Mechanical ventilation is vital for the treatment of patients in respiratory intensive care and can be life saving. However, the risks of regional pressure gradients and over-distension must be balanced with the need to maintain function. For these reasons mechanical ventilation can benefit from the regional information provided by bedside imaging such as electrical impedance tomography (EIT). In this thesis we develop and test methods to retrieve clinically meaningful measures of lung function from EIT and examine the feasibility of closing the feedback loop to enable EIT-guided control of mechanical ventilation. Working towards this goal we develop a reconstruction algorithm capable of providing fast absolute values of conductivity from EIT measurements. We couple the resulting conductivity time series to a compartmental ordinary differential equation (ODE) model of lung function in order to recover regional parameters of elastance and airway resistance. We then demonstrate how these parameters may be used to generate optimised pressure controls for mechanical ventilation that expose the lungs to minimal gradients of pressure and are stable with respect to EIT measurement errors. The EIT reconstruction algorithm we develop is capable of producing low dimensional absolute values of conductivity in real time after a limited additional setup time. We show that this algorithm retains the ability to give fast feedback on regional lung changes. We also describe methods of improving computational efficiency for general Gauss-Newton type EIT algorithms. In order to couple reconstructed conductivity time series to our ODE model we describe and test the recovery of regional ventilation distributions through a process of regularised differentiation. We prove that the parameters of our ODE model are recoverable from these ventilation distributions apart from the degenerate case where all compartments have the same parameters. We then test this recovery process under varying levels of simulated EIT measurement and modelling errors. Finally we examine the ODE lung model using control theory. We prove that the ODE model is controllable for a wide range of parameter values and link controllability to observable ventilation patterns in the lungs. We demonstrate the generation and optimisation of pressure controls with minimal time gradients and provide a bound on the resulting magnitudes of these pressures. We then test the control generation process using ODE parameter values recovered through EIT simulations at varying levels of measurement noise. Through this work we have demonstrated that EIT reconstructions can be of benefit to the control of mechanical ventilation.

Semi-solid deformation mechanisms are important in a range of manufacturing and natural phenomena, which range from squeeze casting to magma flows. In this thesis, using high speed synchrotron X-ray tomography and a bespoke precision thermo-mechanical rig, a four dimensional (3D plus time) quantitative investigation was performed to study the mechanical / rheological behavior of semi-solid Al-Cu alloys. Various deformation techniques, namely, isothermal semi-solid compression, extrusion and indentation were used. The time-resolved dynamic 3D images were analyzed with the help of novel image quantification techniques including digital volume correlation and image-based simulations of fluid flow. The quantified dynamics at a microstructural scale was then linked with macroscopic mechanical properties. The qualitative and quantitative analyses revealed a range of important semi-solid micromechanical mechanisms including the occurrence and effects of dilatancy, associated liquid flow through the equiaxed microstructure, intra-dendritic deformation, and strain localization during semi-solid deformation, not only shedding new insights into the mechanisms of deformation-induced solidification defect formation (solute segregation, porosity and hot tearing) of semi-solid alloys at both a macroscopic and microscopic level, but also providing benchmark cases for semi-solid deformation models and theories. The experimental methodology, techniques and analysis procedures developed in this thesis are generic in nature and can be applied to a wide range of research fields.

