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Companies constantly strive for the perfect order which enables them to satisfy and retain their customers. This is a difficult process that can be facilitated by using different picking technologies. In this study, a research of the picking technologies Pick-to-Light and Pick-to-Voice have been made to investigate when each technology is suited.In order to collect relevant information and data to be able to answer the question formulation, a qualitative study with interviews have been made. The purpose of this essay was to investigate Pick-to-Light and Pick-to-Voice to see when each technology is best suited and to see what the differences between the technologies are. With our essay we wanted to help manufacturing companies to make the right decisions when implementing a picking technology.The results showed that those picking technologies give companies a higher picking quality and an increased work efficiency since the order picking is faster to perform, and that picking errors are reduced. Through the interviews conducted, the result showed that Pick-to-Light and Pick-to-Voice are best suited at different types of areas. Pick-to-Light is optimal in small areas with high picking frequency while Pick-to-Voice is optimal in large areas with low picking frequency. Companies that are thinking of expanding in the future and use a picking technology on a much larger area, was recommended to implement Pick-to-Voice since this technology is more cost effective. Both of these technologies have multiple positive effects that are similar. Examples on these positive effects are that the operator has an overview of the items to be picked, the technologies are easy to learn and ergonomics are enhanced significantly when all paper handling is eliminated.Obviously, there are also differences between the techniques and also some disadvantages of each technique. The main differences are that the operator with Pick-to-Light can see which articles to be picked with the help of the luminous lights while the operator with Pick-to-Voice is voice guided to the items to be picked. Another major difference is that Pick-to-Voice is a wireless technology unlike Pick-to-Light and the ability to pick multiple orders at the same time is only possible with Pick-to-Voice. When it comes to maintenance costs, Pick-to-Light is more costly, both in time and money, since lights and cable must be replaced periodically. Likewise, an expanding with Pick-to-Light is more comprehensive since more cables and lamps must be purchased and installed. With Pick-to-Voice the only needed adjustment to make is in the system.Depending on the available conditions on the companies, the technologies are best suitable in different ways. Companies can use the technologies to secure the quality of the picking, reducing picking errors, and streamline the picking process. These technologies create the opportunity for companies to achieve the perfect order.

La lumière influence profondément la physiologie humaine, en plus de permettre la vision. Elle constitue le synchronisateur principal des rythmes circadiens et induit des effets physiologiques immédiats. Ces effets concernent des fonctions non-visuelles telles que la régulation du rythme veille/sommeil, de la température corporelle, de fonctions endocrinologiques, de léveil et des performances. Plusieurs études de ces effets réalisées chez lanimal et chez lhomme ont montré limplication dun système de photoréception non-visuel sensible surtout aux courtes longueurs donde (~470nm ; bleu). Ce système utilise les photorécepteurs classiques (cônes et bâtonnets), en plus de cellules ganglionnaires rétiniennes (CGR) intrinsèquement photosensibles, et exprimant la mélanopsine. Ces CGR se connectent à de nombreux noyaux sous-corticaux et corticaux, ce qui suggère un rôle du système non-visuel dans de nombreuses fonctions cérébrales. Cependant, au delà de ces projections rétiniennes directes, les autres régions du cerveau impliquées sont très peu connues. Une étude en tomographie par émission de positons (TEP), réalisée à lUniversité de Liège, a démontré que leffet éveillant dune lumière nocturne intense (>8000lux) pouvait moduler lactivité cérébrale liée à une tâche attentionnelle. Cette étude, ainsi que quelques données dEEG, résume notre connaissance des mécanismes cérébraux impliqués dans le système non-visuel chez lhomme. De plus, la majorité des études sur ces effets ont été entreprises la nuit. Nous avons réalisé trois études en imagerie fonctionnelle par résonance magnétique (IRMf) utilisant des expositions lumineuses diurnes pour mieux caractériser le système cérébral non-visuel chez lhomme. LIRMf bénéficie dune meilleure résolution spatiale et temporelle que la TEP et permet la caractérisation dactivités cérébrales liées à un processus cognitif précis. La première étude met en évidence des réponses cérébrales liées à une tâche attentionnelle avant et après une exposition lumineuse intense (>7000lux) de 21min. Lamélioration de léveil subjectif induite par la lumière est liée à une augmentation de lactivité thalamique. De plus, la lumière augmente lactivité dun réseau de régions corticales impliquées dans la tâche, prévenant les diminutions dactivités observées en obscurité continue. Ces augmentations déclinent en quelques minutes après larrêt de la lumière, en suivant des dynamiques diverses spécifiques à chaque région. Ces premiers résultats suggèrent que, via une modulation de lactivité de structures sous-corticales régulant léveil, la lumière peut promouvoir dynamiquement lactivité corticale de réseaux impliqués dans un processus cognitif non-visuel. La deuxième étude montre que de courtes expositions (18min) à des lumières monochromatiques (3x1013ph/cm2/s) bleues (470nm) ou vertes (550nm) affectent différemment les réponses cérébrales liées à une tâche de mémoire de travail. La lumière bleue augmente les réponses cérébrales ou, du moins, prévient les diminutions observées sous lumière verte dans des cortex pariétaux et frontaux impliqués dans la mémoire de travail, ainsi que dans le thalamus. Ces résultats montrent quune lumière monochromatique peut rapidement influencer les fonctions cognitives et suggèrent que ces effets sont induits via un système de photoréception qui utilise la mélanopsine. La dernière étude répétait, XXX. Ces résultats démontrent quune exposition lumineuse diurne peut moduler lactivité cérébrale non-visuelle liée à deux fonctions cognitives complexes. La lumière agit rapidement en fonction de la région cérébrale et de la longueur donde considérées. Les sensibilités aux différentes longueurs dondes suggèrent limplication dun système de photoréception utilisant la mélanopsine. XXX. Les résultats suggèrent également une implication étendue de la lumière dans la régulation des fonctions cérébrales chez lhomme et soutiennent son utilisation pour contrecarrer la somnolence diurne et traiter des désordres circadiens et psychiatriques.

