results. This thesis implements two different algorithms, a fine-grained algorithm and a coarse-grained algorithm. The difference between the algorithms lie in how fine-grained their scheduling is. Where the fine-grained algorithm adopts the lowest resolution permissible, the coarse-grained algorithm achieves the highest resolution possible in the schedule. The results show that the coarse-grained algorithm becomes unacceptably slow because of its fine-grained scheduling. In a scenario where algorithms 1 and 2 work with the same flows, the coarse-grained algorithm is 42x slower than the fine-grained algorithm in the worst case.The conclusion is that the finest possible scheduling is not a feasible approach because of it taking too much time to execute for a very small amount of flows. / Time Sensitive Networking (TSN) är en standard som utökar Ethernet genom att lägga till deterministiska garantier till intern kommunikation. Standarden har börjat användas inom fält såsom moderna bilar vars nätverk blir allt mer komplexa. Ett problem med TSN är det NP-hard svåra problemet med att schemalägga nätverksflöden, processen i vilket scheman uträknas för att garantera att nätverksflöden som kräver realtidsgarantier får sina krav uppfyllda. Uppsatsens mål är att implementera två olika schemaläggningsalgoritmer. Evalueringstesterna mäter algoritmernas förmåga att finna möjliga scheman för olika mängder av nätverksflöden och hur lång tid det tar.Algoritmernas tillvägagångssätt för schemaläggning jämförs och bedöms därefter.Denna uppsats implementerar två olika algorithmer, en finkorning algorithm och en grovkornig algoritm. Namnen kommer från finkornigheten i algoritmernas schemaläggning. Den finkorniga algoritmen schemalägger med finkornighet och den grovkorniga algoritmen schemalägger med grovkornighet. Resultatet från testerna och evalueringen visar att när algoritmerna schemalägger samma flöden tar den grovkorniga algoritmen som värst 42 gånger mer tid att slutföra sina beräkningar. Slutsatsen är att finkorning schemaläggning är inte applicerbar då det tar för lång tid att utföra för en väldigt liten mängd flöden.

In real-time systems spanning a network, there is a need for deterministic communication. The best-effort approach which most of the Internets traffic follows is not suitable for this area since it does not guarantee packet delivery within a deadline and there is also no accurate measure of when the packet was sent. The network core and edge entities such as routers and hosts do not have any concept of time in normal networking, making real-time constraints more difficult to enforce. Time Sensitive Networking is a set of standards, all of which are related to solving the problem above. The most central of these standards is IEEE 802.1AS which defines the generic Precision Time Protocol that specifies how all the nodes of a network should synchronize their clocks to one master clock, giving them a common perception of time. This standard is a prerequisite for some of the other standards in the suite, for example, the 802.1Qbv standard defining a Time Aware Sharper which provides bounded latency for time-critical traffic. A common perception of time is also by itself needed by applications that have to orchestrate actions, with temporal relations to each other, across a network. These applications can be found within areas such as industrial automation and vehicular control systems. The problem that this thesis explores is how the precision of time synchronization of a Time Sensitive Networking (TSN) solution depends on variables in the network such as configuration, topology, and external factors. To find the correlation between the parameters and the precision of the time synchronization, several experiments have been conducted. The experiments were performed on a simple network of hardware components constituting a physical test bed and an oscilloscope was used to probe the clocks if its nodes and extract measurements. Our findings indicate several relationships between the tested parameters and the synchronization precision. The biggest conclusion we can make from our study is that the IEEE 802.1AS standard does not rely on the support of other standards to achieve sub-microsecond results when there is a best-effort traffic load on the