Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008. / "May 2008" The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the role of Toll-like receptor 3 in cardiac dysfunction during polymicrobial sepsis. DESIGN: Controlled animal study. SETTING: University research laboratory. SUBJECTS: Male C57BL/6, wild-type, Toll-like receptor 3. INTERVENTION: Myocardial dysfunction is a major consequence of septic shock and contributes to the high mortality of sepsis. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a critical role in the pathophysiology of sepsis/septic shock. TLR3 is located in intracellular endosomes, and recognizes double-stranded RNA. This study examined the role of TLR3 in cardiac dysfunction following cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis. TLR3 knockout (TLR3, n = 12) and age-matched wild-type (n = 12) mice were subjected to CLP. Cardiac function was measured by echocardiography before and 6 hrs after CLP. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: CLP resulted in significant cardiac dysfunction as evidenced by decreased ejection fraction by 25.7% and fractional shortening by 29.8%, respectively. However, TLR3 mice showed a maintenance of cardiac function at pre-CLP levels. Wild-type mice showed 50% mortality at 58 hrs and 100% mortality at 154 hrs after CLP. In striking contrast, 70% of TLR3 mice survived indefinitely, that is, >200 hrs. TLR3 deficiency significantly decreased CLP-induced cardiac-myocyte apoptosis and attenuated CLP-induced Fas and Fas ligand expression in the myocardium. CLP-activation of TLR4-mediated nuclear factor-κB and Toll/IL-1 receptor-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β-dependant interferon signaling pathways was prevented by TLR3 deficiency. In addition, CLP-increased vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression, and neutrophil and macrophage sequestration in the myocardium were also attenuated in septic TLR3 mice. More significantly, adoptive transfer of wild-type bone-marrow stromal cells to TLR3 mice abolished the cardioprotective effect in sepsis. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that TLR3 plays a deleterious role in mediating cardiac dysfunction in sepsis. Thus, modulation of the TLR3 activity may be useful in preventing cardiac dysfunction in sepsis.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2005. / The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Vita. "December 2005" Includes bibliographical references.

TLR3 est un récepteur endosomal qui détecte les doubles brins d’ARN produits par HSV-1 lors de sa réplication. La majorité des patients déclarés portants des mutations dans le gène TLR3 ont souffert de l’encéphalite herpétique (EH) sans autre phénotype clinique majeur. Nous avons décrit trois patients présentant des mutations dans le gène TLR3. Ici, nous reportons trois nouvelles formes de défaut AD de TLR3: G743D+R811I et L360P, qui chez deux patients confèrent un défaut AD de TLR3 par dominance négative et haplo-insuffisance; et R867Q, qui confère à un patient un défaut partial AR de TLR3. Les fibroblastes des patients présentent une diminution des réponses médiées par TLR3 et sont plus susceptibles à l’infection par le HSV-1. Le défaut de TLR3 est donc présent chez six (5%) patients sur les 120 EH patients étudiés. De plus, de façon surprenante, nous avons identifé deux mutations dans le gène TLR3 chez deux patients présentant des pneumonies sévères dues au virus de l’influenza A (IAV). Deux patients sont hétérozygotes pour les mutations P554S et P680L dans le gène TLR3. Il a été reporté que P554S est délétère et exerte un effet dominant-négatif chez les patients d’EH. P680L est aussi délétère et cause un défaut AD de TLR3 par haplo-insuffisance. Les fibroblastes hétérozygotes pour la mutation P680L ainsi que les cellules épitheliales pulmonaires dérivées de iPSCs présentent une susceptibilité accrue à IAV. Ces résultats suggèrent que le défaut de TLR3 ne cause pas seulement l’EH mais aussi des pneumonies IAV sévères via une diminution des réponses immunitaires dépendantes de TLR3 et médiées par IFN intrinsèques au système nerveux central et aux poumons. / TLR3 is an endosomal receptor for dsRNA, an intermediate of viral replication. Most of the reported human TLR3 deficiency related to life-threatening HSV-1 encephalitis (HSE), in otherwise healthy children. To date, we have described 3 patients with TLR3 deficiency and 7 patients with TLR3 pathway gene deficiency. We herein report the three novel forms of TLR3 deficiency: G743D+R811I and L360P in two patients underlie AD TLR3 deficiency due to dominant negative (DN) and haploinsufficiency, respectively, and R867Q in one patient leads to a partial AR TLR3 deficiency. The patients’ fibroblasts display impaired TLR3 responses and enhanced HSV-1 susceptibility. TLR3 deficiency is therefore a relatively common in childhood HSE, as it is found in six (5%) of the 120 patients studied. In addition, we surprisingly found two TLR3 mutations in two patients with influenza A virus (IAV) pneumonitis. The pathogenesis of isolated severe influenza is largely unknown, until we recently reported a child with AR IRF7 deficiency. Two patients are each heterozygous for P554S and P680L in TLR3. P554S is previously found to be deleterious and DN in HSE patients. P680L is also deleterious and causes AD TLR3 deficiency by haploinsufficiency. We show that P680L heterozygous fibroblasts fail to produce IFN-β and -λ upon poly(I:C) and IAV infection. Furthermore, both P680L heterozygous and AR TLR3-deficient fibroblasts and iPSCs-derived lung epithelium display enhanced susceptibility to IAV, like IRF7-deficient cells. These findings suggest that TLR3 deficiency underlies not only HSE but also severe influenza due to impaired TLR3-dependent, IFN-mediated, CNS or lung-intrinsic antiviral immunity.

