Orientador: Oswaldo Luiz Alves / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T10:57:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigues_CarolinaMartins_D.pdf: 3785624 bytes, checksum: 900b631cfaf12d5446ec0fee86c6118b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Esta Tese visa avaliar a importância da morfologia e da composição química das nanoestruturas de titanato usando a modificação com moléculas orgânicas e desenvolvimento de nanocompósitos poliméricos. As nanoestruturas de titanato de sódio foram obtidas via tratamento hidrotérmico em solução de hidróxido de sódio 10 mol L em 150 e 180°C. De acordo com as caracterizações físico-químicas foi observada a formação de nanotubos de titanato de sódio quando o tratamento hidrotérmico foi realizado a 150°C. No caso do tratamento feito a 180°C foi verificada a formação de nanofitas de titanato de sódio. Os nanotubos de titanato protonados foram obtidos via processo de troca iônica dos nanotubos de titanato de sódio em solução de ácido clorídrico 0,1 mol L. Uma vez obtidas às nanoestruturas de titanato, estas foram submetidas à etapa de modificação com moléculas orgânicas. Essa etapa de modificação consistiu na dispersão destas nanoestruturas em soluções de ácido oléico (OAC) e de brometo de cetiltrimetilamônio (CTAB). Nesta etapa foi verificado que os nanotubos apresentaram maior adsorção/ligação das moléculas orgânicas, o que pode ser relacionado à sua maior área superficial. Em relação à composição química foi observado que os nanotubos de titanato de sódio adsorveram/ligaram maior quantidade de CTAB, o que pode ser indicativo da maior quantidade de grupos OH presentes na superfície dos nanotubos de titanato de sódio, o que poderia resultar em um potencial zeta mais negativo, gerando uma maior interação eletrostática entre os nanotubos e o CTAB. Por último, as nanoestruturas de titanato foram incorporadas em filmes de poli (metacrilato de metila) (PMMA) e borracha natural pelo método de evaporação de solvente. Para o caso do PMMA, as nanofitas resultaram em maior estabilidade termo-oxidativa, e os nanotubos protonados resultaram em melhores propriedades mecânicas. Em ambos os casos, as nanoestruturas foram observadas na forma de aglomerados na matriz. O uso de nanoestruturas modificadas nos filmes de PMMA resultou em melhor dispersão e também na melhoria das propriedades mecânicas. Para os nanocompósitos de borracha, os nanotubos de titanato de sódio foram os que apresentaram melhor dispersão e aumento discreto nas propriedades mecânicas / Abstract: The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the importance of the morphology and chemical composition of titanate nanostructures using the modification with organic molecules and the development of polymeric nanocomposite. The sodium titanate nanostructures were obtained via hydrothermal treatment in a solution of 10 mol L sodium hydroxide at 150 and 180°C. According to the physical-chemical characterizations, it was observed the formation of sodium titanate nanotubes when the hydrothermal treatment was performed at 150°C. In the case of treatment given to 180°C, the formation of sodium titanate nanoribbons was observed. Protonated titanate nanotubes were obtained by ion exchange process of sodium titanate nanotubes in 0.1 mol L hydrochloric acid solution. Once obtained the titanate nanostructures, they were subjected to phase modification with organic molecules. This step of modification was performed dispersing the nanostructures in solutions of oleic acid (OAC) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). At this stage it was found that the nanotubes had a higher adsorption/bonding of organic molecules, which may be related to their larger surface area. Regarding the chemical composition, it was observed that the sodium titanate nanotubes adsorbed/bonding contain the highest amount of CTAB, which can be related to the greater amount of OH groups adsorbed on the surface of sodium titanate nanotubes, which could result in a more negative zeta potential, producing a greater electrostatic interaction between the nanotubes and CTAB. Finally, the titanate nanostructures were embedded in films of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and also films of natural rubber by the casting method. For the case of PMMA, the nanoribbons resulted in a greater thermo-oxidative stability, and protonated nanotubes resulted in better mechanical properties. In both cases, the nanostructures were observed in the form of clusters in the matrix. The modified nanostructures embedded in the film of PMMA dispersed better and the mechanical properties were improved. For the rubber nanocomposites, the sodium titanate nanotubes showed greater dispersion and resulted in a slight increase in mechanical properties / Doutorado / Quimica Inorganica / Doutor em Ciências

