CAPES / Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar a eficiência da atividade nematicida de diferentes concentrações do extrato aquoso do subproduto da indústria vinícola sobre a eclosão e a mortalidade de juvenis de segundo estádio (J2) de Meloidogyne javanica e o efeito da incorporação ao solo desse subproduto sobre a eclosão e a viabilidade de J2 do nematoide; identificar, por meio da análise de cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência, a composição fitoquímica do extrato aquoso do subproduto da indústria vinícola; avaliar, em casa de vegetação, o efeito de diferentes doses de subproduto da indústria vinícola incorporadas ao solo no controle do nematoide e o efeito sobre o crescimento de tomateiros; e avaliar o período de tempo entre a incorporação do subproduto da indústria vinícola ao solo e o transplantio de tomateiros, visando ao controle do M. javanica, e o efeito da incorporação desse subproduto ao solo sobre a resistência dos tomateiros ao M. javanica. O extrato aquoso do subproduto da indústria vinícola a partir da concentração de 1,5% promoveu redução superior a 94% da eclosão dos J2 de M. javanica. Quando o efeito sobre a mobilidade do nematoide foi avaliado, constatou-se que a concentração de 2,5% do extrato aquoso promoveu uma taxa mortalidade de até 64% dos J2 de M. javanica. Quando as diferentes concentrações de subproduto da indústria vinícola kg-1 de solo foram incorporadas ao solo, a dose 30 g do subproduto da indústria vinícola reduziu em até 85% a eclosão e a viabilidade dos J2 do nematoide. Pela análise de cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência foram identificados os compostos fenólicos: ácido gálico, ácido cafeico, ácido ferúlico, ácido p-cumárico e trans-resveratrol. Nos estudos realizados em casa de vegetação, onde foram avaliadas as doses de 0 a 30 g de subproduto da indústria vinícola kg-1 de solo, incorporadas ao solo 15 dias antes do transplantio de tomateiros, constatouse que a maior dose testada (30 g kg-1 de solo) promoveu o maior crescimento das plantas e o controle do M. javanica nas raízes dos tomateiros. Em outro estudo, quando a dose 30 g de subproduto da indústria vinícola kg-1 de solo foi incorporada em solo infestado com o nematoide, nos diferentes períodos de tempo (0; 5; 10; ou 15 dias), constatou-se que a incorporação do subproduto da indústria vinícola ao solo 15 dias antes do transplantio dos tomateiros promoveu o maior crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas. Porém, a incorporação do subproduto da indústria vinícola ao solo cinco e 15 dias antes do transplantio dos tomateiros promoveu melhor controle do nematoide. Além disso, neste estudo observou-se que o subproduto da indústria vinícola não induziu à resistência dos tomateiros ao M. javanica, apenas apresentou efeito direto no controle do nematoide, como verificado nos estudos anteriores. Conclui-se, assim, que o subproduto da indústria vinícola apresenta potencial de uso no manejo de fitonematoides, uma vez que ele foi eficiente no controle de M. javanica nos ensaios in vitro e in vivo. / The objectives of this study were to evaluate the nematicidal activity of different concentrations of an aqueous extract, which was taken from the by-product of the wine industry, on hatching and mortality rates of 2nd stage juveniles (J2) of Meloidogyne javanica and the effect of the incorporation of this by-product into the soil on J2 nematode hatching and viability; identify, through high-performance liquid chromatography the phytochemical composition of the aqueous extract of the byproduct of the wine industry; evaluate, under greenhouse conditions, the effect of different by-product of the wine industry doses incorporated into the soil on nematode control and their effect on tomato plant growth; and evaluate the period of time between by-product of the wine industry incorporation into the soil and tomato plant transplantation, with regards to M. javanica control, and the effect of by-product incorporation into the soil on tomato plant resistance to M. javanica. The aqueous extracts of the by-product of the wine industry, starting from the 1.5% concentration, promoted a reduction in M. javanica J2 hatching of more than 94%. When the effect on ematode mobility was