network. The manipulated configuration of the standard has given results that in general coincide with the expected behavior. Finally, the data gathered on different topologies, that were tested showed no significant trends regarding the precision. / I realtidssystem som kommunicerar över nätverk finns det ett behov av deterministisk kommunikation. Det vanliga tillvägagångssättet som de mesta av internettrafiken följer är inte lämpligt för detta område eftersom det inte garanterar paketleverans inom en deadline och det inte heller finns något exakt mått av när paketet skickades. Nätverkets enheter som routrar och noder har inte någon uppfattning om tid i normala nätverk, vilket gör realtidsbegränsningar omöjliga att upprätthålla. Time Sensitive Networking är en uppsättning standarder, som alla är relaterade till att lösa problemet ovan. Den mest centrala av dessa standarder är IEEE 802.1AS som definierar generic precision Time Protocol som specificerar hur alla noder i ett nätverk ska synkronisera sina klockor till en masterklicka, vilket ger dem en gemensam tidsuppfattning. Denna standard är en förutsättning för några av de andra standarderna i sviten, till exempel 802.1Qbv-standrarden som definierar en Time Aware Scheduler som ger begränsad latens för tidskritisk trafik. En gemensam tidsuppfattning behövs också av applikationer som måste orkestrera operationer, med tidsmässiga relationer till varandra, över ett nätverk. Dessa applikationer finns inom områden som industriell automation och fordonsstyrningssystem. Problemet som denna avhandling undersöker är hur precisionen av tidssynkronisering av en TSN-lösning beror på variabler i nätverket så som konfiguration, topologi och externa faktorer. För att hitta korrelationen mellan parametrarna och precisionen i tidssynkroniseringen har flera experiment genomförts. Experimenten utfördes på ett enkelt nätverk av hårdvarukomponenter som utgör en fysisk testbädd och ett oscilloskop användes för att undersöka klockorna på dess noder och extrahera mätningarna. Våra resultat indikerar flera samband mellan de testade parametrarna och synkroniseringsprecisionen. Den största slutsatsen vi kan dra från vår studie är att IEEE 802.1AS-standaden inte förlitar sig på stöd från andra standarder för att uppnå resultat under mikrosekunder när det finns en annan trafikbelastning på nätverket. Den manipulerade konfigurationen av standarden har gett resultat som i allmänhet överensstämmer med det förväntade beteendet. Slutligen visade de insamlade data om olika typologier som testades inga signifikanta trender vad gäller precisionen.

The Target Positioning Sensor (TPS) is used by cranes to locate containers in ports and on cargo ships. The reliability of the communication network between the TPS and the Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is important to optimise the productivity of the container terminal. Lost data messages between the network devices will lead to delays and production loss for the terminal. The main goal of this thesis project is to make the Ethernet-based network between the TPS and the PLC more reliable. The current sensor network protocol uses the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and the project aims to replace that with the Transport Control Protocol (TCP). This includes designing a new message handling application and performing case studies on how to best handle compatibility issues between the TPS and the PLC, to improve the longevity of the application. The case studies led to considering an adaptable behaviour toward future software updates in different parts of the network. An application which used TCP to communicate between a PC and a PLC was developed, intended to be used as a reference during future integration into the actual sensor network. The TCP application works but needs to be improved before being implemented in a real system. In addition, the project also looked into Time-Sensitive Networking, which is a method of increasing link capacity and reliability in time-sensitive network implementations. This was done through a literature study on the IEEE Time-Sensitive Networking Standard, which showed that the application of the standard could be beneficial if more sensors are added to the network of if the sampling frequency of the TPS is increased.

