Orientador: Lourival do Carmo Monaco / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-15T06:50:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ramos_LuisCarlosdaSilva_M.pdf: 4864211 bytes, checksum: 731001b7f65b2e1ada47a41e2a4197fb (MD5) Previous issue date: 1981 / Resumo: Duas variedades de tomateiro (Lycopersiocon esculentum) BGH 402 (PI 367977) e BGH 588 (PI 3677991), conhecidas como de respostas sensível e toleante ao Al, respectivamente, foram utilizadas em estudo visando conhecer a herança da reação de tolerância à toxidez de Al em solo. AS variedades foram multiplicadas e cruzadas reciprocamente em maio de 1978. em outubro do mesmo ano, os pais e os híbridos recíprcos foram plantados no campo para a obtenção de 'F IND. 2¿ e dos retrocruzamentos recíprocos. Nesta ocasião verificou-se que as duas variedades apresentavam desenvolvimento vegetativo semelhante, diferindo entre si apenas pelas características de fruto. Empregou-se um solo do tipo ¿Latossolo Vermelho Escuro Distrófico, textura argilosa, Unidade Limeira ¿ Fase Muito Ácida¿ com Al em saturação elevada (95%). A este solo foram adicionados seis níveis de calagem, a fim de se obterem seis níveis de saturação de Al (95, 90, 30 e 2%), sugere a inexistência de efeito citoplasmático para a redução de tolerância ao Al, como ocorre em outras espécies estudadas. Nos testes preliminares, verificou-se que a altura de plantas foi uma medida mais eficiente na discriminação das variedades para a tolerância ao Al, do que o pés seco de raízes ou da parte aérea ...Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital / Abstract: The inheritance of aluminum tolerance in tomato. Two Lycopersicon esculentum lines, one tolerant BGH 588 (PI 367991) and other sensitive BGH 402 (PI 367977) to Al toxicity in both soil and nutient solution were used to investigation the inheritance of the Al tolerance in soil with saturation level of Al. the parental lines and the reciprocal hybrids were grown in the field. The 'F IND. 1¿s were selfed and that both parental lines had same vegetative growth in field conditions differing only in fruit characteristics. A clay soil classified as ¿Latossolo Vermelho Escuro, Distrófico, Unidade Limeira ¿ Fase Muito Àcida¿ was used because of its high level of Al saturation. To this sol was added six different amounts of lime in order to obtain the following Al levels of saturation: 95, 80, 60, 40, 30 and 2%. It was observed that differences between the lines were more clearly didtinguishable in the 60 ¿ 30% interval of Al saturation. In the 95% level both genotypes were equally affected in growth. In the 2% level, the vegetative growth of both lines were normal and similar to each other. Differences however were observed between the tolerant and intolerant lines in the intermediary levels of Al saturation ...Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic digital thesis or dissertations / Mestrado / Mestre em Ciências Biológicas

Cyphomandra betacea, popularmente conhecida como tomate árvore ou tamarillo, é uma planta de origem andina da família Solanaceae, com alto potencial econômico como frutífera. A propagação desta espécie ocorre principalmente através de sementes, o que eleva a variabilidade genética, prejudicando a produção de mudas para cultivo em larga escala. Uma alternativa para a produção de mudas é a propagação in vitro. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o comportamento in vitro de diferentes explantes de C. betacea frente a reguladores de crescimento, assim como determinar a atividade antioxidante e conteúdo fenólico em folhas, frutos in vivo e folhas de plantas micropropagadas de tamarillo. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a micropropagação por subdivisão de segmentos nodais em meio MS sem reguladores de crescimento, é uma alternativa viável para a obtenção de plantas uniformes a partir de explantes oriundos de plantas selecionadas. Regeneração direta foi obtida através do cultivo de segmentos de hipocótilos em meio MS contendo 0,5 mg/L de BA, servindo como alternativa de propagação. Auxinas como 2,4-D, picloram e ANA induziram a formação de calos em explantes foliares e caulinares de C. betacea. Entretanto, a elevada oxidação fenólica de explantes e calos impediu a regeneração indireta de plantas a partir destes calos. Por outro lado, regeneração indireta por organogênese foi obtida de calos formados na ausência de reguladores quando transferidos para meio MS com 0,5 mg/L de BA. Extratos foliares de C. betacea apresentaram maior atividade antioxidante do que os sucos de frutos maduros e imaturos. Reguladores de crescimento influenciam a atividadade antioxidante, de folhas de plântulas in vitro. Tratamentos com BA induzem um aumento no teor de polifenóis totais e na atividade antioxidante in vitro. / Cyphomandra betacea, popularly known as "tomate árvore" or "tamarillo", is an Andean species of the Solanaceae family with high economic potential as fruit crop. The propagation of this specie is made by seeds, a system that provoke undesirable variations in fruit shape, color, plant behavior and yield, among other traits. An alternative for the production of C. betacea is in vitro propagation. In this context, the aims of the present work were to evaluate the in vitro response of different explants of C. betacea to growth regulators, as well as the determination of the antioxidant activity and phenolic content of leaves, fruits and micropropagated plants of tamarillo. The results obtained showed that micropropagation by divition of nodal segments and their culture on MS medium without growth regulators, is a feasible alternative for the production of uniform propagules from selected plants. Direct regeneration was obtained from hypocotiles segments cultivated on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L of BA, representing an alternative for C. betacea propagation. Auxins, as 2,4-D, picloram and NAA, induced callus formation from leaves and stem explants of C. betacea. However, high phenolic oxidation of both explants and calli prevented the indirect regeneration from those calli. However, indirect organogenic regeneration was obtained from stem derived calli developed in the absence of growth regulators, when transferred to MS medium with 0.5 mg/L of BA. Leaf extracts of C. betacea exhibited higher antioxidant activity than the juice obtained from mature and immature fruits. In vitro growth on BA containing media duplicated the phenolic content and the DPPH free radical scavenging prorierty, and significantly reduced the CAT-like activity.