evaluated, it was found that the 2.5% concentration of the aqueous extract promoted a mortality rate of up to 64% in J2 M. javanica. When the different by-product of the wine industry kg-1 of soil concentrations were incorporated into the soil, the dose of 30 g by-product of the wine industry reduced J2 nematode hatching and viability by up to 85%. Analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography identified the phenolic compounds: gallic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid and trans-resveratrol. In studies conducted in the greenhouse, where the doses 0-30 g by-product of the wine industry kg-1 soil were incorporated into the soil 15 days before tomato plant transplantation, it was found that the highest tested dose (30 g by-product of the wine industry kg-1 soil) promoted the highest level of plant growth and M. javanica control in the roots of the tomato plants. When 30 g by-product of the wine industry kg-1 soil was incorporated into soil infested with the nematode, at different time periods (0; 5; 10; or 15 days) before transplantation, it was found that incorporation 15 days before tomato plant transplantation promoted the highest plant growth and development. However, the incorporation of by-product of the wine industry into the soil five and 15 days before tomato plant transplantation promoted the best nematode control. In addition, this study showed that the byproduct of the wine industry did not induce tomato plants resistance to M. javanica, only showing a direct effect on the nematode control, as has been found in previous studies. It was concluded, therefore, that the by-product of the wine industry showed potential for use in the management of nematodes, since it was efficient in the control of M. javanica in both in vitro and in vivo assays. / 5000

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES.

A presente dissertação discute o modo de vida camponês, o processo e as características que propiciam a reprodução dessa classe e, em particular, os camponeses de Ribeirão Branco-SP. O trabalho aborda o conceito de campesinato e, por meio da análise de caso, destaca os aspectos que entremeiam a unidade de produção camponesa e a maneira como ela se insere, através de relações não capitalistas, na sociedade contemporânea. / This dissertation discusses the peasant way of life - the process and the characteristics that allow the reproduction of this class and, in particular, the peasants of Ribeirão Branco-SP. The work deals with the concept of peasantry and makes case analysis in order to highlight the aspects that intertwine peasant production unit and how it fits into, through non-capitalist relations in contemporary society.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico

El objetivo de la presente investigación es conocer cuáles son las principales barreras internas y externas que limitaron en las exportaciones de tomates frescos o refrigerados de las Pymes en la Provincia Lima durante los años 2015 al 2019. Esto tiene como objetivo que, principalmente, las empresas que aún no han exportado esta hortaliza se empapen de esta información y minimicen riesgos de éxito. Así mismo, no se descarta que esta investigación pueda servir para cualquier otro tipo de producto agrícola. En el primer capítulo, se presenta el marco teórico, antecedentes y bases teóricas dentro de los cuales se detalla información sobre internacionalización, exportación, modelo Uppsala, innovación y competitividad. En el segundo capítulo, se detalla la realidad problemática, el problema, los objetivos y las hipótesis que se encontró en la exportación de tomates frescos o refrigerados. Así como también, la justificación de la investigación en curso. En el tercer capítulo, se describe el enfoque de nuestra investigación, la determinación de actores clave e instrumentación se escogió realizar una exploración cualitativa. En el cuarto capítulo, se desarrollar y discuten los resultados dándole énfasis a los hallazgos de la investigación. Por último, en el quinto capítulo, se brindan conclusiones y recomendaciones destacando así, que la teoría y la práctica son muy distintas cuando a exportación de tomates nos referimos. / The objective of this research is to know which are the main internal and external