Industries such as automotive and industrial automation are pushing the limits of networking technology. The Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) standards offer a promising solution that can meet the demands of high-bandwidth applications with strict timing constraints, allowing time-critical traffic to coexist with other traffic. However, TSN is relatively new, with much research necessary before it is usable in the industry. This thesis addresses the problem of the common manual configuration of end stations, being time-consuming and error-prone. Through exploring the TSN standards, this thesis attempts to solve the configuration problem by providing a proof-of-concept for both design and implementation of a software architecture managing the end stations and automating their configuration process. Adopting an agile and iterative approach made the complexity of TSN manageable. Furthermore, this thesis has been guided by the research question: How can the configuration of a TSN end station be automated? The design was split into three components: an interface, a configuration manager, and a TSN library. In addition, a communication protocol between the end stations and the Centralized Network Configuration (CNC) is established. The implementation of the proposed design used Python for all three modules in the end station management software, with the REST protocol for the interface. After presenting the implementation, it was evaluated to show the performance of the implemented end station management software. The results showed that the management software would likely not be the bottleneck, as other components it depends on are considerably slower. This thesis and its research contribution offer a practical foundation for continued research and development, such as investigating the configuration of the end stations, providing proofs-of-concept for engineering tools with specific use cases, and finalizing a TSN system. / Industrier som fordons- och industriautomation tänjer på gränserna av nätverksteknik. Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) standarderna är en lovande lösning som lovar att möta kraven för applikationer med krav på hög bandbredd och strikta tidskrav, som samtidigt tillåter tidskritisk trafik att existera tillsammans med annan trafik. Dock är TSN relativt nytt och i stort behov av mer forskning innan det kan användas i industrin. Den här avhandlingen adresserar problemet med manuell konfiguration av ändstationer, som är både tidskrävande och felbenäget. Genom att utforksa TSN standarderna försöker den här avhandlingen lösa konfigurationsproblemet genom att ta fram ett koncept för design och implementation av en mjukvaruarkitektur för att hantera ändstationer och automatisera deras konfigurationsprocess. Genom att anta en agil och iterativ metod blev komplexiteten hos TSN hanterbar. Dessutom har den här avhandlingen styrts av forskningsfrågan: Hur kan konfigurationen av TSN ändstationer automatiseras? Designen delades upp i tre komponenter: ett gränssnitt, en konfigurationshanterare, samt ett TSN-bibliotek. Utöver detta etablerades ett kommunikationsprotokoll mellan ändstationer och en Centralized Network Configuration (CNC). Implementationen av den föreslagna designen använde sig av Python för de tre komponenterna, med REST-protokollet för gränssnittet. Efter presentationen av implementationen utvärderades den för att visa prestandan hos den implementerade mjukvaran för ändstationen. Resultaten visade att mjukvaran sannolikt inte skulle vara en flaskhals, då andra komponenter som den är beroende av, är betydligt långsammare. Den här avhandligen och dess forskningsbidrag erbjuder en praktiskt grund för fortsatt forskning och utveckling, som undersökning av konfigurationen för ändstationer, framtagning av koncept för ingenjörsverktyg med specifika användningsfall, samt att slutföra ett TSN-system.

Robust real-time communication is crucial in many safety-critical systems, such as air-crafts. One example of real-time communication within an aircraft is the Ethernet-based protocol called Proprietary Real-Time Ethernet (PRTE), used for sensor data and other hard real-time information exchange. Meanwhile Time Sensitive Networking (TSN) is an emerging group of standards being developed by IEEE, which extends standard Ethernet with real-time capabilities. This thesis investigates the possibility of augmenting a Proprietary Real-Time Ethernet (PRTE) network with TSN functionality, in order to allow for additional, less safety-critical, traffic classes on the same network infrastructure while ensuring real-time correctness of PRTE. A software simulation method through the OMNeT++ 6.0 and INET 4.4 frameworks is used to create and evaluate a small model network. Realistic PRTE traffic is modelled and generated with the help of an XML file with an incomplete PRTE schedule. The same PRTE schedule file is used to calculate an 802.1Qbv schedule for protective TSN windows, used to prevent the PRTE traffic from interference. Additional traffic classes in the form of best-effort traffic are introduced to the network, and multiple network traffic scenarios are considered to evaluate the performance of the network. Both the performance of the PRTE traffic and the non-real-time critical best-effort Ethernet traffic is assessed. The TSN features successfully protect the time-sensitive traffic from interference while inducing a negligible latency increase by introducing the 802.1Q header required by TSN. The best-effort traffic throughput is lowered by a small amount, which is