El tomate es la principal hortaliza cultivada hoy en día en España. Más de la mitad de su producción es dedicada a la venta para consumo en fresco, siendo este el motivo de su gran importancia económica. El aumento de la producción de tomate fuera de su ciclo habitual de cultivo, ha sido propiciada por la mejora de vida experimentada en los últimos años, que ha hecho que se requieran durante todo el año hortalizas frescas que antes tenían un consumo de temporada. / Catalá Giménez, MST. (1993). Utilización de la Partenocarpia natural en el tomate: Respuesta de diversos sisteamas genéticos a variaciones anuales y lumínicas [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/6864 / Palancia

Submitted by Nathália Faria da Silva (nathaliafsilva.ufv@gmail.com) on 2017-10-17T11:21:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 20859944 bytes, checksum: d701e83a96ae76f8f6b0ebd5810306f2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-17T11:21:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 20859944 bytes, checksum: d701e83a96ae76f8f6b0ebd5810306f2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1996-08-16 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Três experimentos foram realizados na Universidade Federal de Viçosa, em solo podzólico vermelho-amarelo câmbico. No primeiro experimento, foram testadas seis doses de K correspondentes a O; 48,4; 118,6 188,8; 259,0 e 399,4 kg ha-1, aplicadas manualmente durante o ciclo da cultura, em quatro repetições, no delineamento em blocos casualizados. O segundo experimento foi similar ao primeiro, porém as doses de K foram aplicadas por fertirrigação. No terceiro experimento foram testados: (A) aplicação manual de 40% da dose de K no momento do transplante e 60% aplicados manualmente em cobertura; (B) aplicação manual de 40% da dose de K no momento do transplante e 60% aplicados por fertirrigação; (C) procedimento idêntico ao anterior, porém com o solo coberto por plástico; (D) aplicação de 100% da dose de K por fertirrigação e (E) procedimento idêntico ao anterior, porém com o solo coberto por plástico. Os tratamentos, em cinco repetições, foram distribuídos no delineamento em blocos casualizados. No primeiro experimento, a produção comercial de frutos atingiu o valor máximo de 38,0 t ha-1; a dose de K associada à produção de máxima eficiência econômica (MEE) foi de 186 kg ha-1; os níveis críticos de K no solo associados à dose de MEE nos surgimentos do 2°, 4° e 6° cachos foram, respectivamente, 151; 110 e 136 mg dm-3; nos pecíolos das folhas adjacentes aos 2º, 4º e 6º cachos, nos tlorescimentos destes, os níveis críticos de K associados à dose de MEE foram 10,00; 9,35 e 4,50 dag kg-1. No segundo experimento, a produção comercial de frutos atingiu o valor máximo de 73,4 t ha-1; a dose de K associada à MEE foi 125 kg ha-1; os níveis críticos de K no solo associados a dose de MEE, nos surgimentos do 2º, 4º e 6º cachos, foram 68; 47 e 99 mg dm-3, respectivamente; nos pecíolos das folhas adjacentes aos 2°, 4° e 6º cachos, no florescimento destes, os níveis críticos de K associados à dose de MEE foram 10,30; 7,30 e 2,96 dag kg-1. No terceiro experimento, a cobertura plástica manteve a umidade e a temperatura do solo mais elevadas nos intervalos entre inigações; maior produção comercial de frutos foi obtida com aplicação do K por fertirrigação do que com aplicação manual do K; a presença de cobertura plástica no solo propiciou aumento na condutividade elétrica e nos teores de N-NO3-, N-total, Ca e Mg, nas profundidades de 0-10 e de 10-20 cm. / Three field experiments were conducted at the Federal University of Viçosa, on carnbic yellowish podzolic. In the first experiment were investigated six K rates corresponding to o, 48.4, 118.6, 188.8, 259.0 e 3994 kg ha-1, with four replicates, following a randomized block design. The second experiment was similar to the first, but K application was made by fertirrigation. In the third experiment were evaluated: (A) manual application of 40% of K rate at seedling transplantation and 60% by manual sidedress application; (B) manual application of 40% of K rate at seedling transplantation and 60% by fertirrigation; (C) procedure similarly to B but with soil plastic mulching; (D) 100% application of K rate by fertirrigation and (E) procedure similarly to D but with soil plastic mulching. The treatments, with five replicates, followed a randomized block design. In the first experiment, the commercial fruit yield attained maximum value of 38.0 t ha-1; K rate associating to optimum profit yield (OPY) corresponded to 186 kg ha-1; soil K critical levels associating to the rate which resulted on OPY, at the 2°, 4° and 6° clusters appearance were 151, 110 and 136 mg dm-3, respectively; K critical levels associating to OPY, on petioles from leaves adjacent to 2°, 4° and 6° clusters, on the onset of each cluster flowering, were 10.00, 9.35 and 4.50 dag kg-1. In the second experiment, commercial fruit yield attained the maximum value of 73.4 t ha-1; the K rate associating to OPY was 125 kg ha-1; soil K critical levels associating to the rate which resulted on OPY, at the 2°, 4° e 6° clusters appearance were 68, 47 and 99 mg dm-3. respectively; K critical levels associating to OPY, on petioles from leaves adjacent to 2°, 4° e 6° clusters, on the onset of each cluster flowering. were 10.30, 7.30 and 2.96 dag kg-1. In the third experiment, the plastic mulch maintained soil moisture and increased the soil temperature; commercial fmit yield was higher with K application by fertirrigation than with manual fertilization; at 0-10 and 10-20 cm soil depth, the plastic mulch increased the electrical conductivity and NC;-N, total-N, Ca and Mg concentrations, compared to soil without plastic mulch.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia, 2012. / Submitted by Elna Araújo (elna@bce.unb.br) on 2012-09-18T21:25:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_MateusRollembergSantin.pdf: 3628243 bytes, checksum: 51c29dcfdbb6eb3160cb476c21a35408 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Leandro Silva Borges(leandroborges@bce.unb.br) on 2012-09-19T18:23:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_MateusRollembergSantin.pdf: 3628243 bytes, checksum: 51c29dcfdbb6eb3160cb476c21a35408 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-09-19T18:23:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_MateusRollembergSantin.pdf: 3628243 bytes, checksum: 51c29dcfdbb6eb3160cb476c21a35408 (MD5) / O tomate é a segunda hortaliça em importância econômica no mundo. É também uma das culturas de maior risco econômico, devido principalmente à alta gama de doenças que atacam a cultura, reduzindo a produtividade. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito de biofertilizantes, fertilizantes organo-minerais e indutores de resistência sobre o controle de doenças e a produtividade de duas cultivares de tomate tipo mesa cultivados em duas épocas distintas e sob dois tipos diferentes de adubação. Os experimentos foram conduzidos na FAL – UnB, em esquema de blocos ao acaso em arranjo fatorial (8x2), com três repetições, oito produtos e duas cultivares, tanto para sistema de adubação convencional quanto para adubação organo-mineral. Cada parcela era constituída de 16 plantas em sistema de linhas duplas. As cultivares foram Karina TY® (híbrido F1) e Santa Clara VF 5600® (variedade de polinização aberta - PA). Os tratamentos foram água (Branco), Biofertilizante (fermentado à base de peixe e pena de galinha), Bion® (ativador de plantas), Gesso (gesso agrícola com pH corrigido para 4,0) Hortiplus® (fosfito de potássio), Megafol® (fertilizante foliar com base em matéria orgânica), Químico (coquetel utilizado normalmente pelos produtores da região) e Silício (óxido de silício). A adubação convencional foi aquela normalmente praticada, com fertilizantes químicos e adição de esterco; a adubação organo-mineral utilizou-se de produtos orgânicos e os minerais obtidos sem processos químicos, todos permitidos em sistemas orgânicos. As doenças avaliadas foram requeima, causada por Phytophthora infestans (verão) e vira-cabeça, causada por vírus do gênero Tospovirus (inverno). Foram avaliadas a área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença (AACPD), o número e o peso de frutos de quatro classes de acordo com o tamanho e a produtividade comercializável estimada, que abrange as três primeiras classes. No verão, apenas o tratamento químico controlou a requeima de forma satisfatória, tendo sido também o único a proporcionar produtividades acima da média regional sob os dois tipos de adubação. O número de aplicações realizado foi suficiente, no caso do tratamento químico, para controlar a requeima a níveis satisfatórios. Os produtos Bion®, Megafol® e Hortiplus® tiveram efeito moderado de controle, mas que não se refletiu em aumento na produção. De forma geral, o híbrido foi superior à PA na maioria das características avaliadas. Quanto ao sistema de adubação, o organo-mineral possibilitou altos níveis de produtividade quando a doença foi controlada. No inverno, os tratamentos Químico, Silício, Biofertilizante, Bion® e Gesso tiveram efeitos significativos na redução dos danos causados pelo vira-cabeça. Os tratamentos Biofertilizante, Megafol® e Gesso tiveram resultados promissores para produção de frutos de primeira. Os diferentes níveis de controle alcançados não refletiram em diferenças significativas na produtividade, e nesta época a maioria dos tratamentos atingiram níveis satisfatórios de produtividade. Mais uma vez, a adubação organo-mineral possibilitou produtividades elevadas, compatíveis com a média. A cultivar híbrida se mostrou novamente superior à PA, de modo geral. _________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / Tomato cropping is the second in economic importance between vegetables. It is also a crop of greater economic risk, primarily due to the high range of diseases that attack it, reducing productivity. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of biofertilizers, alternative products and resistance inducers on disease control and productivity of two materials of table tomato variety grown in two different seasons and under two different types of fertilization. The experiments were conducted at FAL - UnB, in randomized blocks scheme, in factorial arrangement with three blocks (one repetition per block), eight treatments and two cultivars, both for conventional fertilization system and for organo-mineral fertilizer. Each plot consisted of 16 plants in double lines system. The cultivars were Karina TY®, a hybrid, and Santa Clara VF 5600®, an open polinization (OP) variety. The treatments were water (Branco), Biofertilizante (fertilizer based in fish and chicken feather), Bion® (plant activator), Gesso (phosphogypsum acidified for pH 4,0), Hortiplus® (potassium phosphate), Megafol® (fertilizer based in organic matter), Químico (mixture of defensives commonly used by producers), and Silício (silica). The conventional fertilization was that usually practiced, using mineral fertilizers of many origins, with the addition of manure; the organic-mineral fertilizer used is organic fertilizers and minerals obtained without chemical processes, all allowed in organic systems. The diseases evaluated were late blight (summer cropping) and Tospovirus (winter cropping). Were evaluated the area under the disease progress curve (AACPD), the number and weight of fruits of four classes according to the size and marketable yield, which covers the first three classes. In summer cropping, only Químico controlled late blight satisfactorily, and was also the only one that possibillited productions above the regional average in the two fertilization types. The number of applications was sufficient in the case of chemical treatment to control late blight to satisfactory levels. The products Bion®, Megafol® and Hortiplus® had moderate effect control, but that was not reflected in increased production. In general, the hybrid was superior to OP variety most of the traits. On the system of fertilization, the organo-mineral possibillited high levels of productivity when the disease was controlled. In winter, the treatments Químico, Silício, Biofertilizante, Bion® and Gesso had significant effects in reducing the damage caused by Tospovirus. Treatments Biofertilizante, Megafol® and Gesso had promising results for fruit of the first class. The different levels of control achieved did not reflect differences in productivity, and at this season experiment most of the treatments reached satisfactory levels of productivity. Again, the organo-mineral fertilizer enabled high productivity, consistent with the average. The hybrid cultivar has shown again superior to PA in general.