Mutants showing developmental hyper-responsiveness to limited light were screened and designated as seedlings hyper-responsive to light (shl). These mutants showed an etiolated phenotype similar to wild type in the dark, yet had shorter hypocotyls, larger cotyledons, and more advanced development of true leaves than wild type in low light. The SHL genes act (genetically) as light-dependent negative regulators of photomorphogenesis, possibly in a downstream signaling or developmental pathway that is shared by the major photoreceptor genes (CRY1, PHYA, and PHYB) and other photoreceptors (CRY2, PHYC, PHYD, and PHYE). shl1 and shl2 were shown to be partially dependent on HY5 activity for their light-hyperresponsive phenotypes. shl1-1 showed a defect in responding to auxin in its root development in both white and yellow light conditions, and showed a defect in responding to auxin in hypocotyl elongation in yellow light. Compared to wild type, both shl1-1 and shl2-2 showed increased hypocotyl length in response to cytokinin in white light. Gibberellin (GA) partially recovered shl1-1 mutant phenotype in yellow light, whereas showed no effect on hypocotyl elongation of shl2-2 in this light condition. These altered responses of shl1-1 and shl2-2 to multiple phytohormones in different light regimes suggests that cross-talks among light and hormones regulate SHL1 and SHL2. One of the SHL genes, SHL2 was cloned by map-based positional cloning and shown to be allelic to the previously identified locus designated murus3(mur3) and katamari1(kam1). MUR3/KAM1 encodes a XyG galactosyltransferase. Sequence analysis demonstrated that our original EMS generated reference allele shl2-2 is probably not a null mutant, therefore the phenotypes of T-DNA insertion null mutant in SHL2, SALK_074435 were studied in different light conditions. Unlike shl2-2, SALK_074435 had a slightly short hypocotyl phenotype in the dark (though not to the extent of the det/cop/fus mutants). A consideration of the phenotypes and molecular lesions of shl2-2 and mur3 alleles, along with the phenotypes of null alleles kam1 and SALK_74435, suggests that SHL2/MUR3/KAM1 may be involved in hypocotyl elongation in low light through the modification of xyloglucan in the plant cell wall, and may play a role in hypocotyl elongation in the dark through proper organization of the endomembrane.

