Context: Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the second most common skin cancer. Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure, its most important risk factor, has mostly been investigated in cross-sectional study designs. This study presents a comprehensive and longitudinal examination of determinants of SCC, including photoageing. Objective: To examine the determinants of SCC and its precursor condition of photoageing. Above all, the objective was to investigate the interplay of phenotypic traits; occupation and leisure-time sun exposure patterns; and personal exposures, in particular, tobacco smoking and life course sun exposure, upon the risk of SCC and photoageing. Setting and Design: This investigation formed part of a large community-based, long-term cohort study of skin cancer. The Nambour Skin Cancer Study (forthwith, the Nambour Study) began in 1986 and concluded in 2007. In 1986 a random sample of 2095 people (aged 20-69 years) from Nambour, Queensland participated in a skin cancer survey. In 1992, a 5 year field trial to assess the preventive actions of sunscreen and beta-carotene was initiated (n=1621). Regular full skin examinations were conducted to determine the presence of skin cancer and actinic skin damage. In 1994, participants detailed their life course sun exposure (n=1290). After the trial ended in 1996, participants continued to complete regular questionnaires and ascertainment of skin cancers continued to 2007. Participants: The participants were 1339 unselected adults aged 25 to 75 years who had taken part in the Nambour Study in 1992 and consented to the follow-up study. Methods: Life course sun exposure hours were estimated from questionnaires and the approximate UVR exposure for Nambour (latitude 26S) was determined. Descriptive analyses examined patterns of exposure within the population. Factors influencing the severity of photoageing were also investigated. Informed by these analyses, relative risks were calculated for determinants of SCC and population attributable risk percentage (PAR%) for key modifiable risk factors. To investigate tobacco smoking as a risk factor for SCC, systematic review and meta-analysis were performed. Exposure measures: Pigmentary phenotype, estimated UVR exposure, tobacco smoking, sun-related behaviours, e.g. sunscreen use. Outcome measures: Incident and histologically proven SCC of the skin from 1992 to 2007 was the main outcome assessed. Photoageing, assessed clinically and micro-topographically (Beagley and Gibson scale), was an intermediate outcome measure and an objective measure of cumulative sun exposure in the final SCC analysis. Results: Examination of self-reported UVR revealed mean annual exposures were highest in early life and older adulthood (older than 60 years.) Women reported spending less time in the sun than men in all stages of life (p<0.05) and the more sun-sensitive the person’s skin type, the less sun exposure was reported at each life stage. The role of tobacco smoking in cutaneous SCC was reviewed in the published literature and a small positive association was noted in the meta-analysis. However, few studies had adjusted, or adjusted adequately, for sun exposure. Within the Nambour Study, with adjustment for age, sex, skin phenotype, lifetime sun exposure, current and former smoking had no association with SCC (RR 1.2, 95%CI 0.7, 2.0 and RR 1.1, 95%CI 0.8, 1.5, respectively compared with lifelong non-smokers). In this study population, with moderate to severe photoageing at study baseline, increasing age, male sex, a sun-sensitive phenotype were found to increase the odds of more severe actinic damage (p<0.05). High or very high UVR exposure in adulthood predicted a greater severity (OR 2.2, 95%CI 1.3, 4.0). Finally, the determinants of SCC were examined. Increasing age (4% increase per year of life, 95%CI 3% to 5%), male sex (RR 1.4, 95%CI 1.1, 1.9) and fair skin (RR 4.7 95%CI 2.0, 11.4) were associated with SCC. Having light eye colour and fair or red hair also significantly increased SCC risk. Recalled life course sun exposure overall was not found to be associated with SCC. Signs of actinic damage at baseline were, however, very strongly associated with SCC. Recent sun exposure, defined as that reported in the period (1-2 years) before the occurrence of SCC or for those unaffected at the end of the study, was also examined. A strong positive association was found between high recent exposure and SCC (RR 2.1, 95%CI 1.3, 3.3). PAR% estimates of prominent modifiable risk factors for SCC suggested considerable potential for reduction in incidence for at-risk populations if recent sun exposure were reduced. Conclusions: Subjective measures of solar UVR exposure and objective measures of photoageing varied according to personal and phenotypic factors. The interplay between risk factors observed here highlight the need to control for confounding in investigating solar factors as causes of skin cancer. Although SCC occurred on the background of high cumulative UVR exposure, which was best determined with objective rather than recalled measures, recent UVR exposure was also important. Self-reported recent exposure being less subject to recall bias than reported life course exposure may have partly influenced this, but the impact of UVR acting as a tumour initiator and promoter is also likely to explain the relation of SCC to sun exposure in the recent past.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2007. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 230 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 205-230).