The implementation of polymer membranes in gas separation applications has been investigated to a great extent. Nevertheless, only a few types of polymers are used in commercial applications, disclosing the need for new materials with superior membrane performance to make membrane processes a more competitive technology over the conventional ones. Based on this context, this work focuses on the development of new polymeric membranes. Polyaniline (PANI), a multifaceted polymer that can change its structural properties upon various modification procedures, was chosen as membrane material. PANI membranes possess attractive O2/N2 selectivities, wherefore it is an interesting candidate for the use in gas separation applications, such as generation of oxygen-enriched air or inert gas generation. However, membranes made from neat PANI are suffering from brittleness and thus create leak paths through the membrane. Therefore PANI was blended with polybenzimidazole (PBI), a temperature stable polymer with good film-forming properties facilitating the preparation of thin, stable polymer films. Furthermore, several techniques were investigated including acid-doping, thermal treatment, and addition of titanate nanotubes (TiNTs) to enhance the separation properties. The materials that have been prepared are: 1)...

[pt] O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a funcionalização química de nanotubos de titanato (TTNTs) com 3-aminopropiltrietoxisilano, para uso como reforço de nanocompósitos de matriz náilon-11, com o intuito de melhorar a dispersão e compatibilidade destas nanocargas com a matriz polimérica. Foram sintetizadas duas amostras: TTNTs/H e TTNTs/L, com alto e baixo teor sódio respectivamente, funcionalizadas em uma solução etanol/água 95/5 v/v e água para avaliar o efeito do meio de reação na quantidade de silano enxertada na superfície dos TTNTs, expressa como densidade de grupos aminopropil por nm2 (NR). Os TTNTs funcionalizados foram caracterizados por espectroscopia de infravermelho, análise elementar de CHN, medição da área superficial específica, termogravimetria e microscopias eletrônicas de varredura e de transmissão. Foram fabricados nanocompósitos de matriz náilon-11 por microextrusão-microinjeção, reforçados com TTNTs de partida e funcionalizados em concentrações de 0.5, 1.0 e 2.0 porcento wt. Finalmente, foram avaliadas as propriedades mecânicas, térmicas e microestruturais dos nanocompósitos. Os resultados demonstraram a formação da ligação covalente Ti-O-Si e revelaram um maior valor de NR quando o meio de reação foi etanol/água para ambos os TTNTs. Os nanocompósitos reforçados com TTNTs/H funcionalizados em água e TTNTs/L silanizados em mistura etanol/água, em uma proporção de 2 porcento wt, apresentaram um incremento no módulo de elasticidade de 11 e 13 porcento respectivamente, com um decréscimo das propriedades no escoamento e um aumento na temperatura de degradação, quando comparados com o náilon-11 puro. O nanocompósito que apresentou a melhor dispersão foi o fabricado com 0.5 porcento wt. TTNTs/L silanizados em etanol/agua. / [en] The aim of this work was to study the chemical functionalization of titanate nanotubes (TTNTs) with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane for application as a reinforcement of nylon-11 matrix nanocomposites in order to increase the dispersion and compatibility between nanotubes and the polymer matrix. Two samples with high and low sodium content (TTNTs/H and TTNTs/L, respectively) were functionalized in a solution of ethanol/water 95/5 v/v and water to assess the effect of the reaction medium on the amount of silane grafted on the TTNTs surface, expressed as the density of aminopropyl groups per nm2 (NR). The functionalized nanotubes were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, CHN elemental analysis, measurement of the specific surface area, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Nylon-11 matrix nanocomposites were manufactured by microextrusionmicroinjection and reinforced with 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 wt. percent of pristine and functionalized nanotubes. Finally, mechanical and thermal properties as well as the microstructure of the nanocomposites were evaluated. The results confirmed the Ti-O-Si covalent bond and showed a higher NR value when the silanization was performed in ethanol/water for both TTNTs. The nanocomposites reinforced with 2 wt. percent of TTNTs/H (silanized in water) and with TTNTs/L (silanized in ethanol/water) presented an enhancement on the Young s modulus of 11 and 13 percent, respectively when compared with the neat nylon-11. The yield properties of these nanocomposites decreased, but the degradation temperature was improved with the incorporation of the functionalized nanotubes. The nanocomposite prepared with 0.5 wt. percent TTNTs/L silanized in ethanol/water showed the best dispersion.