Orientador: Arthur Bernardes Cecílio Filho / Coorientador: Juan Waldir Mendoza Cortez / Banca: Roberto Botelho Ferraz Branco / Banca: Leonardo Angelo de Aquins / Banca: Durvalina Maria Mathias dos Santos / Banca: Matheus Saraiva Bianco / Resumo: RESUMO - O nitrogênio (N) e potássio (K) são os nutrientes mais requeridos pelo tomate para processamento, sendo o N mais associado com o crescimento e produtividade das culturas, e o K com o aumento da qualidade de frutos, mas a interação das doses destes nutrientes com o ambiente em tomate para processamento industrial ainda é incipiente. Objetivou-se avaliar doses de N (0, 60, 120 e 180 kg ha 1) e de K (0, 100, 200, 300 e 400 kg ha-1 K2O) sobre a produtividade, rendimento de polpa e qualidade dos frutos de tomate 'Heinz 9553' para processamento industrial e realizar a análise de crescimento aos 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84, 96, 112 e 126 dias após o transplantio (DAT) em função do N aplicado. O experimento foi realizado de abril a agosto de 2015, no município de Barretos, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. A fonte para o fornecimento de N foi a ureia e cloreto de potássio para K. A fertilização com 180 kg ha-1 N e de 400 kg ha-1 K2O proporcionou maior produtividade de frutos coloridos, vermelhos e total, e rendimento industrial de polpa de tomate. As doses de N e de K não afetaram os teores de betacaroteno e de licopeno. O teor de sólidos solúveis no tomate aumentou tanto com a fertilização nitrogenada quanto com a fertilização potássica. As doses altas de N e K diminuíram a firmeza dos frutos. O aumento de vitamina C do fruto respondeu em maior intensidade à adubação nitrogenada que a potássica. Com relação ao crescimento do tomateiro, a fertilização com 180 kg ha-1 N proporcionou ma... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: ABSTRACT - The nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) are the nutrients most required by the tomato for processing, N being more associated with crop growth and productivity, and K with increasing fruit quality, but the interaction of the doses of these nutrients with the environment in tomato for industrial processing is still incipient. The objective of this study was to evaluate N rates (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg ha-1) and K (0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 kg ha-1 K2O) on yield, pulp yield and fruit quality of tomatoes 'Heinz 9553' for industrial processing and to perform the growth analysis at 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84, 96, 112 and 126 days after transplanting (DAT) as a function of N applied. The experiment was carried out from April to August 2015, in the city of Barretos, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The source for the supply of N was urea and potassium chloride for K. Fertilization with 180 kg ha-1 N and 400 kg ha-1 K2O provided higher productivity of red, whole and colored fruits and industrial yield of pulp of tomato. The doses of N and K did not affect the levels of beta-carotene and lycopene. The content of soluble solids in tomatoes increased with both nitrogen fertilization and potassium fertilization. High doses of N and K decreased fruit firmness. The increase of vitamin C of the fruit responded more intensely to nitrogen fertilization than potassium. In relation to tomato growth, fertilization with 180 kg ha-1 N provided a larger leaf area, leaf dry mass, shoot dry mass (leaves + ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-05-16Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:21:11Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_em_me_sjrp.pdf: 1104317 bytes, checksum: 4117948123c9ed09a03bf50ebcd8c402 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Neste trabalho foi estudado o descascamento de tomates inteiros em solução de NaOH em diversas concentrações, as melhores condições de descascamento foram adotadas como sendo as que levariam a uma menor perda de polpa, no máximo de 15%, aproximadamente, e tempo de secagem máximo de 20 horas para atingir uma umidade final de 50% b.u., sendo que a que apresentou melhor resultado foi a de 6% de NaOH, 30 minutos a 30ºC. Também foi estudado um prétratamento osmótico, com soluções de sacarose e NaCl em diversas concentrações, para a obtenção de tomates secos com bons atributos sensoriais. O pré-tratamento osmótico mais indicado para a produção de tomate seco foi de 35% de sacarose, 10% de NaCl e 1 hora. Partindo desta condição, foi investigada a cinética de desidratação osmótica e determinados os coeficientes de difusão aparente para a água, açúcar e NaCl em tempos curtos e longos, todos da ordem de 10-10 m2/s. Foi estudada a cinética de degradação de vitamina C durante a secagem a ar em diferentes temperaturas (50, 60, 70ºC) de tomates em metades, tomates inteiros descascados quimicamente e tomates inteiros descascados quimicamente e tratados osmoticamente, sendo que as taxas de degradação mostraram-se dependentes do tratamento das amostras antes da secagem, bem como da temperatura de secagem. Finalmente foram avaliadas as características sensoriais dos tomates inteiros descascados quimicamente e pré-tratados osmoticamente, dos tomates em metades com pré-tratamento osmótico e dos tomates sem prétratamento osmótico, todos submetidos à secagem a 60ºC. Pôde-se constatar que os tomates inteiros descascados quimicamente e pré-tratados osmoticamente apresentaram boa aceitação e não diferiram significativamente em sabor, cor e aparência geral dos tomates em metades com e sem tratamento osmótico. / In this work, the chemical peeling of whole tomatoes in aqueous