Successful management of hydrocarbon reservoirs, geothermal energy extraction sites, radioactive waste and CO2 storage sites depends on a detailed knowledge of fluid transport properties, porosity and permeability. Amongst deformation processes, fluid-rock interaction plays an important role in controlling the petrophysical properties of a rock. The presence of fluids in the rocks induce chemical and physical changes in compositions and texture, affecting porosity and permeability, hence influencing dynamic transport properties and fluid flow. Fluid-rock interaction processes have been deeply investigated in nature and in numerous experimental and numerical modelling studies. However, these studies lack a spatio-temporal characterization of the dynamic evolution of porosity and reaction microfabrics. There is no clear understanding of the spatio-temporal evolution of these properties in three dimensions, and how this evolution affects fluid percolation in the rock. Computed X-ray micro-Tomography (μCT) was applied to investigate these processes in three dimensions and observe their evolution in time (4DμCT). The combination of μCT with 2D analytical techniques (e.g. scanning electron microscope, SEM, electron microcrobe, EMPA, electron backscatter diffraction, EBSD) furthermore enables the extrapolation of the information gained from 2D analyses to the 3rd an 4th dimension (4D μCT). The thesis investigates two different categories of fluid-rock interaction processes, by using 4DμCT to monitor the evolution of mineral reactions (in the first case) and porosity (second case) in relation to strain and time. In the first case study, natural rock samples were analysed. The samples show a compositional change along a strain gradient from olivinic metagabbros to omphacite-garnet bearing eclogites in a ductile shear zone. Synchroton-based x-ray microtomography (sμCT) was applied to document the 3D evolution of garnets along the strain gradient (which represent the 4th dimension). The 3D spatial arrangement of garnet microfabrics can help determine the deformation history and the extent of fluid-rock interaction active during deformation. Results from the sμCT show that in the low strain domain, garnets form a large and well interconnected cluster that develops throughout the entire sample and garnet coronas never completely encapsulate olivine grains. In the most highly deformed eclogites, the oblate shapes of garnets reflect a deformational origin of the microfabrics. EBSD analyses reveal that garnets do not show evidence for crystal plasticity, but rather they highlight evidence for minor fracturing, neo-nucleation and overgrowth, which points to a mechanical disintegration of the garnet coronas during strain localisation. In the second case study, pressure-solution processes were investigated using NaCl as rock-analogue, to monitor the evolution of porosity and pore connectivity in four dimensions, providing a time-resolved characterization of the processes. NaCl samples were uniaxially compacted and μCT scans were taken at regular interval times to characterize the evolution of grain morphologies, pore space and macro-connectivity of the samples. Different uniaxial loads, as well as different bulk sample compositions (phyllosilicates and/or glass beads) were used to investigate their effect on the process. Greater uniaxial loads, and the presence of phyllosilicates within the deforming NaCl columns were found to enhance pressure-solution processes. The pore space becomes highly disconnected in the presence of phyllosilicates, with important implications for fluid percolation and dynamic transport properties. Mean strain rates, calculated from volumetric Digital Image Correlation (3D-DIC) analyses, were found to be higher where phyllosilicates were located. The combination of μCT with volumetric DIC and SEM imaging proved to be an efficient analytical method for investigating the dynamic behaviour of porosity and permeability during ongoing pressure-solution processes. The results showed that fluid-rock interaction critically modifies the rocks at the pore/grain scale, with important consequences on dynamic fluid transport properties. The combination of μCT with classical 2D techniques provided a better understanding on the dynamic evolution of transport properties and fluid percolation during fluid-rock interaction processes, allowing the characterization in three dimensions of reaction microfabrics and porosity.

Orientador: Eduardo Hochuli Vieira / Resumo: A hipoplasia maxilar geralmente resulta em uma maloclusão Classe III de Angle, podendo, em alguns casos, apresentar mordida aberta anterior. O grau de deficiência de crescimento orbital, maxilar e ao nível oclusal raramente é uniforme nos três planos. Para corrigir discrepâncias severas e atingir uma relação intermaxilar adequada, com oclusão estável, a osteotomia Le Fort III está indicada para tratamento de pacientes sindrômicos e não sindrômicos. A técnica segue um desenho semelhante a uma fratura Le Fort III, descrita por René Le Fort. Devido à mobilização de todo segmento esquelético do terço médio, apresenta resultados estéticos mais favoráveis em comparação com avanço apenas do segmento maxilar. Este trabalho tem o propósito de avaliar comparativamente, por meio de análise tomográfica retrospectiva, a alteração das vias aéreas superiores e a estabilidade óssea em pacientes não sindrômicos submetidos à osteotomia Le Fort III modificada associada à osteotomia Le Fort I para tratamento da hipoplasia do terço médio da face. / The maxillary hypoplasia generally results in an Angle Class III malocclusion, and may in some cases produce anterior open bite. The level of orbital, maxillary and occlusal growth deficiency is rarely uniform in all three planes. To correct severe discrepancies and achieve adequate intermaxillary relation, with stable occlusion, Le Fort III osteotomy is indicated for the treatment of syndromic and non-syndromic patients. The technique is similar to a Le Fort III fracture, described by René Le Fort. Due to the mobilization of the entire skeletal segment of the facial middle third, presents more favorable cosmetic results compared to advancement of only the maxillary segment. This retrospective work aims to compare, using computed tomography, the change of the superior airway and the stability of the bone advancement in non-syndromic patients who underwent modified Le Fort III osteotomy associated with the Le Fort I osteotomy...