barriers that influenced the exports of fresh or chilled tomatoes from SMEs in the Lima Province during the years 2015 to 2019. This is mainly aimed at companies who have not yet exported this vegetable soak up this information and minimize the risk of success. Likewise, it is not ruled out that this research could be used for any other type of agricultural product. In the first chapter, the theoretical framework, antecedents and theoretical bases are presented, within which information on internationalization, export, Uppsala model, innovation and competitiveness is detailed. In the second chapter, the problematic reality, the problem, the objectives and the hypotheses that were found in the export of fresh or chilled tomatoes are detailed. As well as the justification for the ongoing investigation. In the third chapter, the focus of our research is described, the determination of key actors and instrumentation, it was chosen to carry out a qualitative exploration. In the fourth chapter, the results are developed and discussed, emphasizing the research findings. Finally, in the fifth chapter, conclusions and recommendations are provided, thus highlighting that theory and practice are very different when we refer to the export of tomatoes. / Tesis

D’après le répertoire des terrains contaminés du MELCC, le Grand Montréal compte plus de 11 000 sites pollués. Une approche pour l’assainissement de ces terrains est la phytoremédiation, une stratégie qui utilise la faculté de certaines plantes pour réduire les concentrations des contaminants in situ. Une contrainte associée à la végétalisation des sites contaminés est le risque de bioaccumulation dans la chaîne alimentaire. Une solution serait l’utilisation de polycultures tirant profit de la combinaison d’espèces végétales aux caractéristiques différentes. L’objectif principal de cette étude était de comparer l’accumulation d’éléments traces d’une plante alimentaire (Solanum lycopersicum—tomate cerise) et de plantes « phytoremédiatrices » (Salix discolor—Saule discolor, Achillea millefolium—achillée millefeuille, Trifolium repens—trèfle blanc) lorsque cultivées en compagnonnage sur des sols contaminés. Quinze traitements ont été examinés : cinq assemblages de plantes et trois sols (technosol à 110 mg Cu kg-1, technosol dopé jusqu’à 2500 mg Cu kg-1 et un sol de jardin non contaminé). Les résultats ont montré (1) que les polycultures incluant T. repens étaient les plus performantes à produire de la biomasse et à phytoextraire le cuivre, (2) que les stress (c.-à-d. compétition et ressource en eau) ont clairement amoindri les performances de S. discolor et (3) la résilience d’A. millefolium d’où l’importance de favoriser sa présence dans les friches industrielles, où celle-ci pousse déjà naturellement. / According to the MELCC’s contaminated land directory, Greater Montréal has more than 11,000 polluted sites. One approach to remediating these lands is phytoremediation, a strategy that uses plants to reduce contaminant concentrations in situ. A restraint associated with the revegetation of contaminated sites is the risk of bioaccumulation in the food chain. A solution would be using polycultures to take advantage of the combination of plant species with different functions. The main objective of this study was to compare the accumulation of trace elements of a food plant (Solanum lycopersicum—cherry tomato) and “phytoremediator” plants (Salix discolor—American pussy willow, Achillea millefolium—yarrow, Trifolium repens—white clover) when grown as companions on contaminated soils. Fifteen treatments were examined: five plant associations (cherry tomato alone, cherry tomato/yarrow, cherry tomato/white clover/yarrow, cherry tomato/discolor willow, and cherry tomato/discolor willow/white clover), as well as three soils (technosoil 110 mg Cu kg-1, technosoil spiked up to 2500 mg Cu kg-1 and uncontaminated garden soil). The results showed (1) that polycultures including T. repens were the most efficient at producing biomass and phytoextrating copper, (2) that stresses (i.e. competition and water resources) reduced the performance of S. discolor and (3) the resilience of A. millefolium and the importance of promoting its presence in brownfield sites, where it already grows naturally.