solutions of NaOH at different concentrations was studied. The peeling conditions considered as the better ones were those that would lead to a smaller pulp loss, a maximum of 15%, approximately, and a maximum drying time of 20 hours in order to attain a final moisture content of 50% (wet basis). The peeling condition that leaded to the best result was based in dipping tomatoes in a 6% (w/w) NaOH solution for 30 minutes at 30ºC. An osmotic pre-treatment in solutions of sucrose and NaCl at different concentrations was also studied aiming to obtain dried tomatoes with better sensorial properties. The most suitable osmotic pre-treatment to produce dried tomatoes consisted in using a solution of 35% sucrose and 10% NaCl for 1 hour. Starting up from this condition, the kinetics of osmotic dehydration was investigated, as well as the apparent diffusion coefficients for water, sucrose and NaCl for short and long times of dehydration, resulting in the order of 10-10 m2/s. The kinetics of vitamin C degradation during air-drying at different temperatures (50, 60, 70ºC) of halved tomatoes, of chemical-peeled, whole tomatoes and of chemical-peeled, whole tomatoes submitted to osmotic pre-treatment was studied, with the degradation rates showing to be dependent on the treatment of samples before drying, as well as on the drying temperature. Finally, the halved tomatoes, the chemical-peeled, whole tomatoes and the chemical-peeled, whole tomatoes submitted to osmotic pretreatment, all of them air-dried at 60ºC, were evaluated for their sensorial characteristics. The results showed that the chemical-peeled, whole tomatoes submitted to osmotic pre-treatment were well accepted, with no significant differences in flavor, color, and general appearance being observed when comparing to halved tomatoes with or without osmotic treatment.

Wachstum und Entwicklung pflanzlicher Gewebe bedingen eine fortwährende Veränderung von Source-Sink Beziehungen. Gewebe mit einem Nettoexport (Source) oder - import (Sink) von Kohlenhydraten müssen ihren aktuellen Bedarf an Assimilaten entsprechend dem Entwicklungsstadium anpassen. Darüber hinaus haben Pflanzen als ortsgebundene Lebewesen Regulationsmechanismen entwickelt, die eine flexible Antwort der Assimilatverteilung auf spezielle Anforderungen des Habitats, wie biotische oder abiotische Stressfaktoren und wechselnde Lichtbedingungen, ermöglichen. Die Assimilatverteilung ist vielfältig reguliert und erfordert spezifische Enzymfunktionen, wie Zuckertransporter und saccharosespaltende Enzyme. Extrazelluläre Invertasen nehmen eine essentielle Funktion in der apoplastischen Phloementladung und in der Regulation von Source-Sink Übergängen ein. Dies spiegelt sich in dem Auftreten verschiedener Invertase- Isoenzyme mit speziellen Expressions- und Regulationsmustern wider, welche eine Koordination des Kohlenhydratmetabolismus in unterschiedlichen Geweben, zu unterschiedlichen Entwicklungsstufen und unter sich ändernden Umweltbedingungen ermöglichen. Ein detailliertes Wissen über die Funktion extrazellulärer Invertasen könnte eingesetzt werden, um Wachstum, Entwicklung oder Pathogenresisitenz von Nutzpflanzen gezielt zu verändern. In der vorliegenden Studie wurden die Regulationsmuster und die Funktion dreier extrazellulärer Invertasen aus Tomate, Lin5, Lin6 und Lin7 untersucht. Durch umfangreiche Promotorstudien konnte eine gewebe- und entwicklungsspezifische Expression dieser Isoenzyme und entsprechende Regulationsmuster offengelegt werden. Lin5 zeigt eine entwicklungsabhängige Expression in Früchten. Lin6 wird in frühen Entwicklungsstadien, beginnend mit der Samenkeimung, exprimiert; in ausgewachsenen Pflanzen ist eine Lin6 Expression nur in Pollen oder nach Verwundungsinduktion nachweisbar. Lin7 wird ausschließlich in Tapetum-Gewebe und Pollen exprimiert. Die hormonelle Regulation der Isogene wurde im Detail untersucht, hierbei konnten bekannte Phänotypen, welche durch Gibberellinsäure und Jasmonate bedingt werden, mit Invertasefunktionen in Korrelation gebracht werden. Darüber hinaus konnte in einem funktionalen Ansatz gezeigt werden, dass Lin7 eine wichtige Rolle in der Pollenkeimung zukommt. Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt die umfassendste Untersuchung extrazellulärer Invertasen während der Blütenentwicklung dar, an der drei Isoenzyme aus Tomate beteiligt sind. Dadurch, dass den einzelnen Invertasen Lin5, Lin6 und Lin7 individuelle Funktionen zugewiesen werden konnten, eröffnen sich neue Erkenntnisse über die Kohlenhydratversorgung während der Blüten- und Fruchtentwicklung. Für die untersuchten gewebespezifischen Promotoren eröffnen sich zudem Anwendungsmöglichkeiten in der Biotechnologie, was insbesondere für den pollenspezifischen Lin7 Promotor zutrifft. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass der Lin6 Promotor das Ziel von hormon-, zucker- und verwundungsvermittelten Signalwegen ist. Darüber hinaus konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass Elemente des circadianen Oszillators von A. thaliana mit dem Lin6 Promotor funktionell interagieren und die Lin6 Expression einem diurnalen Rhythmus unterliegt. Dieses komplexe Regulationsmuster spiegelt sich in vielen cis-aktiven Elementen wider, die im Lin6 Promotor vorgefunden wurden. Durch dieses Merkmal wird die These gestützt, dass verschiedene Stimuli über die extrazelluläre Invertase integriert werden und so eine koordinierte Zellantwort auf sich ändernde interne und externe Bedingungen ermöglicht wird. Nachdem Zuckermoleküle ihrerseits die Expression von Lin6 induzieren, wird dadurch eine Amplifikation von Signalen über eine positive Rückkopplungsschleife ermöglicht. Die