No description available.

INTRODUÇÃO: O Sarcoma de Kaposi (SK) é a neoplasia mais frequente dos doentes com Aids. É causada pelo herpes-vírus 8 (HHV-8). As células dendríticas plasmocitóides (CDp) são especializadas na produção de interferon tipo 1 e participam da resposta imune aos vírus. Os receptores \"toll-like\" são os principais receptores de reconhecimento de padrão, sendo que os receptores toll-like (TLR) 3 e 9 têm função no reconhecimento de vírus. O D2-40 é o anticorpo que reconhece a podoplanina, uma proteína transmembrana, presente no endotélio linfático e que tem função na imunidade. OBJETIVO: Demonstrar e comparar os componentes da imunidade inata: CDp e TLR 3 e 9, nas lesões cutâneas de SK associado a Aids e esporádico. Identificar a presença do HHV-8 nas CDp. Verificar o componente endotelial linfático na progressão das lesões de SK e comparar a expressão dos elementos da imunidade inata estudados, nas lesões com menor e maior componente endotelial linfático. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo de 50 biopsias de pacientes com diagnóstico de SK, todos com comprovação pelo exame histopatológico e demonstração do antígeno nuclear associado à latência (LANA) do HHV-8. Foram avaliados 11 biopsias de SK da forma clássica (SKc), 22 lesões de doentes com Aids (SK-Aids) e de 17 de doentes com Aids submetidos a tratamento com terapia antirretroviral altamente eficaz (SK-Aids/HAART). Os espécimes foram submetidos a exame por técnica imuno-histoquímica para evidenciar a presença de CDp (anticorpo CD303/BDCA-2), a expressão de TLR 3 e 9, bem como de podoplanina (anticorpo D2-40). Foi realizada também técnica de dupla marcação com CD303 e LANA, objetivando a identificação de CDp infectadas pelo HHV-8.Vinte e três espécimes de granuloma piogênico constituíram o grupo controle. A população de CDp e expressão de TLR 3 e TLR 9 também foi comparada nas lesões cutâneas de SK de doentes com e sem comprometimento visceral pela neoplasia; lesões não tumorais (máculo-papulares/placas) foram comparadas às lesões tumorais (nodulares) e de acordo com níveis sanguíneos de linfócitos T CD4+ (menor e igual ou maior que 350 células/mm3). RESULTADOS: As CDp foram mais numerosas nos espécimes de SK-Aids quando comparado com o granuloma piogênico. Foram identificadas CDp infectadas pelo HHV-8. A expressão de TLR 3 foi menor nas lesões de SK, independente da forma epidemiológica, do que no granuloma piogênico. Para todas as outras comparações da densidade de CDp e expressão de TLR 3 e de TLR 9 não houve diferença entre os grupos. Não houve diferença no componente endotelial linfático das lesões máculo-papulares/placas e tumorais do SK, assim como na expressão dos elementos da imunidade inata estudados entre as lesões com maior e menor componente endotelial linfático. CONCLUSÕES: Demonstrou-se pela primeira vez a presença de CDp e a expressão de TLR 3 e 9 em lesões cutâneas do Sarcoma de Kaposi, bem como a infecção de CDp pelo HHV-8 \"in situ\" nos tumores. Os resultados obtidos sugerem a participação das células CDp e do TLR 3 na patogênese das lesões cutâneas do Sarcoma de Kaposi, independente da presença do vírus da imunodeficiência humana. A imunomarcação de SK com o anticorpo D2-40, tanto nas fases precoce como tardia das lesões, confirma a natureza endotelial linfática das células neoplásicas. Esta parece não ter relação com a expressão dos elementos da imunidade inata estudados / Introduction: Kaposi\'s sarcoma (KS) is the most common Aids-associated malignancy. It is caused by human herpesvirus-8. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) are professional interferon producing cells, and participate in the immune response against viruses. Toll-like receptors (TLR) are the main pattern recognition receptors, and TLR 3 and TLR 9 participate in the recognition of viruses. Podoplanin, recognized by antibody D2-40, is a transmembrane protein identified on lymphatic endothelial cells with functions inimmunity. Objective: Demonstrate and compare some innate immunity components: pDC, TLR 3 and TLR 9, in cutaneous lesions of Aids-associated Kaposi\'s sarcoma and classic Kaposi\'s sarcoma. Identify the infection of pDC by HHV-8. Compare the lymphatic endothelial component in the course of tumor progression and compare the expression of innate immunity elements in lesions with a predominance of lymphatic