Two trials were conducted to quantify the effects of GnRH and prostaglandin in conjunction with a 7-d CIDR on estrus and on pregnancy rate in comparison with a traditional synchronization protocol. In trial 1, ewes (n=12) were randomly allotted to one of three treatments: CIDR (7 d) with administration of GnRH (Cystorelin®, 50μg, im) at CIDR insertion and PGF2α (Lutalyse®, 20 mg, im) on d 6.5 (GnRH1); the GnRH1 protocol with a second injection of GnRH 30 h after CIDR removal (GnRH2); and CIDR (11 d) with administration of PGF2α at CIDR insertion and PMSG (400 iu) at CIDR removal (PMSG). A blood sample was obtained every 2 h for 42 h after CIDR removal for serum LH analysis. On d 8 after CIDR removal, blood samples were obtained at 12 h intervals for 36 h for serum P4 analysis. One ewe in the GnRH1 group did not retain the CIDR device and was excluded from the analysis. Mean LH concentration did not differ (P = 0.48) among groups. Time and time x treatment affected (P < 0.001) mean LH concentration. Mean P4 concentration was not affected (P = 0.26) by time, treatment or their interaction. In trial 2, ewes (n=72) were randomly allotted to one of the three treatments described in trial 1. At CIDR removal, three ewes per treatment were joined with a single ram fitted with a marking harness in each of 8 pens. Ewes were monitored every hour for estrus activity and ultrasounded transabdominally 60 d after CIDR removal for pregnancy. Estrus activity did not differ (P > 0.05) among the groups. Marking frequency was 92 percent, 75 percent, and 88 percent for GnRH1, GnRH2, and PMSG groups, respectively. Mean interval to estrus was shorter (P < 0.05) for the GnRH2 than for the PMSG group and tended to be reduced (P < 0.10) compared with the GnRH1 group. Pregnancy rate differed (P < 0.05) among treatments (79 percent, 58 percent and 38 percent for GnRH1, GnRH2, and PMSG groups, respectively). These results indicate that synchrony of estrus and pregnancy rate to natural service can be increased in response to a CIDR protocol when combined with administration of GnRH rather than PMSG.

This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of intravaginal progesterone (P4) inserts (CIDR) in synchronization protocols combined with timed artificial insemination (TAI) as related reproductive performance. In the first study, heifers were synchronized with CIDR inserts followed by TAI. Heifers in the estradiol cypionate (ECP) group were synchronized with a combination of ECP, CIDR, prostaglandin (PGF2α), and ECP (CIDR-ECP), while the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) group was synchronized using a combination of ECP, CIDR, PGF2α, and GnRH (CIDR-GnRH). All heifers were bred at either 48, 56, or 72 hours (h) after CIDR removal. Overall pregnancy rate (PR) for synchronized heifers was 60.1%, and embryo survival rate (ESR) was 98%. Pregnancy rate for CIDR-ECP treated heifers was influenced by artificial insemination (AI) time. In conclusion, ECP or GnRH may be used effectively in a CIDR-based TAI program in heifers. In the second study, cows were synchronized with CIDR devices or Ovsynch. The CIDR group received a combination of ECP, CIDR, PGF2α, and GnRH, while the Ovsynch group was synchronized using a combination of GnRH and PGF2α. Cows were bred at either 0, 8, or 24 h after the final GnRH injection. Overall PR for first service was 30.5% with ESR of 82.8%. Overall resynchronization PR was 35.1% with an ESR of 84.8%. In conclusion, Ovsynch and CIDR-based protocols are equally effective in synchronizing ovulation in a TAI program and resulted in comparable PR. / Master of Science

O presente trabalho foi delineado com o intuito de identificar os efeitos da inclusão da Gonadotrofina Coriônica Equina (eCG) antes e após a IA em vacas de corte submetidas a protocolos de IATF e conduzido na Fazenda Rancho 60, pertencente ao Grupo Agropecuária Fazenda Brasil (Barra do Garças, MT, Brasil). Para tanto, 901 vacas Nelores multíparas com média de 44 dias pós-parto foram sincronizadas, inseminadas em tempo fixo utilizando-se três touros (Aberdeen Angus) e nove inseminadores. Além disso, as vacas foram monitoradas por exames ultrassonográficos e/ou colheitas de sangue até os 30 dias após a IA. Taxas de sincronização, prenhez aos 30 e 60 dias foram mensuradas e as amostras de sangue foram avaliadas quanto à concentração de progesterona sérica. Foram avaliados os efeitos da inclusão de 300 UI de gonadotrofina coriônica equina (eCG) 2 dias antes e/ou 14 dias depois da IA e posteriormente avaliou-se também a influência do grupo genético e sexo dos bezerros no desempenho reprodutivo. Em suma, o tratamento com eCG após a IA não melhorou a fertilidade em vacas Nelore pós-parto, entretanto pode-se observar um incremento nas taxas de ovulação, prenhez aos 60 dias e aumento nas concentrações séricas de P4 nos animais que receberam eCG no D8. Quanto à influência da progênie