[pt] Processamento e Caracterização de Nanocompósitos de Nylon 11 reforçados por Nanotubos de Titanatos Modificados com Surfactantes estuda a influência da adição de nanotubos de titanato (TTNTs) nas propriedades mecânicas do Nylon 11 (Poliamida 11). De acordo com estudos prévios, espera-se que pequenas quantidades de TTNTs melhorem propriedades como resistência mecânica e rigidez. No entanto, a incorporação dessas nanopartículas também pode acarretar numa piora dessas propriedades, caso não haja uma dispersão eficaz na matriz polimérica. Assim sendo, também foram avaliados compósitos de Nylon 11 e nanotubos de titanato modificados com 2 tipos de surfactantes, um catiônico (CTAB) e outro aniônico (SDS) para investigação do efeito destes surfactantes na dispersão dos TTNTs e por consequência nas propriedades finais dos compósitos comparados ao Nylon 11 puro. Foi realizado também um estudo da dispersão dos nanotubos com e sem mistura com surfactante em água e butanol, em três intervalos de tempo, 15, 30 e 60 min a fim de se escolher os melhores parâmetros para a dispersão. Foram produzidos compósitos em uma microextrusora e uma microinjetora. Os compósitos com TTNTs tratados com CTAB apresentaram aumentos de 15 por cento e 10 por cento no módulo de elasticidade e os compósitos com TTNTs tratados com SDS apresentaram aumentos de 26 por cento e 20 por cento para essa mesma propriedade, respectivamente nas concentrações de 0.5 e 2 por cento wt de TTNTs, em relação ao Nylon 11 puro. / [en] Processing and Characterization of Nylon 11 Nanocomposites Reinforced with Titanates Nanotubes Modified by Surfactants has investigated the effect of titanate nanotubes (TTNTs) in the mechanical properties of Nylon 11 (polyamide 11) polymer. According to the existing literature small amounts of TTNTs in polymer matrix improve properties such as tensile strength and stiffness. However, the addition of these nanoparticles may also lead to a decrease of strength of the composite if the nanotubes are not well dispersed in the polymer matrix. Therefore, Nylon 11 composites with TTNTs treated with 2 kinds of surfactant - a cationic (CTAB) and an anionic (SDS) - were also investigated. The surfactants act as dispersion agents leading to a better dispersion state of nanotubes and as a final result, promote enhancement of composites mechanical properties. Also, the dispersion of nanotubes was studied with and without mixing surfactants in distilled water and butanol, in three different time intervals (15, 30 and 60 minutes) to assess the optimal dispersion parameters. Composites were produced in a microextruder and a microinjector. The composites with TTNTs treated with CTAB displayed an increase of 15 percent and 10 percent in the Young s Modulus and the composites with TTNTs treated with SDS displayed an increase of 26 percent and 20 percent in the same property, respectively in the concentrations of 0.5 and 2 percent wt of TTNTs, compared to pure Nylon 11.