Vielzahl an cis-aktiven Elementen und deren Anordnung im Lin6 Promotor stellen ein ideales Modellsystem dar, um Fragen in Bezug auf Signalinteraktion und -integration zu untersuchen. In einer umfangreichen Studie wurde der Lin6 Promotor erfolgreich als induzierbares Expressionssystem eingesetzt. Hierbei wurde ein Invertaseinhibitor unter der Kontrolle des cytokinininduzierbaren Lin6 Promotors in transgenen Tabakpflanzen exprimiert. Mit diesem Ansatz ist es gelungen einen kausalen Zusammenhang zwischen dem Hormon Cytokinin und extrazellulären Invertasen in der Seneszenzverzögerung herzustellen. Diese Studie zeigt, dass induzierbare Expressionssysteme essentiell sind, um spezifische Fragestellungen auf molekularer Ebene klären zu können. Bei der Klonierung obig genannter Promotorsequenzen haben sich zudem zwei interessante strukturelle Besonderheiten ergeben. Zum einen sind die Gene von Lin5 und Lin7 in einem Tandem auf dem Genom angeordnet, zum anderen konnte eine Transposoninsertion im Intron I des Lin5 Gens gezeigt werden. Mit einem Primerpaar, das aus der Transposaseregion dieses Transposons abgeleitet wurde, konnten entsprechende Sequenzen von mehreren Solanaceae Spezies gewonnen werden. / Because of growth and development, plant tissues are characterised by a permanent change in source-sink relations. Tissues with a net carbohydrate export (source) or import (sink) have to adopt their actual demand for assimilates according to the developmental status. Furthermore, plants, as sessile life forms, have developed regulatory mechanisms that enable a flexible response of assimilate partitioning to specific requirements of the habitat, like biotic and abiotic stress factors and changing light conditions. The distribution of assimilates involves specific enzyme functions including sugar transporters and sucrose cleaving enzymes and is regulated by a variety of stimuli. Extracellular invertases cover an essential function in apoplastic phloem unloading and play an important role in regulating source-sink relations. This property is reflected by the occurrence of different invertase isoenzymes with specific expression and regulation patterns that enable a co-ordination of the carbohydrate metabolism in diverse tissues, at different developmental stages, and under varying environmental conditions. Improved knowledge of extracellular invertase function might allow altering growth, development or pathogen resistance of crop plants in a specific way. The present study is aimed at elucidating the regulation patterns and functions of three members of the extracellular invertase gene family of tomato, Lin5, Lin6, and Lin7. Detailed promoter analysis revealed a tissue- and developmental-specific expression of isoenzymes and corresponding regulation patterns. Lin5 shows a developmental regulated expression in fruits. Lin6 is expressed in early developmental stages starting in germinating seeds; in grown up plants Lin6 is solely expressed in pollen and upon wound-stimulation. Lin7 is exclusively expressed in tapetum and pollen tissue. The hormonal regulation of all three isogenes was analysed in detail, whereby known GA- and JA-mediated flower phenotypes could be correlated with invertase functions. In addition, an important role of Lin7 invertase in pollen germination was demonstrated in a functional approach. This is the most profound analysis of extracellular invertases in the delicate process of floral organ development that includes three tomato isoenzymes. In particular, dissection of the individual roles of Lin5, Lin6, and Lin7 reveals novel insights in carbohydrate supply during flower and fruit development. The analysed tissue-specific promoters are profitable tools in plant biotechnology, which in particular applies to the pollen-specific Lin7 promoter. It has been demonstrated that the Lin6 promoter serves as target for hormonal-, sugar-, and wound-mediated signalling pathways. Moreover, a functional interaction of circadian oscillator elements of A. thaliana with the Lin6 promoter and a diurnal rhythm of Lin6 expression have been substantiated. This complex regulation pattern is reflected by the identification of many well-defined cis-acting elements within the Lin6 promoter. This feature supports an integration of various stimuli mediated via extracellular invertase expression resulting in a co-ordinated cellular response to changing internal and external conditions. As sugars on their part induce Lin6 expression, this could result in signal amplification via a positive feedback loop. Furthermore, the extensive appearance and constellation of cisacting elements within the Lin6 promoter provides the basis to answer questions in signal cross-talk and signal integration in plant gene expression. In addition, the Lin6 promoter was successfully used as an inducible expression system. In transgenic tobacco lines an invertase inhibitor was expressed under control of the cytokinin-inducible Lin6 promoter. Thereby, a causal relationship between cytokinin and extracellular invertase for the delay of senescence was demonstrated. This study emphasises the importance of inducible expression systems to address specific questions on a molecular basis. The above-mentioned promoter sequences were obtained via sequential genome walks. Hereby two interesting structural features appeared. First, Lin5 and Lin7 genes are arranged in a direct tandem repeat on the genome. Second, a CACTA-like transposon insertion in intron I of the Lin5 gene was revealed. A primer pair deduced from the transposase region of this transposon allowed the amplification of similar sequences of various Solanaceae species.