na fertilidade das mães conclui-se que pode haver uma relação entre o sexo e raça dos bezerros na concentração circulante de P4 das progenitoras, entretanto estas variáveis não influenciaram na fertilidade da vaca submetida à IATF no período pós-parto. / The present work was designed to identify the effects of a treatment with equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) before and post-AI in beef cows submitted to TAI protocols. The experiment was conducted at Rancho 60 Farm, belonging to Grupo Agropecuaria Fazenda Brasil (Barra do Garças, MT, Brazil). For this, 901 multiparous Nellore cows with 44 days post-partum were synchronized, inseminated at fixed time using semen of three bulls (Angus). In addition, cows were monitored by ovarian ultrasonography and/or blood sampling until 30 days post AI. Ovulation rate, and pregnancy rates at 30 and 60 days were evaluated and blood samples were analyzed for serum progesterone concentration. The effects of treatment with 300 IU of eCG 2 days before and/or 14 days after AI were evaluated, as well as the influence of the breed and gender of their calves in the reproductive performance. In general, treatment with eCG after AI did not improve fertility in post-partum Nelore cows, however, it was detected an improvement in ovulation rate and pregnancy rate at 60 days and an increase in serum progesterone concentrations in cows that received eCG at Day 8. There was no effect of gender and breed of calves on fertility of the dams; however these variables influenced circulating progesterone post AI.

Estrous synchronization and artificial insemination (ESAI) are reproductive technologies that cattlemen can use to improve the reproductive performance of their herds. Controlling the gender ratio of the calf-crop can also improve the opportunity for increased revenue and profit. Producers are able to shift and/or control the gender ratio of their calf crop by incorporating sex-sorted semen into their AI programs. However, decreased conception rates to AI have been previously observed when sex-sorted semen was used in comparison to conventional semen of the same sires. The objective of the first study was to determine if conception rates will differ in females inseminated with conventional semen or SexedULTRA™ sex-sorted semen when estrus is synchronized using an industry-standard, 7-d CO-Synch + Controlled Internal Drug Release (CIDR) protocol for fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI). The objective of the second study was to determine if conception rate to FTAI differs between SexedULTRA™ sex-sorted and conventional semen when yearling beef heifers are synchronized using a 14-d controlled internal drug release (CIDR) - PGF2α (PGF) protocol modified to optimize the control of ovulation and timing of insemination.

O presente trabalho foi delineado com o intuito de identificar os efeitos da inclusão da Gonadotrofina Coriônica Equina (eCG) antes e após a IA em vacas de corte submetidas a protocolos de IATF e conduzido na Fazenda Rancho 60, pertencente ao Grupo Agropecuária Fazenda Brasil (Barra do Garças, MT, Brasil). Para tanto, 901 vacas Nelores multíparas com média de 44 dias pós-parto foram sincronizadas, inseminadas em tempo fixo utilizando-se três touros (Aberdeen Angus) e nove inseminadores. Além disso, as vacas foram monitoradas por exames ultrassonográficos e/ou colheitas de sangue até os 30 dias após a IA. Taxas de sincronização, prenhez aos 30 e 60 dias foram mensuradas e as amostras de sangue foram avaliadas quanto à concentração de progesterona sérica. Foram avaliados os efeitos da inclusão de 300 UI de gonadotrofina coriônica equina (eCG) 2 dias antes e/ou 14 dias depois da IA e posteriormente avaliou-se também a influência do grupo genético e sexo dos bezerros no desempenho reprodutivo. Em suma, o tratamento com eCG após a IA não melhorou a fertilidade em vacas Nelore pós-parto, entretanto pode-se observar um incremento nas taxas de ovulação, prenhez aos 60 dias e aumento nas concentrações séricas de P4 nos animais que receberam eCG no D8. Quanto à influência da progênie na fertilidade das mães conclui-se que pode haver uma relação entre o sexo e raça dos bezerros na concentração circulante de P4 das progenitoras, entretanto estas variáveis não influenciaram na fertilidade da vaca submetida à IATF no período pós-parto. / The present work was designed to identify the effects of a treatment with equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) before and post-AI in beef cows submitted to TAI protocols. The experiment was conducted at Rancho 60 Farm, belonging to Grupo Agropecuaria Fazenda Brasil (Barra do Garças, MT, Brazil). For this, 901 multiparous Nellore cows with 44 days post-partum were synchronized, inseminated at fixed time using semen of three bulls (Angus). In addition, cows were monitored by ovarian ultrasonography and/or blood sampling until 30 days