Poliuretanas são materiais tradicionalmente obtidos por métodos não ambientalmente amigáveis e existe uma tendência para que novas rotas venham a ser utilizadas para que exista uma redução significativa dos danos causados à natureza e seres vivos. Esses novos materiais são chamados polihidroxiuretanas e podem ser obtidas através da abertura dos anéis de carbonatos cíclicos quando reagidos com aminas primárias ou secundárias. O ciclocarbonato foi obtido a partir da reação de PDMS e utilizou-se CO2 como matéria prima, o que o torna ainda mais ambientalmente amigável. Neste caso foi utilizado como finalizador de cadeia, 4-(2-aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol, conhecido comercialmente como Dopamina. Esta amina foi escolhida por conter em suas extremidades, grupos catecóis que apresentam boa adesão em diferentes substratos em diferentes condições. Os resultados mostraram que o material apresentava uma boa adesão em ligas de titânio e também apresentavam alto grau de hidrofobicidade. O material desenvolvido também foi aplicado em nanotubos de titanato, afim de hidrofobizar o material e melhorar a capacidade de adsorção de compostos orgânicos, como corantes e hidrocarbonetos aromáticos policíclicos. Através de resultados de espectroscopia UV-Vis e Fluorescência Molecular, foi possível constatar a eficácia do nanocompósito para adsorver hidrocarbonetos aromáticos policíclicos e também adsorver e fotodegradar corantes. O material também quando aplicado como revestimento em ligas utilizadas em implantes médicos e odontológicos, apresentou efeito antimicrobiano para a maioria dos micro-organismos testados e quando tratados com prata, apresenta resultados bastante satisfatórios tanto em testes colorimétricos com XTT quanto para halos de inibição de micro-organismos. Desta forma a polihidroxiuretana aqui proposta se mostrou versátil e eficaz para todas as aplicações às quais foram submetidas. / Polyurethanes are materials traditionally obtained by non-environmentally friendly methods and there is a tendency for new routes to be used to significantly reduce the damage to nature and living things. These new materials are called polyhydroxyurethanes and can be obtained by opening the cyclic carbonate rings when reacted with primary or secondary amines. The carbonate cycle was obtained from the PDMS reaction and CO2 was used as feedstock, which makes it even more environmentally friendly. In this case, 4- (2-aminoethyl) benzene-1,2-diol, known commercially as dopamine, was used as the chain terminator. This amine was chosen because it contains at its ends catechol groups that have good adhesion on different substrates under different conditions. The results showed that the material had a good adhesion in titanium alloys and also showed a high degree of hydrophobicity. The material developed was also applied to titanate nanotubes in order to hydrophobize the material and to improve the adsorption capacity of organic compounds, such as dyes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Through the results of UV-Vis spectroscopy and Molecular Fluorescence, it was possible to verify the effectiveness of the nanocomposite to adsorb polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and also to adsorb and photodegradate dyes. The material also when applied as a coating in alloys used in medical and dental implants, presented antimicrobial effect for most of the microorganisms tested and when treated with silver, presents quite satisfactory results in both colorimetric tests with XTT and for micro-organisms inhibition halos. In this way the polyhydroxyurethane proposed here proved versatile and effective for all the applications to which they were submitted.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Wendel Andrade Alves / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do ABC. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia/Química, 2016. / Nanotubos de titanato tem atraído muita atenção devido a suas propriedades únicas, que permitem sua aplicação em catálise, fotocatálise, e no desenvolvimento de dispositivos de conversão de energia. No entanto, esses materiais são capazes de absorver somente radiação UV, o que torna necessária sua sensibilização frente à radiação visível que pode ser feito através da dopagem ou sensibilização com corantes. Neste trabalho, nanotubos de titanato foram preparados através da síntese hidrotérmica alcalina e dopados usando um método de troca iônica seguida por uma etapa de calcinação a 200 ºC e 400 ºC, resultando em duas séries de catalisadores: nanotubos de titanato dopados com nitrogênio (NTiNTs) e nanotubos de dióxido