För att Swepart Transmission AB ska fortsätta att hålla en hög standard på produkter som levereras till kunder, ska monteringslinan för Power Take-Off säkras. Budgeten som är avsatt till att kvalitetssäkra monteringslinan är 500 000 kr. Pick-to-Light och Pick-to-Voice är system som kan användas för att kvalitetssäkra monteringen av Power Take-Off. Systemen jämfördes med systemet med monteringskort som används i nuläget. Det mest lämpliga att införa har visat sig vara Pick-to-Light. I samband med införandet av detta system måste utredningar göras för vilka komponenter som behöver sensorer och vilka som kan säkras på andra sätt. Detta arbete innefattar också att utreda placeringen av komponenter som är optimalt för monteringen.

Long-term exposure to constant light results in desynchronization of the circadian system in an adult and is associated with reduced efficiency of many physiological functions timed to the exact time of day, or with the development of some of the so-called civilization diseases. Constant light in adults also results in deterioration of the cognitive abilities or changes in the sleep structure. The effect of night light on the health of an adult organism is studied mainly in connection with shift work or with light pollution. The question of what effect the increased level of night light has on the development of the organism, especially on the development of the nervous system and the circadian system itself, is less studied. This diploma thesis focused on the identification of the extent of changes in the expression of Per2, Nr1d1, Stat3, BDNF genes, as well as genes encoding NMDA receptor subunits and some tissue-specific genes in the retina. Our experiments were performed on adult Long-Evans rats, that spent the first 20 days of their postnatal development in low-intensity constant light. Changes in expression were determined by quantification of mRNA by RT-qPCR in the structures of the frontal and parietal cortex, olfactory bulb, hippocampus, suprachiasmatic nucleus and retina. Behavioral tests...

Vissa aktiviteter i logistiken eller industrin brukade vara icke-värdeskapande därför försökte verksamheten dra ner på dessa aktiviteter och hittade en lösning för att det skulle bli mer effektivt och lönsamt. Det förekom alltid slöserier i en verksamhet därför var det viktigt med att ständigt kunna förbättra sin verksamhet för att dessa slöserier som kunde uppstå i verksamheten sänkas och utvecklas. Syftet med detta arbete var att identifiera hur den internamaterialhanteringen kunde effektiveras.  Denna studie har utförts teoretiskt där det har blivit baserat på en intervju med ett företag. Intervjun skedde på ett semistrukturerad sätt för att kunna få en större möjlighet till att ställa följdfrågor för att förstå ämnet ordentligt. Data som har samlats in i denna studie har varit kvalitativ. Teori har samlats in för att därefter kunna koppla det med den empiriska data. Den teoretiska teorin har blivit inhämtat från olika böcker samt Mälardalens Högskola bibliotek.  Företag A är ett stort företag där det finns minst 15 000 unika artiklar i logistiken. Denna logistik i Företag A motsvarar ungefär 17 fotbollsplaner, vilket är väldigt stort. I detta företag är leveransfelen väldigt låga, 0,1%-0,2% men detta betyder inte att företag A inte har slöserier i företaget och har ett optimerat sätt att hantera materialen i logistiken. Det används idag ”pick-by voice” för att plocka materialen. Exploatören beräknar den totala mängden av en artikel som ska plockas för alla beställningar och därefter ska dessa artiklar samlas i en station för att sorteras i pallarna. Tidigare har företag A implementera automatiserade robotar men det blev misslyckat.  Slutsatsen av denna studie var att det föreslogs att använda sig av en kombination av olikatekniker, AR och ”pick to light” för att det skulle bli mer effektivt. Med detta system blev det mindre avvikelser för att tiden reducerades för artikelplockning. Orsaksträdet var det som företaget använde sig av där fem varför tillämpades. Detta implementeras av alla för att få flera förklaringar till problemet. 10 principer för materialhanteringen användes även för att det ska bli ännu mer effektivt i företaget.

Dark matter is now accepted as an integral part of our universe, and galaxy dynamics have long provided the most convincing observational evidence for dark matter. Spiral galaxies have traditionally been used for these studies because of their more simple kinematics, however elliptical galaxies need to be understood as well. In this dissertation I present deep long-slit spectroscopy from the University of Texas’ Hobby-Eberly Telescope for a sample of elliptical galaxies. For a subsample of galaxies I fit axisymmetric orbit-superposition models with a range of dark halo density profiles. I find that all three galaxies modeled require a significant dark halo to explain their motions. However, the shape of the dark halo is not the expected NFW profile, but rather a profile with a flat central slope. I also discuss the galaxy masses, anisotropies, and stellar mass-to-light ratios. / text