endothelial components or not. Methods: Retrospective study of 50 biopsies diagnosed as Kaposi\'s sarcoma withpositive staining for latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) of HHV-8. Eleven classic KS, 22 Aids-associated KS and 17 Aids-associated KS from patients undergoing highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) were assessed. Paraffinembedded tissue was submitted to immunohistochemistry technique in order to demonstrate pDC (CD303/BDCA-2 antibody), expression of TLR 3, TLR 9 and podoplanin (D2-40 antibody). We performed double staining with CD303 and LANA in order to identify pDC infection with HHV-8. Twenty-three pyogenic granuloma(PG) specimens were analyzed as a control group. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells population, TLR 3 and TLR 9 expressions were compared between patients with and without visceral disease, nodular stageandpatch/plaque stage and according to bloodlymphocytes T CD4 count(=350 cells/mm3). Results: Plasmacytoid dendritic cells density in Aids-associated SK was higher than in PG. We could identify pDC infection by HHV-8. The expression of TLR 3 in all forms of KS was less extensive than PG. All others comparisons about pDC density, TLR 3 and 9expressions were similar. We found no difference in D2-40 expression between nodular and patch/plaque stages. When comparing tumors with extensive expression of D2-40 (>= 50% of cells) and tumors with less expression (<50% of cells), we found no differences in density of pDC and expression of TLR 3 and TLR 9. Conclusion: This is the first time that pDC, TLR 3 and TLR 9 have been demonstrated in skin lesions of KS, as well as the infection of pDC in the lesions. Our results suggest that pDC and TLR 3 participate in the pathogenesis of KS, independently of HIV presence. The positive staining with D2-40 antibody, in all the stages of KS, confirmsthe lymphatic nature of neoplastic cells. It seems that podoplanin is not related to the innate immunity elements studied here

INTRODUÇÃO: O Sarcoma de Kaposi (SK) é a neoplasia mais frequente dos doentes com Aids. É causada pelo herpes-vírus 8 (HHV-8). As células dendríticas plasmocitóides (CDp) são especializadas na produção de interferon tipo 1 e participam da resposta imune aos vírus. Os receptores \"toll-like\" são os principais receptores de reconhecimento de padrão, sendo que os receptores toll-like (TLR) 3 e 9 têm função no reconhecimento de vírus. O D2-40 é o anticorpo que reconhece a podoplanina, uma proteína transmembrana, presente no endotélio linfático e que tem função na imunidade. OBJETIVO: Demonstrar e comparar os componentes da imunidade inata: CDp e TLR 3 e 9, nas lesões cutâneas de SK associado a Aids e esporádico. Identificar a presença do HHV-8 nas CDp. Verificar o componente endotelial linfático na progressão das lesões de SK e comparar a expressão dos elementos da imunidade inata estudados, nas lesões com menor e maior componente endotelial linfático. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo de 50 biopsias de pacientes com diagnóstico de SK, todos com comprovação pelo exame histopatológico e demonstração do antígeno nuclear associado à latência (LANA) do HHV-8. Foram avaliados 11 biopsias de SK da forma clássica (SKc), 22 lesões de doentes com Aids (SK-Aids) e de 17 de doentes com Aids submetidos a tratamento com terapia antirretroviral altamente eficaz (SK-Aids/HAART). Os espécimes foram submetidos a exame por técnica imuno-histoquímica para evidenciar a presença de CDp (anticorpo CD303/BDCA-2), a expressão de TLR 3 e 9, bem como de podoplanina (anticorpo D2-40). Foi realizada também técnica de dupla marcação com CD303 e LANA, objetivando a identificação de CDp infectadas pelo HHV-8.Vinte e três espécimes de granuloma piogênico constituíram o grupo controle. A população de CDp e expressão de TLR 3 e TLR 9 também foi comparada nas lesões cutâneas de SK de doentes com e sem comprometimento visceral pela neoplasia; lesões não tumorais (máculo-papulares/placas) foram comparadas às lesões tumorais (nodulares) e de acordo com níveis sanguíneos de linfócitos T CD4+ (menor e igual ou maior que 350 células/mm3). RESULTADOS: As CDp foram mais numerosas nos espécimes de SK-Aids quando comparado com o granuloma piogênico. Foram identificadas CDp infectadas pelo HHV-8. A expressão de TLR 3 foi menor nas lesões de SK, independente