expected as the scheduled traffic reserves bandwidth. The worst-case end-to-end latency of the best-effort traffic is slightly increased across the board, but remains fairly similar to the baseline scenario without TSN windows. Overall, the results are promising and prove that the method can guarantee both PRTE and best-effort performance with minor performance loss. / Robust realtidskommunikation är oumbärligt i många säkerhetskritiska system, som till exempel flygplan. Ett protokoll för realtidskommunikation inom flygplan är det Ethernet-baserade protokollet Proprietary Real-Time Ethernet (PRTE) som används för att skicka bland annat sensordata och annan realtidsinformation. Ett annat exempel är Time Sensitive Networking (TSN), som är en framväxande samling av standarder som utvecklas av IEEE. Time Sensitive Networking (TSN) utökar standard-Ethernet och introducerar realtidsfunktionalitet. Denna rapport undersöker möjligheten att utöka funktionaliteten i Proprietary Real-Time Ethernet (PRTE)-nätverk med TSN-funktionalitet och på så sätt tillåta lägre tidskritiska trafikklasser att kommunicera på samma nätverk, utan att kompromissa på realtids-korrektheten i Proprietary Real-Time Ethernet (PRTE). Mjukvarusimulering med OMNeT++ 6.0 och INET 4.4 används för att skapa och utvärdera små modellnätverk. Realistisk PRTE-trafik modelleras och genereras med hjälp av en XML-fil som innehåller ett ofullständigt PRTEschema. Samma schema-fil används för att generera ett schema med skyddande TSN-fönster enligt 802.1Qbv-standarden. Dessa fönster används för att skydda PRTE-trafiken från lägre prioriterad trafik, och tillåter då så kallad Best Efforttrafik mellan tidskritiska fönster. Olika mönster av Best Effort-trafik genereras och dess effekt på nätverket utvärderas. Både prestandan av PRTE och Best Effort-trafiken tas i beaktning. TSN-funktionerna lyckas med att skydda den tidskritiska trafiken, och leder endast till väldigt låga latens-ökningar på grund av att 802.1Q-headers introduceras. Överföringshastigheten för Best Effort-trafik minskade något, vilket var förväntat då de schemalagda TSN-fönstren tar upp bandbredd. Värstafallsfördröjningen i Best Effort-trafiken ökade något över lag, men höll sig förhållandevis nära grundscenariot utan TSN-fönster. Sammantaget är resultaten lovande och bevisar att metoden kan garantera leverans av PRTE-paket samtidigt som Best Effort-trafik skickas med små prestandaförluster.

The industrial needs in the production of goods and control of processes within the factory keep leapfrogging daily by the necessities to fulfil the needs of the ever-growing population. In recent times, the industries are looking towards Industry 4.0 to improve their overall productivity and scalability. One of the significant aspects that are required to meet the requirements of Industry 4.0 is communication networks among industrial applications. Nowadays, industries from the cross markets are looking to replace their existing wired networks with wireless networks, which indeed brings many use-cases and a lot of new business models into existence. To make all these options possible, wireless networks need to meet the stringent requirements of these industrial applications in the form of reliability, latency, and service availability. This thesis focuses on a systematic methodology to integrate wireless networks like 5G, Wi-Fi 6, etc., into real-life automation devices. It also describes a methodology to evaluate their communication and control performance by varying control parameters like topology, cycle time, and type of networks. It also devises some techniques and methods that can improve the overall performance, i.e., both control and communication performance of the control applications. The method used to implement this work is a case study. This work integrates and tests the industrial applications in a real-life scenario. It is the best effort to bring a unique perspective of communication engineers and control engineers together regarding the performance of the industrial applications. This work tries to verify the suitability of the wireless in mission-critical control application scenarios with respect to their communication and control performance. Software for data analysis and visualization and its methodology for analyzing the traffic flow of the control applications via different wireless networks is demonstrated by varying different control parameters. It is shown that it is challenging for 5G to support the shorter cycle time values, and performance will get better and more stable with the increase in the cycle time of the control application. It is also found that the 1-Hop wireless topologies have a comparatively better control performance than 2-Hop wireless topologies. In the end, it is found that the communication and control performance of the motion control application can be improved by using the hybrid topology, which is a mixture of 5G and Wi-Fi 6, by modifying some key aspects. The thesis work helps to introduce a novel systematic methodology for measuring and analyzing the communication and control applications via different wireless networks. It also gives a better idea for the control engineers in the industry about which cycle times the different wireless networks and their topologies support when integrated with industrial automation devices. It also describes which wireless networks support industrial applications better. It ends with a novel methodology that could improve the performance of the mission-critical motion applications by using existing wireless technologies.