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-02-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:29:06Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 amaral_raf_me_botfm.pdf: 275363 bytes, checksum: 6531c12b1bb2da7ec7e8769316e5d677 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC) e o tabagismo são doenças inflamatórias que interferem no metabolismo da vitamina A; entretanto, o comportamento do retinol nas vias aéreas destes pacientes ainda é desconhecido. Avaliar o retinol no escarro induzido e no soro de tabagistas e pacientes com DPOC e a associação destes valores com os marcadores da inflamação sistêmica e nas vias aéreas. Foram avaliados 50 pacientes com DPOC moderada a muito grave [idade média = 64,0 +/- 9,0 anos; VEF1(%) 49,9 +/- 16,8], 19 tabagistas [idade média = 49,0 +/- 6,4 anos; VEF1(%) 107,2 +/- 15,9] e 31 indivíduos controles [idade média = 48,2 +/- 8,1 anos; VEF1(%) 111,8 +/- 15,5]. Todos os indivíduos da pesquisa foram submetidos à avaliação clínica, espirometria pré e pósbroncodilatador, oximetria de pulso, avaliação da ingestão de vitamina A e do estado nutricional e coleta de sangue. A indução e coleta de escarro foi realizada em pacientes com DPOC e tabagistas. As concentrações de retinol e do fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-a), interleucina (IL)-6 e IL-8 foram avaliadas no soro e no sobrenadante de escarro induzido. A concentração de PCR no soro também foi avaliada. O teste “t” de Student ou de Mann-Whitney foi utilizado para a comparação entre dois grupos. As associações entre as variáveis foram analisadas por meio do teste de correlação de Pearson ou Spearman. Para a comparação de mais de dois grupos foi utilizada ANOVA de uma via seguido do teste de Tukey ou Kruskal-Wallis seguido do teste Dunn. A correção para idade foi realizada através da análise de covariância (ANCOVA). Os valores médios de vitamina sérica foram significativamente menores nos pacientes com DPOC (1,80 [1,25-2,16] μmol/L) quando comparados aos tabagistas (2,40 [1,95-3,14]μmol/L) (p<0, 001); enquanto que, não foi observada diferença... / Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and tobacco smoking are inflammatory diseases that interfere with vitamin A metabolism; however, the retinol status in the airways of these patients is unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate retinol concentration in the induced sputum and serum of current smokers and COPD patients and to study the association between these values and those of systemic and airways inflammatory markers. We evaluated 50 patients with moderate to very severe COPD [mean age= 64,0 +/- 9,0 y; FEV1 (%) 49,9 +/- 16,8], 19 current smokers [mean age = 49,0 +/- 6,4 y; FEV1(%) 107,2 +/- 15,9] and 31 control subjects [mean age = 48,2 +/- 8,1y; FEV1 (%) 111,8 +/- 15,5]. All subjects underwent to clinical evaluation, pre and post-bronchodilator spirometry, pulse oximetry, evaluation of vitamin A intake and of the nutritional status and blood sampling. Sputum induction was perfomed only in COPD patients and current smoker subjects. Retinol, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 were measured in serum and induced sputum. Serum concentration of C-reactive protein (CRP) was also measured. For comparison between two groups, we used either the Student “t” test or Mann- Whitney test. The associations among variables were analyzed by means of the Pearson correlation or using Spearman. For comparison of more than two groups we used one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey test and Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn. The correction for age was performed by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Mean values of serum retinol were significantly lower in COPD patients (1,80 [1,25-2,16] μmol/L) when compared to current smokers (2,40 [1,95- 3,14]μmol/L) (p<0,001); however, values were not significantly different between control subjects (1,98 [1,82-2,32] μmol/L), current... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Magister Scientiae (Medical Bioscience) - MSc(MBS) / Several studies conducted in laboratories at the University of the Western Cape has demonstrated an interference with the parenchymal lung tissue of the offspring when exposed to nicotine (smoking cigarettes and/or Nicotine Replacement Therapy [NRT]), maternally i.e. during gestation and lactation. This in turn, decreases the amount of air sacs (alveolar number) resulting in a reduced surface area available for efficient gas exchange in the offspring. Since the foetus and offspring are only exposed to nicotine during gestation and lactation, emphysema- like lesions appear to develop after nicotine withdrawal in the foetus. It has been proposed that during lung development in utero, a change in the "program" that controls the maintenance of lung integrity will occur in the long term due to the initial maternal nicotine exposure. Therefore, animals that were exposed to maternal nicotine resemble lungs that have undergone rapid, premature aging caused by cellular senescence. Furthermore, energy metabolism and structural changes in the glycolytic pathways appear irreversibly slower compared to animals that were not exposed to nicotine via the mother during gestation and lactation, resulting in a reduction in the anti-oxidant capacity of lung development. Previous studies have also shown that strong anti-oxidants supplemented by smoking mothers during gestation and lactation could possibly resist change in the "program" which controls lung development and integrity of the offspring in the long term. Lycopene – as a strong anti-oxidant supplementation have shown to decrease the alveolar volume and increase the alveolar surface area for better gas exchange after the offspring has been exposed to maternal nicotine. In this study I have treated pregnant wistar rats with nicotine, tomato juice (containing lycopene among other phytonutrients), and a combination of nicotine and tomato juice during gestation, to determine various changes in the lung structure and signs of premature aging in the lungs of the offspring. I have also performed various staining techniques such as H&E, connective tissue and β- galactosidase staining which indicated whether maternal nicotine exposure indeed induced premature cellular senescence in the lungs of the offspring. / National Research Foundation

No description available.