da forma epidemiológica, do que no granuloma piogênico. Para todas as outras comparações da densidade de CDp e expressão de TLR 3 e de TLR 9 não houve diferença entre os grupos. Não houve diferença no componente endotelial linfático das lesões máculo-papulares/placas e tumorais do SK, assim como na expressão dos elementos da imunidade inata estudados entre as lesões com maior e menor componente endotelial linfático. CONCLUSÕES: Demonstrou-se pela primeira vez a presença de CDp e a expressão de TLR 3 e 9 em lesões cutâneas do Sarcoma de Kaposi, bem como a infecção de CDp pelo HHV-8 \"in situ\" nos tumores. Os resultados obtidos sugerem a participação das células CDp e do TLR 3 na patogênese das lesões cutâneas do Sarcoma de Kaposi, independente da presença do vírus da imunodeficiência humana. A imunomarcação de SK com o anticorpo D2-40, tanto nas fases precoce como tardia das lesões, confirma a natureza endotelial linfática das células neoplásicas. Esta parece não ter relação com a expressão dos elementos da imunidade inata estudados / Introduction: Kaposi\'s sarcoma (KS) is the most common Aids-associated malignancy. It is caused by human herpesvirus-8. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) are professional interferon producing cells, and participate in the immune response against viruses. Toll-like receptors (TLR) are the main pattern recognition receptors, and TLR 3 and TLR 9 participate in the recognition of viruses. Podoplanin, recognized by antibody D2-40, is a transmembrane protein identified on lymphatic endothelial cells with functions inimmunity. Objective: Demonstrate and compare some innate immunity components: pDC, TLR 3 and TLR 9, in cutaneous lesions of Aids-associated Kaposi\'s sarcoma and classic Kaposi\'s sarcoma. Identify the infection of pDC by HHV-8. Compare the lymphatic endothelial component in the course of tumor progression and compare the expression of innate immunity elements in lesions with a predominance of lymphatic endothelial components or not. Methods: Retrospective study of 50 biopsies diagnosed as Kaposi\'s sarcoma withpositive staining for latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) of HHV-8. Eleven classic KS, 22 Aids-associated KS and 17 Aids-associated KS from patients undergoing highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) were assessed. Paraffinembedded tissue was submitted to immunohistochemistry technique in order to demonstrate pDC (CD303/BDCA-2 antibody), expression of TLR 3, TLR 9 and podoplanin (D2-40 antibody). We performed double staining with CD303 and LANA in order to identify pDC infection with HHV-8. Twenty-three pyogenic granuloma(PG) specimens were analyzed as a control group. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells population, TLR 3 and TLR 9 expressions were compared between patients with and without visceral disease, nodular stageandpatch/plaque stage and according to bloodlymphocytes T CD4 count(=350 cells/mm3). Results: Plasmacytoid dendritic cells density in Aids-associated SK was higher than in PG. We could identify pDC infection by HHV-8. The expression of TLR 3 in all forms of KS was less extensive than PG. All others comparisons about pDC density, TLR 3 and 9expressions were similar. We found no difference in D2-40 expression between nodular and patch/plaque stages. When comparing tumors with extensive expression of D2-40 (>= 50% of cells) and tumors with less expression (<50% of cells), we found no differences in density of pDC and expression of TLR 3 and TLR 9. Conclusion: This is the first time that pDC, TLR 3 and TLR 9 have been demonstrated in skin lesions of KS, as well as the infection of pDC in the lesions. Our results suggest that pDC and TLR 3 participate in the pathogenesis of KS, independently of HIV presence. The positive staining with D2-40 antibody, in all the stages of KS, confirmsthe lymphatic nature of neoplastic cells. It seems that podoplanin is not related to the innate immunity elements studied here