post AI. Ovulation rate, and pregnancy rates at 30 and 60 days were evaluated and blood samples were analyzed for serum progesterone concentration. The effects of treatment with 300 IU of eCG 2 days before and/or 14 days after AI were evaluated, as well as the influence of the breed and gender of their calves in the reproductive performance. In general, treatment with eCG after AI did not improve fertility in post-partum Nelore cows, however, it was detected an improvement in ovulation rate and pregnancy rate at 60 days and an increase in serum progesterone concentrations in cows that received eCG at Day 8. There was no effect of gender and breed of calves on fertility of the dams; however these variables influenced circulating progesterone post AI.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Jeffrey S. Stevenson / Four experiments were conducted in beef cows to determine factors that increased the probability of pregnancy per AI when cows are inseminated by appointment. Cows in all experiments were inseminated after a 7-d CO-Synch + CIDR program (100 μg GnRH [2 mL Factrel, Pfizer Animal Health, Whitehouse Station, NJ] 7 d before 25 mg PGF₂[subscript]α [d 0; 5 mL Lutalyse; Pfizer Animal Health]). Experiment 1 compared 1 vs. 2 inseminations and GnRH injection times at 60 and 75 h after the CO-Synch + CIDR program. Delaying AI until 75 h, according to interpretation of estrus-detection patches, for cows not in estrus by 60 h after CIDR insert removal increased (P < 0.05) pregnancy risk (PR) compared with cows not in estrus and inseminated at 60 h (51.4 vs. 41.7%), respectively. The necessity of GnRH injection concurrent with AI was tested in experiment 2. Cows displaying estrus by 65 h that were injected with GnRH had similar PR to cows in estrus and not treated with GnRH (61.9 vs. 60.4%), respectively. Cows in experiment 2 that did not display estrus, but were treated with a GnRH injection at 65 h and then inseminated at 84 h after CIDR insert removal had increased PR compared with similar cows not treated with GnRH (33.4 vs. 15.0%; P < 0.01), respectively. Experiments 3 and 4 were observational studies conducted to determine if blood metabolites glucose and beta-hydroxy butyrate (BHB experiment 3), or physical body and blood metabolites, (glucose, BHB, non-esterified fatty acids [NEFA], blood urea nitrogen [BUN], body weight, rump fat [RF], or BCS; experiment 4) were indicative of future reproductive success in suckled beef cows enrolled in a timed AI program. In experiment 3, plasma glucose concentration 10 d before AI was lesser (P = 0.01; 52.2 vs. 56.9 mg/dL) and serum BHB concentration was lesser (P < 0.01) in cows that became pregnant 35 d after timed AI than for cows that did not become pregnant (600 vs. 690 μM), respectively. Experiment 4 identified relationships between indicators and reproductive success including the finding that serum NEFA concentration 2 to 4 wk before AI is negatively correlated (P < 0.05) with PR to AI.

Orientador: Frederico Ozanam Papa / Banca: João Carlos Pinheiro Ferreira / Banca: Alício Martins Junior / Resumo: A despeito das inúmeras variáveis que influenciam direta e indiretamente a fertilidade das fêmeas bovinas, a qualidade das amostras seminais exerce um papel importante na determinação das taxas de concepção dos programas de inseminação artificial. Os objetivos dessa pesquisa foram comparar a efetividade de dois diluidores de criopreservação de sêmen bovino no processamento de amostras seminais apresentando diferentes concentrações espermáticas em relação aos índices de congelabilidade determinados laboratorialmente (Experimento I) e as taxas de concepção proporcionadas por cada metodologia quando utilizada em programas de inseminação artificial em tempo fixo (IATF) em bovinos (Experimento II). No Experimento I foram utilizados 14 ejaculados de diferentes touros da raça Nelore. Cada ejaculado foi fracionado em oito alíquotas iguais, submetidas a criopreservação com os diluidores Tris-gema de ovo-frutose (meio TRIS) e MKA nas concentrações de 12, 25, 50 e 100 milhões de espermatozóides totais por mililitro de meio, formando oito grupos experimentais em função das variáveis diluidor e concentração. As amostras foram descongeladas a 46 ºC por 20 segundos, avaliando-se os padrões de motilidade através do método computadorizado (CASA), integridade de membrana plasmática (IMP), resistência ao teste de termorresistência rápido (TTR) e taxa de recuperação e IMP após seleção espermática pela técnica de swim-up. Para o Experimento II foram selecionados sete touros utilizados no Experimento I, obtendo-se um ejaculado de cada animal por eletroejaculação...