Background/Objectives: The first objective of this study is to assess the relationship between cigarette access and smoking behavior in 15-17 year old students. The second objective of this study is to assess the relationship between media and smoking behavior in those students. The third objective of this study is to observe whether the smoking rate will increase if subjects have both access and exposure to the tobacco product. I propose to use the youth survey data to test the impact of exposure to smoking-related media messages and the difficulty of acquiring tobacco products. I hypothesize that there is positive relationship among youth access to tobacco products, exposure to tobacco ads/promotions on social networking sites and active smoking. Methods: I examined National Youth Tobacco Survey data from 2014 and a total number of 1293 subjects as a secondary analysis. Results: The students with one or more than one method of accessing tobacco had higher odds compared to students with no access (OR = 70.12; 95% CI: 47.71–103.07; p &lt; 0.0001 for only one method; OR = 240.22; 95% CI: 160.25–360.09; p &lt; 0.0001 for more than one method). Moreover, the association between exposure to tobacco ads via internet, newspaper, point stores and movies/TV and smoking behavior was significant at both moderate and heavy exposure levels (OR = 1.44; 95% CI: 1.08–1.92; p = 0.014 for moderate exposure group; OR = 1.82; 95% CI: 1.26–2.62; p = 0.002 for heavy exposure group). The multivariable model, which shows the effect of the combination of these two factors, it states access to tobacco products was significantly positively associated with an increased smoking rate (OR = 69.06; 95% CI: 47.03-101.40; p &lt; 0.001 for only one access group; OR = 241.78; 95% CI: 160.49–364.22; p &lt; 0.001 for more than 1 access group). However, the severity of media exposure was not significantly associated with the increased odds of cigarette smoking among adolescents (OR = 1.14; 95% CI: 0.80-1.62; p = 0.470 for moderate exposure group; OR = 1.39; 95% CI: 0.81–2.40; p = 0.227 for heavy exposure group). Conclusion: I provided further evidence that exposure to tobacco messages and have access to tobacco products can increase the smoking rates among youth. These findings could be a result of better diagnosis and reporting, but the increase may also be due to other risk factors in the population. These findings may have implications for further and more aggressive counseling for teenagers. These effects should be further explored in a larger population of adolescents. Intervention methods should be designed to help the public understand the benefits of reducing adolescent’s exposures to tobacco smoke. / Epidemiology

Nicotine was not included in previous efforts to identify the most important toxicants of tobacco smoke. A health risk assessment of nicotine for smokers of cigarettes was conducted using the margin of exposure (MOE) approach and results were compared to literature MOEs of various other tobacco toxicants. The MOE is defined as ratio between toxicological threshold (benchmark dose) and estimated human intake. Dose-response modelling of human and animal data was used to derive the benchmark dose. The MOE was calculated using probabilistic Monte Carlo simulations for daily cigarette smokers. Benchmark dose values ranged from 0.004 mg/kg bodyweight for symptoms of intoxication in children to 3 mg/kg bodyweight for mortality in animals; MOEs ranged from below 1 up to 7.6 indicating a considerable consumer risk. The dimension of the MOEs is similar to those of other tobacco toxicants with high concerns relating to adverse health effects such as acrolein or formaldehyde. Owing to the lack of toxicological data in particular relating to cancer, long term animal testing studies for nicotine are urgently necessary. There is immediate need of action concerning the risk of nicotine also with regard to electronic cigarettes and smokeless tobacco.