The use of pheromone-based or semiochemical lures and devices for the detection of insect pest population and monitoring in agriculture is a common practice. In many countries the use of these devices is exempt from registration requirements based on regulatory thresholds set by the relevant authorities, however, not in South Africa. The question arises whether the pheromones or semiochemicals dispensed through such devices, influence the naturally occurring compounds observed and whether a concern of toxicity and ecotoxicity is justified. A tomato field was selected in a commercial growing area of South Africa and a novel five-component lure, T.V. PheroLure®, was identified from a local manufacturer, Insect Science (Pty) Ltd. The T.V. PheroLure® consists of a Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) blend which is placed in a polyethylene bulb. Tomato VOCs were collected before, during and after the application of the T.V. PheroLure® which was used in combination with a yellow bucket funnel trap. The VOCs were collected at different heights (0 cm, 30 cm and 60 cm) of the tomato plants, from planting until harvest (22 weeks) and surrounding tomato fields without the T.V. PheroLure®. The results obtained indicated that: (i) the T.V. PheroLure® had no significant influence on the natural VOCs observed in the tomato field and (ii) that the height of sampling had no influence on VOCs observed. This study also indicated that apart from a slight increased contribution of limonene, there was no significant influence observed from the T.V. PheroLure® compounds on the natural background VOCs found in the tomato field. Therefore, it could be argued that the natural phenology of the plant has a greater influence on the VOCs observed than T.V. PheroLure® and that the concern of toxicity and ecotoxicity is unjustified when using these devices for monitoring purposes only. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Science)

The tomato is one of the most important vegetable crops grown in the South African community. Most hydroponic tomato growers in South Africa are using sawdust as a growing medium due to its availability and affordability. However, there is little or no information on how particle sizes of sawdust influence tomato yield and quality. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the particle size of sawdust on plant growth, yield and quality of tomato. Six treatments of different particle sizes of sawdust i.e. fine (F), medium (M), coarse (C) and 50:50 ratio of F: M, C: M, and C: F extracted from pine tree were used for the experiment. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. The size of the sawdust particles did not have a significant effect on plant height, stem diameter, leaf length and width, shelf-life, marketable yield, total yield and unmarketable yield. A tendency to increase marketable and total yield was observed when tomato plants were grown at a 50:50 C: F ratio. Fruit and leaf mineral content were not affected by sawdust particle size. After completion of the experiment, air- filled porosity was significantly high on particle size C, M, and C: M while the water holding capacity was significantly high on F followed by M. The study showed that the suitable growth medium for production of tomatoes under the hydroponics system used was the CF particle substrate. Generally, the experimental crop performed better under the CF particle substrate in terms of growth parameters, and fruit quality, thus leading to the conclusion that the CF growth medium is ideal for hydroponically grown tomato under a non-environmentally controlled polytunne / Agriculture, Animal Health and Human Ecology / M. Sc. (Agriculture)

As determinações, em níveis de traços, de fármacos em fluidos biológicos e de multirresíduos (contaminantes) em amostras alimentícias são de extrema importância, pois geram valiosos dados para fins, respectivamente, de monitorização terapêutica (individualização do regime de dosagem) e controle de qualidade (segurança alimentar). A demanda por métodos analíticos de alta resolução e com baixos limites de quantificação, para análises de amostras complexas, tem impulsionado a química analítica para o desenvolvimento de soluções inovadoras, destacando-se aquelas voltadas ao desenvolvimento ou avaliação de novos sistemas analíticos. Neste contexto, na primeira etapa desta tese, o sistema automatizado de microextração em fase sólida no capilar de polipirrol (in-tube PPY SPME) acoplado à cromatografia líquida com detecção fluorimétrica foi desenvolvido (lab-made) para a determinação enantiosseletiva de fluoxetina e de seu metabólito norfluoxetina em amostras de plasma, para fins de monitorização terapêutica. Na segunda etapa, o método cromatografia gasosa bidimensional abrangente acoplada à espectrometria de massas com analisador quadrupolo (GC x GC / qMS) foi padronizado e validado para análise de multirresíduos de agrotóxicos em tomates frescos, para fins de controle de qualidade. Dentre os resultados obtidos podemos destacar: na primeira etapa o ganho de seletividade da fase extratora de polipirrol, em sistema miniaturizado e automatizado de preparo de amostra, hifenado à separação cromatográfica (LC) com detecção fluorimétrica; e na segunda etapa, o incremento da resolução cromatográfica e detectabilidade do sistema de cromatografia gasosa bidimensional com detecção espectrométrica com analisador quadrupolo. As análises de amostras de plasma de pacientes em terapia com fluoxetina e de amostras de tomates comerciais comprovaram a aplicabilidade dos métodos propostos, padronizados e validados, em níveis de concentrações que incluem o intervalo terapêutico preconizado para a fluoxetina em plasma e os limites máximos de resíduos de agrotóxicos estabelecidos para a cultura de tomate. / Determination of trace levels of drugs in biological fluids and multiresidue (contaminants) in food samples is extremely important because this generates valuable data for therapeutic drug monitoring (individualization of dosage regimen) and quality control (food safety), respectively. Because of the demand for analytical methods with high resolution and low limits of quantification for analysis of complex samples, analytical chemistry has stimulated the development of innovative approaches, especially those aimed at developing or evaluating new analytical systems. In this context, in the first stage of this thesis the automated solid-phase microextraction capillary polypyrrole (in-tube \"PPY SPME) coupled to liquid chromatography with fluorimetric detection was developed (lab-made) for enantioselective determination of fluoxetine and its metabolite norfluoxetine in plasma samples for therapeutic drug monitoring. In the second stage of this work, the GC x GC / qMS method was developed for multiresidues analysis of pesticides in fresh tomatoes for the purpose of quality control. In the first stage of the research the gain in terms of the selectivity of the polypyrrole extraction phase in hyphenated and automated system for sample preparation and chromatographic separation (LC) with fluorimetric detection is worthy of note. As for the second step, the highlight is the improvement in chromatographic resolution as well as in the detectability system of the system consisting of two-dimensional gas chromatography and spectrometric detection with quadrupole analyzer. Analyses of plasma samples from patients undergoing therapy with fluoxetine and of samples of commercially available tomatoes proved the applicability of the proposed methods, which were optimized and validated at concentrations levels that include the therapeutic range for the analyzed drugs in plasma and the maximum residue limits of pesticides for growing tomatoes.

Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), a Tospovirus, is one of the ten most economically destructive plant viruses worldwide, causing losses exceeding one billion U.S. dollars annually on several crops. In South Africa (SA), TSWV has become an important virus in many economically important crops. The main objective of this research project was to isolate, identify and characterise TSWV isolates occurring in SA. A review of current literature assembled background information on TSWV molecular biology, epidemiology, transmission, detection and control. A TSWV isolate infecting pepper (Capsicum sp.) occurring in KZN was isolated and partially characterised. The virus was positively identified as TSWV using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the presence of typical necrotic TSWV symptoms on Nicotinia rustica L. Symptomatic leaves were harvested and the virus was partially purified using standard procedures. Under the transmission electron microscope (TEM), typical quasi-spherical and dumbbell-shaped particles of 80-100nm in diameter were observed in negatively stained preparations of both crude and purified virus samples. In negatively stained ultra-thin virus infected leaf sections, an abundance of mature viral particles (100nm) housed in the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) were observed among typical viroplasm inclusions (30nm) and hollow tubules (200-300nm). A viral protein migrating as a 29kDa band, which corresponds to the TSWV nucleocapsid (N) protein, was observed after sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis. Total plant RNA, isolated from N. rustica displaying typical symptoms was subjected to reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using .primers specific to the nucleocapsid (N) gene. An expected 760bp product was amplified. The results obtained in this study confirm the presence of TSWV in infected pepper plants from KZN. The genetic diversity of TSWV isolates occurring in SA was examined. The nucleocapsid (N) gene sequences of six SA TSWV isolates originating from Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, North West, Limpopo and Mpumulanga provinces were determined and used in a phylogenetic tree comparison with TSWV isolates occurring in different geographical locations in the world. Nucleotide sequence comparisons of the N gene revealed high levels of similarity between the SA isolates and TSWV isolates from Asia and Europe. SA isolates showed a high degree of sequence similarity (99-100%) which was reflected in their distinct clustering pattern. The resistance of tomato (Lycopersicon escuJentum Mill.) plants with natural and transgenic resistance against mechanical inoculation with TSWV isolates occurring in SA was evaluated. The Stevens cultivar which has natural resistance conferred by the Sw-5 gene and the transgenic 13-1 line, which expresses the nucleocapsid (N) protein gene of the TSWV-BL isolate, was used as test cultivars. Plants were assessed for TSWV resistance using a disease severity rating scale and measurements of virion accumulation levels (A405nm). There were no significant differences among the reactions produced by the six TSWV isolates on the test plants. Although both plants were susceptible to the SA TSWV isolates by exhibiting similarly high viral accumulation levels, the transgenic tomato line showed milder disease severity compared to the natural resistant cultivar. Results suggest that transgenic resistance is a more effective approach in the control of TSWV in SA. The information generated in this study will be useful in formulating effective control measures using genetic engineering approaches for this economically important virus. Such approaches will be used as a tool to make strategic decisions in an integrated control programme for ISWV. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2006.