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrõnico abaixo) / Abstract: Although there are many variables which directly or indirectly influence female bovine fertility, the quality of sperm samples plays a important role in the determination of conception rates in artificial insemination programs. The aim of the present study was to compare the efficiency of two bovine semen extenders for sperm freezing with different spermatic concentrations in the freezability determined by lab tests (Experiment I), and conception rates after fixed time artificial insemination (FTAI; Experiment II). In Experiment I 14 ejaculates of different Nelore bulls were used. Each ejaculate was splitsampled in to eight equal parts and then submitted to cryopreservation with Tris-egg yolk fructose (TRIS) and MKA extenders, at concentrations of 12, 25, 50 and 100 millions spermatozoa per milliliter forming eight experimental groups. The samples were thawed at 46 ºC for 20 seconds, and the following parameters were evaluated: sperm motility and movement (by computer-assisted semen analysis - CASA), sperm membrane integrity (SMI), resistance to the fast thermoresistance test (TT), recovery rate and sperm membrane integrity after sperm selection through swim-up technique. Seven of 14 bulls used in Experiment I were selected for Experiment II, and semen was collected from each of the animals by electroejaculation. The seven ejaculates obtained were mixed (semen pool) and cryopreserved, thus forming eight experimental groups according to the freezing extenders and sperm concentrations/straws: TRIS 12, 25, 50 and 100, and MKA 12, 25, 50 and 100...(Complete abstract, click electronic address below) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-02-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:38:31Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 crespilho_am_me_botfmvz.pdf: 507525 bytes, checksum: a1c92f545e77b50838125fbea8dfddd6 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A despeito das inúmeras variáveis que influenciam direta e indiretamente a fertilidade das fêmeas bovinas, a qualidade das amostras seminais exerce um papel importante na determinação das taxas de concepção dos programas de inseminação artificial. Os objetivos dessa pesquisa foram comparar a efetividade de dois diluidores de criopreservação de sêmen bovino no processamento de amostras seminais apresentando diferentes concentrações espermáticas em relação aos índices de congelabilidade determinados laboratorialmente (Experimento I) e as taxas de concepção proporcionadas por cada metodologia quando utilizada em programas de inseminação artificial em tempo fixo (IATF) em bovinos (Experimento II). No Experimento I foram utilizados 14 ejaculados de diferentes touros da raça Nelore. Cada ejaculado foi fracionado em oito alíquotas iguais, submetidas a criopreservação com os diluidores Tris-gema de ovo-frutose (meio TRIS) e MKA nas concentrações de 12, 25, 50 e 100 milhões de espermatozóides totais por mililitro de meio, formando oito grupos experimentais em função das variáveis diluidor e concentração. As amostras foram descongeladas a 46 ºC por 20 segundos, avaliando-se os padrões de motilidade através do método computadorizado (CASA), integridade de membrana plasmática (IMP), resistência ao teste de termorresistência rápido (TTR) e taxa de recuperação e IMP após seleção espermática pela técnica de swim-up. Para o Experimento II foram selecionados sete touros utilizados no Experimento I, obtendo-se um ejaculado de cada animal por eletroejaculação... / Although there are many variables which directly or indirectly influence female bovine fertility, the quality of sperm samples plays a important role in the determination of conception rates in artificial insemination programs. The aim of the present study was to compare the efficiency of two bovine semen extenders for sperm freezing with different spermatic concentrations in the freezability determined by lab tests (Experiment I), and conception rates after fixed time artificial insemination (FTAI; Experiment II). In Experiment I 14 ejaculates of different Nelore bulls were used. Each ejaculate was splitsampled in to eight equal parts and then submitted to cryopreservation with Tris-egg yolk fructose (TRIS) and MKA extenders, at concentrations of 12, 25, 50 and 100 millions spermatozoa per milliliter forming eight experimental groups. The samples were thawed at 46 ºC for 20 seconds, and the following parameters were evaluated: sperm motility and movement (by computer-assisted semen analysis - CASA), sperm membrane integrity (SMI), resistance to the fast thermoresistance test (TT), recovery rate and sperm membrane integrity after sperm selection through swim-up technique. Seven of 14 bulls used in Experiment I were selected for Experiment II, and semen was collected from each of the animals by electroejaculation. The seven ejaculates obtained were mixed (semen pool) and cryopreserved, thus forming eight experimental groups according to the freezing extenders and sperm concentrations/straws: TRIS 12, 25, 50 and 100, and MKA 12, 25, 50 and 100...(Complete abstract, click electronic address below)