(Complete abstract electronic sccess below) / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-22T22:14:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Flavio_Sousa.pdf: 741474 bytes, checksum: 437e2557f17057fb3369a035478cc364 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Statistical data from the Ministry of Health shows that, from the different ways of Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis, the Genitourinary Tract has the fifth place in terms of incidence in Brazil (BRASIL SINAN 2003). In 1996, Wyner (1996) related that 1/6 (one sixth) of the Pulmonary Tuberculosis patients present concomitantly tuberculosis injuries in other organs or tissues and, 20% of them are developed in the urogenitary tract , being the kidneys the most affected organs by this sort of disease. As a consequence of kidney injury, 5 to 10% of patients present arterial hypertension, 25% present unilateral reduction of renal function, and in some cases, total kidney loss. In the state of Amazonas, the coefficient of incidence of all forms of disease, has been the 1st or 2nd in Brazil, for the last 10 years, however, it is still unknown if there is concomitancy of Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Urogenitary Tuberculosis, since these patients are diagnosed for its pulmonary form and never examined for the kidney disease concomitancy. In this sense, the present work aims at verify if patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis background, diagnosed in 2006, above 60 years old, or, that had disease relapse in that year, independently of age, present radiological alterations compatible to Urinary Tuberculosis, seeking to propose changes on the diagnose approach and follow up of the disease. The expected casualties for the disease study, was of 296 patients, corresponding to 16, 13% of the total patients notified in 2006. The patients were selected in the data bank of Tuberculosis Programme Control of the state of Amazonas. After selection, correspondence (letter) was sent containing the research objective and requesting presentation at the Health Unit for orientation. To all patients who had turned up and through a Term of Free and Clarified Permission (TCLE), according to norms and approval by the Ethics Committee for Research in Human Beings (CEP), detailed information was given about the research and the activities developed towards the realization of the objective. In those patients who accepted taking part and being examined, an anamnese was carried out directed to the signs and clinical pulmonary and urological symptoms as well as physical exam. From those that remained in the study after the criteria of inclusion and exclusion, was requested an EAS, abdomen tomography, micro bacterial exams and PCR for M. Tuberculosis for the region IS6110. In a total of 254 possible patients, 35 participated effectively in the study. 29 patients did the EAS, the abdomen tomography and molecular and micro bacterial exams. The EAS didn t show hematuria in the exams (35), the abdomen tomography didn t emphasize suggestive alterations of genitourinary tuberculosis. The micro bacterial exams were negative for the research of BK, a female patient presented positive culture for M. intracellular. This patient did treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis 6 times. The PCR was positive for Genitourinary Tuberculosis in a male patient. / Dados estatísticos do Ministério da Saúde mostram que das formas de tuberculose extra-pulmonar, a do trato geniturinário ocupa o quinto lugar em incidência no Brasil (BRASIL-SINAN 2003). Em 1996, Wyner (1996) relatou que 1/6 (um sexto) dos pacientes com tuberculose pulmonar apresentam concomitantemente lesões tuberculosas em outros órgãos ou tecidos e desses, 20% as desenvolvem no trato urogenital, sendo os rins o órgão mais acometido nessa forma da doença. Como conseqüência das lesões renais de 5 a 10% dos pacientes apresenta hipertensão arterial, 25% apresentam diminuição unilateral da função renal, e em alguns casos pode se ter a perda total do rim. No Estado do Amazonas, o coeficiente de incidência de todas as formas da doença tem sido o 1º ou 2º do Brasil nos últimos 10 anos, porém, se desconhece se existe concomitância de Tb pulmonar e Tb urogenital, visto que esses pacientes são diagnosticados por sua forma pulmonar e nunca examinados sobre a concomitância da doença renal. Nesse sentido o presente trabalho pretende verificar se pacientes com histórico de tuberculose pulmonar diagnosticados no ano de 2006, com mais de 60 anos de idade ou que tiveram recidiva da doença no referido ano e independente da idade, apresentam alterações radiológicas compatíveis com tuberculose urinária, visando propor mudanças na abordagem do diagnóstico e acompanhamento da doença. A casuística prevista para o estudo foi de 296 pacientes, correspondendo a 16,13% do total de pacientes notificados no ano de 2006. Os pacientes foram selecionados no banco de dados do Programa de Controle da Tuberculose do Estado do Amazonas. Após seleção, foi encaminhada correspondência (carta) contendo o objetivo da pesquisa e solicitando o comparecimento a Unidade de saúde para orientação. A todos os pacientes que compareceram e por meio de Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE), conforme normas e aprovação por Comitê de Ética em Pesquisas com Seres Humanos (CEP), foram fornecidas informações detalhadas sobre a pesquisa e as atividades que foram executadas para a concretização do objetivo. Nos que aceitaram participar ou serem examinados foi efetuada anamnese direcionada para os sinais e sintomas clínicos pulmonares e urológicos e exame físico. Dos que permaneceram no estudo após os critérios de inclusão e exclusão, foi solicitada a realização de um EAS, uma tomografia de abdômen, exames micobacteriológicos e PCR para M. Tubercujlosis para a região IS6110. Do total de 254 pacientes possíveis, 35 pacientes participaram efetivamente do estudo. Um total de 29 pacientes realizaram o EAS, a tomografia de abdômen e os exames micobacteriológicos e moleculares. O EAS não mostrou hematúria nos exames realizados (35), a tomografia de abdômen não evidenciou alterações sugestivas de Tb genitourinária. Os exames micobacteriológicos foram negativos para pesquisa de BK, uma paciente apresentou cultura positiva para M. intracellulare.Essa paciente fez tratamento para Tb pulmonar 6 vezes. O PCR foi positivo para Tb genitourinária em um paciente.