Orientador: Rumy Goto / Banca: Giuseppina Pace Pereira Lima / Banca: Antonio Carlos Maringoni / Banca: Rômulo Fujito Kobori / Banca: Nidia Majerowicz / Resumo: A enxertia é uma técnica utilizada com a finalidade de controlar patógenos de solo, como a R. solanacearum, porém em porta-enxerto resistente tem-se observado sintomas da doença no enxerto, devido a passagem do patógeno. A enxertia e a bactéria podem causar estresse na planta de tomateiro e algumas enzimas e o teor de fenóis podem ser usados como respostas bioquímicas a estes estresses. Para avaliar a eficiência desta técnica sobre a bactéria e na produção de tomateiro foram medidas, a incidência da doença, trocas gasosas das plantas, a atividade de algumas enzimas como superoxido dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), fenilalanina amônia-liase (PAL), polifenoloxidase (PPO), teor de fenóis e produção em plantas de tomateiro 'Pizadoro' pé-franco e enxertadas no porta-enxerto 'Guardião'. Para tanto foram realizados dois experimentos na Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da UNESP de Botucatu-SP e um experimento na Fazenda de ensino, pesquisa e produção (FEPP) em São Manuel, SP. No primeiro experimento foi avaliada a variação da atividade enzimática (SOD, CAT, POD, PPO) e teor de fenóis em mudas do tomateiro, em função dos métodos de enxertia Contato em bisel, Fenda garfagem, Encostia, enxerto pé-franco e cinco coletas das plantas, aos 0, 3, 6, 9 e 12 dias após a enxertia (DAE). No segundo, foram avaliadas a incidência da murcha bacteriana, trocas gasosas nas folhas, além da atividade das enzimas SOD, CAT, POD, PAL, PPO e teor de fenóis, aos 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 e 15 dias após a inoculação com R. solanacearum, em plantas enxertadas de tomateiro conduzidas em casa de vegetação. No terceiro experimento foram avaliados três métodos de enxertia (Contato em bisel, Fenda garfagem e Encostia) e pé-franco na produção de tomateiro sob ambiente protegido. O método Fenda garfagem é melhor... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Grafting is a technique used in order to control soil pathogens, such as R. solanacearum bacteria. The symptoms of the disease, however, have been observed in resistant rootstock, due to the passage of the pathogen to the graft. Both grafting and the bacteria can cause stress in tomato plant and some enzymes and phenols can be used as biochemical marker to this stress. In order to evaluate the efficiency of grafting to control the bacteria in the tomato yield, the disease incidence, plant gas exchange, phenol contents and the activity the enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), polyphenoloxidase (PPO), as well as tomato fruit yield were measured. The study considered ungrafted and grafted tomato plants 'Pizzadoro' on rootstock 'Guardian' in two experiments carried out at the College of Agricultural Sciences, UNESP, in Botucatu-SP, and one experiment at the Farm of Teaching, Research and Production (FEPP), in São Manuel-SP. The enzymes activity of SOD, CAT, POD, PPO and phenol content in tomato seedlings were evaluated in the first experiment, as a function of the grafting methods Contact bevel, Cleft grafting, Supported grafting, graft ungrafted in five harvests at 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 days after grafting (DAG). In the second experiment, the incidence of bacterial wilt, leaf gas exchange, as well as the activity of enzymes SOD, CAT, POD, PAL, PPO and phenol content were evaluated, at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 15 days after inoculation with R. Solanacearum, in grafted tomato plants growing at greenhouse. In the third experiment, three grafting methods (Contact bevel, Cleft grafting and Supported grafting) and ungrafted tomato were evaluated considering the production under protected environment. The Cleft grafting method was the best for the site... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Jasmonate sind wichtige zelluläre Mediatoren, die eine essentielle Rolle in der Pflanzen-entwicklung und Abwehr von biotischem und abiotischem Stress spielen. Jasmonsäure (JA) als zentrales Intermediat kann dabei auf unterschiedlichste Art und Weise metaboli-siert werden. Eine Möglichkeit der Metabolisierung ist die Veresterung der JA zu Methyljasmonat (MeJA) durch die Jasmonsäure-Carboxyl-Methyltransferase (JMT). Interessanterweise ist diese Reaktion reversibel, da die Methyljasmonatesterase (MJE) die Hydrolyse zu JA katalysiert. Obwohl die Funktion diverser Metabolite, wie die des biologisch aktivsten Metaboliten JA-Isoleucin, aufgeklärt wurde, ist die Rolle der reversiblen Methylierung noch weitestgehend unklar. Aufgrund der differenten physikochemischen Eigenschaften von JA und MeJA wird diskutiert ob MeJA von JA unterschiedliche biologische Eigenschaften aufweist und/oder als transzelluläres oder