With the advancements in the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), new networking requirements and demands are introduced to Substation Automation Systems (SAS) within electrical power grids. The possibility of merging Information Technology (IT) and Operational Technology (OT) traffic on the same network to achieve higher productivity, however, presents new challenges in providing real-time guarantees to OT traffic. Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) can be a promising solution that allows IT and OT traffic to coexist seamlessly while still providing real-time guarantees for critical applications. Substations act as critical nodes within power grids, and their digitalisation is a crucial element in the energy transition. A digital substation handles International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61850 protocol traffic such as Generic Object Oriented Substation Event (GOOSE), Sampled Values (SV), and Manufacturing Message Specification (MMS), which all have strict timing requirements. The integration of TSN into these substations could improve the handling of this traffic and, consequently, the controllability of power grids. This thesis investigates the use of TSN in an IEC 61850 process bus, typically implemented in an SAS. A series of simulated test scenarios were developed to evaluate the impact of TSN compared to traditional networking methods. These included configurations using Ethernet, Ethernet with priority queuing, and TSN with Time-Aware Shaper (TAS) and Credit-Based Shaper (CBS). The results indicate that TSN can meet critical timing requirements, reduce jitter, and manage sporadic traffic effectively under high traffic loads. While the TAS scheduler may increase End-to-End delay for periodic traffic, CBS can reduce it for event-based traffic. Furthermore, robust timing guarantees are ensured for the TSN scenarios by providing a feasible schedule for Scheduled Traffic (ST) and a worst-case response time analysis for Audio-Video Bridging (AVB) traffic. This research highlights TSN’s potential to improve grid controllability and reliability through enhanced network performance, illustrating its role in the future of resilient grid technologies.

Establishing secured communication among the different entities in an industrial environment is a major concern. Especially with the introduction of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), industries have been susceptible to cyber threats, which makes security a critical requirement for the industries. Prevailing industrial communication standards were proven to meet the security needs to some extent, but the major issue which was yet to be addressed was interoperability. To achieve interoperability, Open Platform Communication Unified Architecture (OPC UA) was introduced as a communication protocol. OPC UA helped bridge the gap between Information Technology (IT) and Operational Technology (OT) security needs, but this also gives rise to new attack opportunities for the intruder. In this thesis, we have analysed the security challenges in OPC UA and the impact of two different cyberattacks on the OPC UA. First, we have implemented an OPC UA Network with the help of Raspberry Pis and open62541, an open-source implementation of the OPC UA client and server. Following this, to evaluate the performance of the network, we performed three cybersecurity attacks, Packet Sniffing, Man in the Middle Attack (MITM) and Denial of Service attack. We assessed the impact these attacks have on the OPC UA network. We have also discussed the detection mechanism for the same attacks. This analysis has helped us recognize the threats faced by OPC UA in an IIoT environment with respect to message flooding, packet sniffing and man in the middle attack and the countermeasures to this attack have been discussed / Att etablera en säker kommunikation mellan de olika enheterna i en industriell miljö är en stor utmaning. Speciellt efter introduktionen av Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) har industrier varit mottagliga för cyberhot vilket gör cybersäkerhet en prioritet. Rådande industriella kommunikationsstandarder har visats att till viss del uppfylla säkerhets- behoven, men en av de största problemen var bristen på interoperabilitet. För att uppnå interoperabiliteten skapades Open Platform Communication Unified Architecture (OPC UA) som kommun- ikationsprotokoll. OPC UA hjälper till att överbrygga gapet mellan säkerhetsbehoven av information- steknologi (IT) och Operational Technology (OT), men detta ger också upphov till nya attackmöjligheter för inkräktare. I detta examensarbete har vi analyserat säkerhetsutmaningarna i OPC UA och effekten av två olika cyberattacker på OPC UA. Först har vi implementerat ett OPC UA Network med hjälp av Raspberry Pis och open62541 som är en öppen källkodsimplementering av OPC UA klient och server. Efter detta utförde vi tre cybersäkerhetsattacker för att utvärdera nätverkets prestanda, packet sniffing, Man in the Middle Attack (MITM) och Denial of Service attack. Vi bedömde vilken effekt dessa attacker har på OPC UA-nätverket. Vi har också diskuterat detektionsmekanismen för samma attacker. Denna analys har hjälpt oss att känna igen de hot som OPC UA står inför i en IIoT-miljö med avseende på dataflöde, packet sniffing och Man in the Middle attack och även försvar mot dessa attacker har diskuterats.