de titânio dopados com nitrogênio (NTiO2NTs), respectivamente. A caracterização destes materiais revelou que a temperatura de calcinação afeta a intensidade de cor, área superficial, energia band gap e natureza da espécie de nitrogênio dopante. Os catalisadores NTiO2NTs reúnem as propriedades que os qualificam como melhores fotocatalisadores, sendo capazes de degradar de 1,8% (m/m, massa de corante degradado por 100g de catalisador) a 2,9%, enquanto os NTiNTs foram capazes de degradar somente de 0,17%mg mg-1 a 0,60%. Os catalisadores NTiNTs e NTiO2NTs também foram sensibilizados com ftalocianina de cobre(II) tetracarboxilada. Observou-se que a sensibilização não afeta a forma nem a estrutura cristalina dos nanotubos, no entanto, ela promove alterações nas propriedades superficiais levando a interações diferenciadas entre os tubos. Esses materiais foram aplicados na degradação de rodamina B através de mecanismos de fotocatálise e catálise mediada por H2O2. Observou-se que os catalisadores sensibilizados apresentam eficiência fotocatalítica cerca de 50% menor do que os materiais não sensibilizados. No caso da catálise mediada por H2O2 a sensibilização aumenta a atividade catalítica, podendo atingir 100% de eficiência. Por fim, foram desenvolvidos novos eletrodos multi-hierárquicos baseados em filmes de nanobastões de óxido de zinco (ZnONR) decorados com nanotubos de titanato, utilizando glicina como uma ponte para promover o aumento da interação entre as estruturas. Estes eletrodos foram aplicados como fotoanodos no desproporcionamento fotoeletroquímica da água, gerando O2 e H2. Os resultados mostraram que a heterojunção dos dois óxidos metálicos leva a um aumento da eficiência fotoeletroquímica. Desse modo, os eletrodos multihierárquicos são capazes de produzir correntes de geração de O2 de 0,90 mA cm-2 (a 1,23 V vs ERHE), enquanto os eletrodos de ZnONR puros produzem 0,45 mA cm-2. O potencial de evolução de O2 também diminui de 0,8 V (vs ERHE) para eletrodos de TiNTs para 0 V no caso dos eletrodos multi-hierárquicos. / Titanate nanotubes have attracted much attention due do their unique properties which allow their application in catalysis, photocatalysis and energy conversion devices development. However, this material is able to absorb only UV radiation making necessary its sensibilization toward visible radiation that can be done through doping or dye sensibilization. In this work, titanate nanotubes were prepared through alkaline hydrothermal synthesis and doped using an ion exchange methodology followed by a calcination step at 200 ºC and 400ºC, resulting in two series of catalysts: nitrogen doped titanate nanotubes (NTiNTs) and nitrogen doped titanium dioxide nanotubes (NTiO2NTs), respectively. The characterization of these materials revealed that the calcination temperature affects color intensity, surface area, band gap energy and nature of doping nitrogen species. The NTiO2NTs catalysts gather the properties that qualify them as better photocatalysts, being capable of degrading from 1,8% (m/m, degraded dye mass by 100 g of catalyst) to 2,9%, whereas the NTiNTs are capable of degrading only 0,17% to 0,60%. The catalysts NTiNTs and NTiO2NTs were also sensitized with tetracarboxylate cooper(II) phthalocyanine. It has been observed that the sensibilization does not affect the morphology or crystalline structure of the nanotubes; however, it promotes changes on the surface properties leading to differentiated interactions between the tubes. These materials were applied on rhodamine B degradation through mechanisms of photocatalysis and catalysis mediated by H2O2. It was observed that the sensibilized catalysts exhibit photocatalytic efficiency of about 50% lower than nonsenbilized materials. In the case of catalysis mediated by H2O2 the sensibilization increases catalytic activity, which can reach 100% of efficiency. Finally, new multihierarchical electrodes were developed, based on zinc oxide nanorods (ZnONR) films decorated with titanate nanotubes, using glycine as a bridge to promote the increasing of the interaction between the structures. These electrodes were applied as photoanodes for photoelectrochemical water splitting, producing O2 e H2. The results show that the heterojunction of the two metal oxides leads to an increasing of the photoelectrochemical efficiency. Thus, the multi-hierarchical electrodes are capable of producing O2 evolution currents of 0.90 mA cm-2 (at 1.23 V vs ERHE), whereas the pure ZnONR electrodes produce 0.45 mA cm-2. The O2 evolution potential also decreases from 0.8 V (vs ERHE) for TiNTs electrodes to 0V for the multi-hierarchical electrodes.