OLIVEIRA, CASSIANA MORAIS DE. Fatores motivacionais relacionados ao início do tabagismo em estudantes adolescentes de Ribeirão Preto/SP. 2009. 134 f. Dissertação (Mestrado) Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 2009. De acordo com a OMS, um terço da população mundial adulta é fumante. A dependência à nicotina associa-se a altas taxas de mortalidade, malefícios à saúde e seu controle é considerado um desafio à saúde pública. Um aspecto importante relacionado ao tabagismo é que seu início ocorre predominantemente na adolescência. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi estudar os fatores motivacionais associados ao início do tabagismo, na percepção de adolescentes fumantes e não fumantes. Trata-se de uma pesquisa com delineamento transversal, analítico, com amostra de conveniência. Utilizou-se uma abordagem metodológica quanti-qualitativa. Participaram 80 adolescentes, alunos do ensino médio de uma escola estadual de Ribeirão Preto/SP, de ambos os sexos, sendo 40 fumantes e 40 não fumantes. Foram utilizados um questionário para os pais, roteiro de entrevista semi-estruturada e a Escala Multidimensional de Locus de Controle para os adolescentes. A média de idade para fumantes foi 16,8 e para não fumantes 16,2 anos. Notou-se uma proporção maior de mães dos adolescentes fumantes sem relacionamento estável. Observou-se maior utilização de bebida alcoólica entre os fumantes. O intervalo de idade mais freqüente de experimentação do primeiro cigarro foi 13 a 16 anos. Quanto ao consumo diário, 47,5% dos adolescentes relataram fumar 6 a 10 cigarros. Com relação à escala locus de controle, não foi observada diferença estatística significativa entre os fumantes e não fumantes. Na dimensão internalidade, os fumantes (52,5%) e os não fumantes (47,5%) apresentaram pontuações mais freqüentes acima da média. Na dimensão externalidade-outros poderosos, houve predominância de escores abaixo da média em ambos os grupos. Em externalidade-acaso, observou-se maior freqüência de escores acima da média para os fumantes (40,0%) e não fumantes (30,0%). Na análise qualitativa, entre os não fumantes, a maioria das meninas opinou que o que faz as pessoas começarem a fumar é o alívio de emoções negativas, e para os meninos é a imitação do modelo de um fumante. A maioria das respostas, nos dois gêneros, avaliou que o modelo de um fumante influencia o adolescente a começar a fumar. Sobre o que acham de pais fumantes, houve predomínio de verbalizações masculinas na categoria estimula a curiosidade dos filhos, e nas femininas na categoria não gosta. Sobre o que acham de amigos fumantes, verificou-se predomínio de verbalizações femininas nas categorias não gosta e normal, já as masculinas foram em prejudicando a sua saúde e das pessoas ao seu redor e não gosta. Na amostra de fumantes, as meninas opinaram que o que faz as pessoas começarem a fumar é o alívio das emoções negativas; os meninos associaram o início do tabagismo a aspectos da adolescência. Sobre o que influencia os adolescentes a começarem a fumar e sobre a opinião quanto a pais fumantes, ambos os gêneros destacaram a imitação do modelo. Observou-se predomínio, nos dois gêneros, de verbalizações nas categorias normal e má influência quanto a amigos fumantes. Espera-se que este estudo identifique elementos relevantes para subsidiar programas e pesquisas futuras de controle e prevenção do tabagismo. / According to the World Health Organization, one third of the worlds adult population smokes. Nicotine dependence is associated with high mortality rates and damage to health, and its control has been considered a challenge to public health. An important aspect related to tobacco smoking is that it begins predominantly in adolescence. The objective of this research was to study the motivational factors associated with the initiation of tobacco smoking from the perception of smokers and non-smokers adolescents. The research has, both, a transverse and analytical outline with a convenience sample. The quantitative and qualitative methodological approach was used. There were 80 participants, both female and male adolescent students from a public high school in Ribeirão Preto/SP. Forty were smokers and the other 40 non-smokers and the parents were asked to complete a questionnaire. A semi-structured interview and the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control scale were used. The mean age of smokers students was 16.8 years old, and 16.2 years old for non-smokers. We observed a higher proportion of non-stable relationships among the smokers adolescents mothers, as well as more frequent used of alcoholic drinks in the smokers group. The most frequent age range of the first smoked cigarette was between 13 to 16 years old. Regarding daily consumption, 47.5% of the adolescents reported to smoke from 6 to 10 cigarettes. Concerning the Locus of Control Scale, no substantial statistic difference was observed between the smokers and non-smokers groups. For the Internality dimension, both smokers (52.5%) and non-smokers (47.5%) showed more frequent above average scores. As for the Externality-powerful others dimension, there was predominance of below average scores in both groups. At the Externality-chance dimension, it was most frequently observed above average scores for smokers (40%) and (30%) for non-smokers. For the qualitative analysis, in the non-smokers sample, most girls stated that what makes people start smoking is the relief from negative emotions, and for the boys, it was the imitation of a smokers model. The most frequent response from both genders was that the model given by a smokers person influences the adolescent to start smoking. Concerning their thoughts about smokers parents, most of the boys verbalized their opinion in the category smokers parents stimulate childrens curiosity, while most girls verbalized their opinion in the dont like category. Regarding their opinion about smokers friends, there was a female predominance in the category dont like as well as in the normal category. The male predominance was in the categories damaging your health and the peoples health around you and in dont like. In the smokers sample, the girls stated that what makes people start to smoke is the relief from negative emotions. The boys associated the beginning of tobacco smoking with aspects of adolescence. Regarding what influences adolescents to start smokers and their opinion about smoking parents, both genders pointed out the imitation of the model. The predominance in both genders of opinions in the categories normal and bad influence about smokers friends was observed. It is expected that this study may identify important steps to subsidize future programs and researches about control and prevention of tabagism.

<p><font face="TimesNewRomanPSMT"> <p align="left">Nicotine exposure to the fetus through tobacco smoking or nicotine replacement therapy during the whole period of gestation and lactation causes diverse effects on fetal and neonatal lung development, integrity and maturation which compromise the gas exchange function of the lungs and renders this vital organ susceptible to gradual damage and different diseases in latter life. Maternal nicotine exposure during gestation and lactation results in gradual destruction of the lung parenchyma, and this leads to the combination of many small air sacs in one bigger alveoli which is a sign of emphysema. Many researchers speculated that the way in which, nicotine causes emphysema and other damage, is by inducing the formation of many reactive oxygen species (ROS), and creating an imbalance between the oxidants and the antioxidants of the body, which is termed oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of nicotine exposure on the lung of the fetal and neonate rat during gestation and lactation as gas exchanger, and also to see whether the supplementation of tomato juice containing lycopene, a powerful carotenoid antioxidant could protect the lungs against these effects of maternal nicotine exposure.</p> </font></p>

<p>Nicotine exposure to the fetus through tobacco smoking or nicotine replacement therapy during the whole period of gestation and lactation causes diverse effects on fetal and neonatal lung development, integrity and maturation which compromise the gas exchange function of the lungs and renders this vital organ susceptible to gradual damage and different diseases in latter life. Maternal nicotine exposure during gestation and lactation results in gradual destruction of the lung parenchyma, and this leads to the combination of many small air sacs in one bigger alveoli which is a sign of emphysema. Many researchers speculated that the way in which, nicotine causes emphysema and other damage, is by inducing the formation of many reactive oxygen species (ROS), and creating an imbalance between the oxidants and the antioxidants of the body, which is termed oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of nicotine exposure on the lung of the fetal and neonate rat during gestation and lactation as gas exchanger, and also to see whether the supplementation of tomato juice containing lycopene, a powerful carotenoid antioxidant could protect the lungs against these effects of maternal nicotine exposure. In this study pregnant rats have been divided into 4 groups: a group which received nicotine (1mg/kg body weight/day) subcutaneously, a group that received the tomato juice only (6mg/kg body weight/day per os), a third group that received the combination of tomato juice ( 6mg /kg body weight/ day per os) and nicotine (1mg/kg body weight /day subcutaneously ) . The control group that received saline (1mg/kg body weight /day) subcutaneously and water. The injections were done during pregnancy and lactation until weaning at postnatal day 21. The results showed that maternal nicotine exposure during gestation and lactation leads to a gradual damage of the lung parenchyma and slower formation of the alveoli during the equilibrated phase of the lung growth leading to a decrease in the internal surface area required for gas exchange. Supplementation with tomato juice during gestation and lactation prevents all the adverse effects of maternal nicotine exposure on the lungs of the offspring. Since nicotine induce an increase in the oxidant levels of the mother and the fetus, my results imply that lycopene protected the lungs of the offsprings against the oxidants and thus against changes in the program that controls lung development as the animals age. This is supported by the observation that at postnatal day 84 the antioxidant.</p>