Contexte. Les carcinomes des voies aérodigestives supérieures (VADS) arrivent en 6ème position parmi les cancers les plus fréquents au niveau mondial. La fonction du récepteur TLR3 dans les cellules de carcinomes des VADS est encore très mal comprise. Objectifs et méthodes. 1) Déterminer le niveau d’expression du récepteur TLR3 dans les lignées et les biopsies de carcinomes des VADS par western blot et par immunohistochimie. 2) Etudier le rôle de TLR3 dans la croissance tumorale de ces tumeurs, en utilisant notamment des lignées invalidées de façon conditionnelle pour TLR3. 3) Evaluer in vitro les effets cytotoxiques de ligands artificiels de TLR3 soit seuls, soit utilisés en combinaisons avec un inhibiteur d’IAP (inhibitor of apoptosis protein).Résultats. La protéine TLR3 est détectée à un niveau élevé en western blot dans les lignées de carcinomes des VADS étudiées, comparativement à un panel d’autres tumeurs épithéliales humaines. TLR3 est également constamment détecté en immunohistochimie dans les biopsies. TLR3 semble jouer un rôle dans la croissance tumorale des carcinomes des VADS : dans certaines conditions de culture (culture en hypoxie ou en milieu pauvre en SVF et en nutriments), la stimulation de TLR3 par un ligand exogène, le poly(A:U), favorise la croissance des cellules tumorales. Nous avons étudié l’effet de la stimulation de TLR3 sur le métabolisme glucidique dans ces mêmes cellules en utilisant un appareil de type Seahorse® qui mesure la consommation d’oxygène et la production de protons à partir de cellules cultivées en microplaques. Ces expériences montrent que la stimulation de TLR3 fait augmenter l’activité des voies du métabolisme cellulaire anaérobie (glycolyse extra-mitochondriale). Une étude métabolomique a mis en évidence des différences significatives dans le profil métabolique des cellules tumorales stimulées par le poly(A:U) comparativement aux cellules non traitées. Par ailleurs, nous avons montré que la stimulation de TLR3 permettait de détecter le facteur de transcription HIF1 en Western blot, même en conditions normoxiques. Sachant que des ARN libérés par des cellules en état de nécrose peuvent stimuler TLR3, il est tentant de penser que ce récepteur pourrait favoriser la survie des cellules malignes en zone hypoxique au voisinage de cellules nécrotiques. Néanmoins, l’expression de TLR3 représente aussi un facteur de vulnérabilité pour les cellules de carcinome des VADS : en effet les ligands artificiels de TLR3 utilisés en combinaison avec un inhibiteur d’IAP (Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein) produisent des effets cytotoxiques sur les lignées de carcinomes des VADS étudiées. / Background. Head and Neck (HN) carcinomas are the 6th most frequent type of cancer worldwide. The role of the TLR3 receptor in HN carcinomas remains poorly understood.Objectives and Methods. 1) To assess the expression level of TLR3 in HN carcinoma cell lines and biopsies by Western blot and immunohistochemistry, respectively. 2) To study the role of TLR3 in tumour growth using specific cell lines with conditional knock-down of TLR3. 3). To assess in vitro the cytotoxic effects of artificial ligands of TLR3 used either alone or in combination with an IAP (inhibitor of apoptosis protein) inhibitor.Results. TLR3 protein was detected at a high level by Western blot analysis in HN carcinoma cell lines, by comparison with a panel of other human epithelial cancer cell lines. TLR3 was also consistently detected by immunohistochemistry in tumour biopsies. TLR3 seem to play a role in HN carcinoma cell growth: under certain culture conditions (hypoxic or low fetal calf serum/low nutrient culture conditions), TLR3 stimulation by a synthetic ligand, the poly(A:U), favours tumour cell growth. We investigated the effects of TLR3 stimulation on glucose metabolism using a Seahorse® analyzer, which measures the oxygen consumption and the proton production in living cells. Our results indicate that TLR3 stimulation induces an increase in anaerobic metabolism (extra-mitochondrial glycolysis). A metabolomic study revealed significant changes in the metabolic profile of cancer cells treated by poly(A:U) by comparison with untreated cells. We also showed that under TLR3 stimulation, HIF1 became detectable by Western blot analysis, even in normoxia. Given the fact that RNA fragments released by dying cells are able to trigger TLR3, one can assume that TLR3 might favour cancer cell survival in hypoxic areas located near the necrotic core of the tumour. However, TLR3 expression is also a factor of vulnerability for HN carcinoma cells: indeed, the combination of TLR3 artificial ligands with an IAP inhibitor has a strong cytotoxic effect on HN carcinoma cells in vitro.