L’objectif de cette thèse est d’élaborer des nanohybrides à base des nanotubes de titanate (TiONts) dans le but de les utiliser comme nanovecteurs d’une molécule thérapeutique : un phénol stilbénique, le 4’ hydroxy 4 (3 aminopropoxy)-trans-stilbène (HAPtS), structurellement proche du trans-resvératrol.Les TiONts sont synthétisés par traitement hydrothermal à partir du dioxyde de titane sous sa forme rutile. Deux méthodes de synthèse hydrothermale (statique et dynamique) ont été étudiées. La deuxième méthode est originale car elle utilise un réacteur conduisant à une agitation mécanique forte par balancement où le temps d’agitation par heure de traitement peut-être contrôlé. Une étude paramétrique a été menée pour évaluer l’impact de la durée de traitement, de la température et du temps d’agitation appliqué par heure sur la morphologie des structures obtenues. Il a été montré que l’agitation par balancement, appliquée durant la synthèse, a un effet accélérateur sur la cinétique de formation des TiONts en mode dynamique. Par optimisation des paramètres de synthèse, il a été possible de réduire la durée de la synthèse des TiONts à 2h seulement, au lieu de 48 h en méthode statique. Des discussions sur la structure cristalline, le mécanisme de formation des TiONts et leur transformation en nanorubans ont également été développées en se basant sur différentes techniques de caractérisations (DRX, MET, ATG, XPS, spectroscopies UV visible, IR et Raman). La morphologie spéciale des TiONts, en spirale (diamètre externe de 10 nm, diamètre interne de 4 nm avec une longueur moyenne d’environ 190 nm) et multicouches (3 à 5 couches) leur confère une surface spécifique élevée (> 200 m²/g).Différentes préfonctionnalisations des TiONts par des ligands organiques biocompatibles ont été effectuées pour améliorer la stabilité des TiONts en suspension et greffer à leur surface des groupements fonctionnels réactifs. Les ligands étudiées sont : deux catéchols, le DHCA et la L-DOPA, l’acide citrique et deux organosilanes, l’APTES et le CPTES. Les paramètres optimaux de greffage ont été déterminés et la présence de liens covalents entre ces ligands et les TiONts ont été établis, principalement par XPS et IR.Après préfonctionnalisation avec le CPTES, le greffage du phénol stilbénique (HAPtS) a été un succès. Cette molécule a été accrochée à la surface des TiONts-CPTES par une réaction de condensation entre le HAPtS et le CPTES par substitution nucléophile et a conduit à un taux de greffage d’environ 20 mg/g de TiONts.Enfin, l’une des originalités de ce travail a consisté à améliorer la biocompatibilité des TiONts, à travers la modification de leur surface par un polymère naturel, le chitosan (CT). Ce dernier a été greffé à la surface des nanotubes par deux méthodes différentes via des liaisons covalentes (greffage étape par étape mettant en œuvre de l’APTES puis du glutaraldehyde) ou via des interactions électrostatiques (adsorption). Après comparaison entre les deux approches, les premiers tests d’évaluation de la toxicité, in vitro (test de cinétique de synthèse des ARN et test du rouge neutre) et in vivo (embryons de poisson zèbre), ont été réalisés et les résultats ont confirmé la biocompatibilité des nanohybrides synthétisés avec les systèmes biologiques. Une étude de la stabilité colloïdale des TiONts-CT dans différents milieux mimant des milieux biologiques a également été menée.Mots clés : Nanotubes de titanate, synthèse hydrothermale dynamique, nanovecteurs, nanohybrides, stabilité colloïdale, fonctionnalisation, greffage, ligands organiques, catéchols, organosilanes, phénol stilbénique, chitosan, biocompatibilité. / The aim of this PhD thesis is to develop new nanohybrids based on titanate nanotubes (TiONts) in order to use them as nanocarrier of a therapeutic molecule: a stilbene phenol, 4'-hydroxy-4-(3-aminopropoxy)-trans-stilbene (HAPtS), which is a transresveratrol derivative.TiONts are synthesized by a hydrothermal treatment from a precursor of rutile titanium dioxide. Two methods of hydrothermal synthesis have been studied (the static and dynamic ones): the second approach uses an original hydrothermal device which provides a vigorous mechanical stirring during