systemisches Signal fungiert. Anhand der Generierung transgener Pflanzen, in denen die Umwandlung zwischen JA und MeJA gestört ist, sollten diese Hypothesen überprüft werden. Dazu wurden Tomatenlinien hergestellt, die die Enzyme der reversiblen Methylierung (JMT, MJE) überexprimieren (JMT-OE, MJE-OE) sowie Linien, in denen durch ,,Post transcriptional gene silencing“ die MJE verringert exprimiert wird. Basierend auf MJE-RNAi-Linien, die eine reduzierte in vitro MeJA-Hydrolyseaktivität auf-weisen, sollte durch exogene Applikation von MeJA analysiert werden, ob MeJA selbst biologische Aktivitäten aufweist oder zunächst mittels MJE in JA umgewandelt werden muss. Es war kein reproduzierbarer Unterschied der Reaktion auf die MeJA-Applikation über die wässrige Phase und über die Gasphase zwischen Kontroll- und MJE-RNAi-Linien festzustellen. Um zu eruieren, ob MeJA als transzelluläres, parakrines Signal agiert, wurden die Gen-expression und das Oxylipinprofil in verwundeten Blättern der transgenen Linien unter-sucht. Ob MeJA als systemisches Signal dient, sollte anhand der Verwundung von Pfropfkombinationen aus Kontrolllinie als Unterlage und MJE-RNAi als Spross anhand der Analyse der Genexpression in distalen Bereichen festgestellt werden. Die Ergebnisse der Studien deuten daraufhin, dass MeJA weder als transzelluläres Signal noch als sys-temisches Signal bei der Verwundungsantwort agiert. Zudem kann ausgeschlossen wer-den, dass die MJE in distalen Bereichen der Pflanze in der Perzeption des systemischen Signals involviert ist. Da Jasmonate an der Abwehr von Pathogenen beteiligt sind, wurde die Empfindlichkeit gegenüber dem nekrotrophen Pilz S. sclerotiorum getestet. Alle transgenen Linien mit Veränderung der reversiblen Methylierung wiesen erhöhte Läsionsgrößen, stärkeres Pilzwachstum und erhöhte JA-Isoleucin und 12-OH-JA-Isoleucin Spiegel auf. Allerdings war keine Korrelation zwischen den erhöhten JA-Isoleucin Spiegeln und der Expression von Abwehrgenen wie PINII und JA-Biosyntheseenzymen wie AOC zu verzeichnen. Somit scheint die reversible Methylierung eine Rolle in der Pathogenabwehr gegenüber S. sclerotiorum zu spielen jedoch sind die Mechanismen, die zur erhöhten Suszeptibilität der Linien führen, noch unklar. / Jasmonates are essential cellular mediators that play an important role in development and defense of biotic and abiotic stress stimuli. Jasmonic acid (JA) as central intermedi-ate can be metabolised in different ways. One possibility is the esterification of JA via jasmonic acid carboxyl methyltransferase (JMT) to methyl jasmonate (MeJA). Interest-ingly, this reaction is reversible as methyl jasmonate esterase (MJE) is able to hydrolyse MeJA into JA. Although the function of several JA metabolites such as JA-isoleucine, the biological most active one was elucidated, the in vivo function of reversible methylation is still unknown. Because JA and MeJA harbour different physicochemical properties, MeJA is assumed to function as transcellular and/or even systemic signal. This hypothe-sis was addressed by the analysis of transgenic plants disturbed in JA and MeJA conver-sion. Tomato plants overexpressing the enzymes of the reversible methylation as well as transgenic plants with reduced MJE expression induced via post transcriptional gene silencing of MJE were generated. Based upon MJE-RNAi-lines with reduced MeJA in vitro cleaving activity, it was analysed if MeJA is biologically active per se or if it only exerts its effects after hydrolysis to JA. There was no reproducible difference between control line and MJE-RNAi-line observed in response to MeJA application by vapor and liquid phase. To evaluate the role of MeJA as transcellular or paracrine signal, wounded leaves of all transgenic lines were analysed with respect to changes in gene expression and oxylipin profile. To analyse if MeJA may act as a systemic signal, wounding experiments with grafting combinations of wildtype stock and MJE-RNAi scion were performed and distal gene expression was observed. The experimental results suggest that MeJA acts neither as transcellular nor as systemic signal. Furthermore, it can be excluded that MJE is involved in the perception of the systemic signal in distal tissues of the plant. Because jasmonates are involved in pathogen defense, the susceptibility against the necrotrophic pathogen S. sclerotiorum was also tested. All transgenic lines with alterations in reversi-ble methylation exhibit a higher lesion diameter, enhanced growth of fungi and higher JA-isoleucine and 12-OH-JA-isoleucine levels. However, there was no correlation be-tween high JA-isoleucine levels and expression of defense genes such as PINII and JA-biosynthesis genes, e.g. AOC. Hence, reversible methylation seems to be involved in the pathogen response towards S. sclerotiorum but the mechanisms responsible for the higher susceptibility are still unknown.