the hydrothermal process with controllable stirring time par hour. A parametric study was carried out to evaluate the effect of reaction time, temperature and stirring time during the hydrothermal treatment on the morphology of the obtained products. It has been proved that the mechanical stirring has a great accelerating effect on the kinetics of the TiONts formation during the dynamic hydrothermal synthesis. After optimization of the experimental parameters of the dynamic hydrothermal treatment, it was possible to reduce the time of TiONts synthesis to only 2 hours, instead of 48 hours obtained by the static method. Discussions about the crystal structure of TiONts, about their formation mechanism and their transformation into nanoribbons have been also developed based on different characterization techniques (XRD, TEM, TGA, XPS, UV visible, IR and Raman spectroscopies). Their special hollow morphology (10 nm in outer diameter, inner diameter of 4 nm, average length of about 190 nm) and multilayered structure (3 to 5 layers) impart them a high specific surface area (>200 m²/g). Different prefunctionalizations of TiONts by biocompatible organic ligands have been carried out to improve their colloidal stability and to graft reactive functional groups on their surface. The studied ligands are: two catechols (DHCA and L-DOPA), citric acid and two organosilanes (APTES and CPTES). Optimal grafting parameters were determined and the presence of covalent bonds between these ligands and TiONts was highlighted especially by XPS and IR. After prefunctionalization with CPTES, the stilbenic phenol (HAPtS) was successfully grafted onto TiONts-CPTES surface using a condensation reaction between HAPtS and CPTES through nucleophilic substitution. The resulting grafting rate was of about 20 mg/g of TiONts. Finally, one of the originalities of this work was the improvement of TiONts biocompatibility by surface modification with a natural polymer, chitosan (CT). The latter was grafted by two different approaches via covalent bonds (step by step grafting using APTES then glutaraldehyde as two intermediate molecules) or via electrostatic interactions (adsorption). After comparing the two elaborated nanohybrids, obtained by the two grafting approaches, the first cytotoxicity assessment tests were carried out, in vitro (RNA synthesis test and neutral red test) and in vivo (zebrafish test), and the obtained results confirmed the biocompatibility of these nanohybrids towards biological systems. A colloidal stability study of TiONts-CT in various mimicked biological media was also carried out.Keywords: Titanate nanotubes, dynamic hydrothermal synthesis, nanocarriers, nanohybrids, colloidal stability, functionalization, grafting, organic ligands, catechols, organosilanes, stilbenic phenol, chitosan, biocompatibility.

Les possibilités offertes par les applications en médecine des nanoparticules sont l’un des facteurs essentiels des progrès médicaux attendus pour ce XXIème siècle. Ainsi, le domaine de l’imagerie médicale est aussi touché par cette évolution technologique. Ce présent travail a consisté à élaborer des sondes théranostiques à base de nanoparticules d’oxydes de fer (SPIO) et de nanotubes de titanate (TiONts) pour l’imagerie multimodale (magnétique/nucléaire ou magnétique/optique) et possédant aussi un effet thérapeutique (hyperthermie/PDT ou radiosensibilisation/PDT).Les nanotubes de titanate de cette étude, d’une longueur moyenne d’environ 150 nm, ont été obtenus par synthèse hydrothermale selon la méthode de Kasuga. Ces nanotubes présentent un diamètre extérieur de l’ordre de 10 nm et une cavité interne de 4 nm. Les nanoparticules d’oxydes de fer ont quant à elles été synthétisées par méthode de co-précipitation "Massart". Ces nanoparticules d’oxydes de fer de structure spinelle possèdent des cristallites de 9 nm de diamètre et présentent un comportement superparamagnétique mis en évidence par des mesures FC/ZFC. Pour préparer ces nanoparticules à recevoir des molécules d’intérêt biologique, deux ligands possédant des fonctions organiques plus réactives (APTES : NH2 et PHA : COOH) ont été greffés à la surface de ces deux types de nanoparticules. La présence de l'un ou l'autre a été mise en évidence par différentes techniques d’analyses (XPS, IR, zêtamétrie). La quantité de molécules greffées a été déterminé par ATG, elle est dans tous les cas d’environ 5 molécules/nm2. Dans un premier temps, les nanotubes de titanate ont été fonctionnalisés par un agent macrocyclique (0,2 DOTA/nm2). Après radiomarquage à l’indium 111, les TiONts – DOTA[In] ont été injectés dans des souris Swiss mâle nude pour connaître leur biodistribution en imagerie SPECT/CT. Les images obtenues et le comptage de la radioactivité dans chaque organe ont montré qu’au bout d’une heure, les nanotubes se situent dans les poumons et dans l’urine. Ensuite, les nanotubes sont progressivement éliminés pour n’être plus présents que dans les urines à 24 heures. Ces mêmes agents chélatants ont été greffés à la surface des SPIO pour la création de sondes multimodales IRM/SPECT ou IRM/TEP. En parallèle de cette étude, un fluorophore (phtalocyanine de zinc, ZnPc) a été greffé à la surface des nanoparticules. Le nanohybride SPIO – Pc synthétisé possède les propriétés requises pour être une sonde utilisable en imagerie bimodale IRM/IO grâce à sa longueur d’émission vers 670 nm et sa relaxivité de l’ordre de 70 L.mmolFe3O4-1.s-1. De plus, les nanohybrides ont été fonctionnalisés par du PEG pour les rendre furtifs, biocompatibles et stables. La toxicité de certains de ces nanohybrides a été évaluée avec le modèle in vivo zebrafish. Les nanohybrides étudiés n’ont pas présenté de toxicité, n’ont pas perturbé l’éclosion et n’ont pas provoqué de malformations sur les larves des zebrafish. / The new implementations of nanoparticles in the medical field are one of the essential factors of the medical progress expected at the beginning of this XXIst century. Thus, the domain of the medical imaging is also affected by this technological evolution. This work consisted in developing theranostic probes with iron oxides nanoparticles (SPIO) and titanate nanotubes (TiONts) for multimodal imaging (magnetic/nuclear or magnetic/optical) and also possessing a therapeutic effect (hyperthermia/PDT or radiosensitization/PDT).The titanate nanotubes of this study have an average length of about 150 nm and were obtained by Kasuga's hydrothermal synthesis. These nanotubes present an outside diameter of about 10 nm and an intern cavity of 4 nm. On the other hand, iron oxides nanoparticles were synthesized by soft chemistry ("Massart" method). These spinel-like iron oxides nanoparticles have a crystallite size of 9 nm in diameter and exhibit a superparamagnetic behavior which was highlighted by FC / ZFC measurements.To get these nanoparticles ready to receive molecules of biological interest, two linkers of more reactive organic functions (APTES: NH2 or PHA: COOH) were grafted to the surface of these two types of nanoparticles. Their presence was shown by different techniques (XPS, IR, UV-vis). The amount of grafted linkers was determined by TGA and in all cases this amount is close to 5 molecules/nm2. First, titanate nanotubes were coated by a macrocyclic chelating agent (0.2 DOTA/nm2). After radiolabelling with indium 111, the TiONts – DOTA[In] nanohybrids were injected in Swiss nude mice and observed by SPECT/CT imaging to characterize their biodistribution. The SPECT/CT images and the radioactivity measured in each organ showed that after one hour, nanotubes are located in lungs and in urine. Then, the nanotubes are gradually eliminated and are only found in urines after 24 hours. The same macrocyclic agent was grafted to the SPIO’s surface for the creation of multimodal probes MRI/SPECT or MRI/PET. Alongside this study, a fluorophore (Zinc phthalocyanine) was also grafted to the surface of nanoparticles. The synthesized SPIO – Pc nanohybrid has the required properties of bimodal imaging MRI/OI probe thanks to his emission wavelength around 670 nm and its relaxivity is about 70 L.mmolFe3O4-1.s-1. Furthermore, nanohybrids were coated by PEG to make them stealth, biocompatible and stable.In this study, the toxicity of most nanohybrids was evaluated by the in vivo zebrafish model. The studied nanohybrids did not present any toxicity, hatching disruption or malformation on zebrafish larvae.