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar, por meio de tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico, a inclinação axial dos dentes posteriores e a morfologia óssea alveolar mandibular entre indivíduos com diferentes padrões faciais. Para isso, foram utilizadas 58 tomografias de indivíduos maiores de 14 anos de idade não tratados ortodonticamente. Os indivíduos foram divididos em 3 grupos de acordo com o padrão facial avaliado pelo índice VERT de Ricketts: Grupo 1: composto por 18 indivíduos com padrão braquifacial, com idade média de 21,58 anos (d.p.=7,43); Grupo 2: composto por 23 indivíduos com padrão mesofacial, com idade média de 19,14 anos (d.p.=5,19); e Grupo 3: composto por 17 indivíduos com padrão dolicofacial, com idade média de 19,09 anos (d.p.=6,89). Foi realizada uma avaliação quantitativa das tábuas ósseas vestibular e lingual dos dentes pósteroinferiores, em tomografias de feixe cônico. As medidas utilizadas foram: altura do osso mandibular vestibular e lingual, largura mandibular cervical e média, inclinação mandibular, inclinação da face vestibular, largura do molar, angulação do molar e ângulo dente/osso. A comparação intergrupos foi realizada com a utilização do teste ANOVA a um critério de seleção e teste de Tukey quando necessário. Para verificar se existe correlação entre o padrão facial e as variáveis estudadas foi utilizado o teste de correlação de Pearson. Os resultados demonstraram que os indivíduos braquifaciais apresentaram uma menor inclinação mandibular quando comparados aos indivíduos mesofaciais e dolicofaciais. Houve diferença significante da altura mandibular vestibular entre os três grupos avaliados, sendo que esta foi menor no grupo braquifacial, intermediária no grupo mesofacial e maior no grupo dolicofacial. A altura mandibular lingual foi menor no grupo braquifacial em comparação aos grupos mesofacial e dolicofacial. A largura mandibular média foi maior nos indivíduos braquifaciais em relação aos mesofaciais. / The aim of this study was to compare, with cone beam computed tomography, the axial inclination of posterior teeth and mandibular alveolar bone morphology among individuals with different facial patterns. For this, 58 CT scans of untreated individuals orthodontically aged more than 14 years were used. The subjects were divided into 3 groups according to the facial pattern evaluated by the VERT index by Ricketts: Group 1 comprised 18 individuals with brachyfacial pattern, with a mean age of 21.58 years (s.d.=7.43); Group 2 comprised 23 individuals with mesofacial pattern, with a mean age of 19.14 years (s.d.=5.19); and Group 3 comprised 17 individuals with dolichofacial pattern, with a mean age of 19.09 years (s.d.=6.89). A quantitative assessment of the buccal and lingual bone plates of the mandibular posterior teeth were made in cone beam CT scans. The variables measured were: buccal and lingual mandibular height, cervical and middle mandibular width, mandibular inclination, inclination of the buccal surface, molar width, molar angle and tooth/bone angle. The intergroup comparison was performed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey test when necessary. To check whether there is a correlation between facial pattern and the variables studied, the Pearson correlation test was used. The results showed that the brachyfacial subjects had a smaller mandibular angle when compared to mesofacial and dolichofacial individuals. There was significant difference in the buccal mandibular height between the three groups, and this was smaller in the brachyfacial group, intermediate in the mesofacial group and larger in the dolichofacial group. Lingual mandibular height was smaller in brachyfacial group when compared to mesofacial and dolichofacial groups. The mean mandibular width was greater in brachyfacial than in mesofacial subjects.

Desde a invenção da tomografia computadorizada (CT) nos anos 70, toda década trouxe novas tecnologias para esta modalidade. Com estes avanços, também surgiu a necessidade de novas e melhores técnicas de avaliação de desempenho e segurança dos equipamentos de CT. Hoje, o controle de qualidade de equipamentos de CT é, em grande parte, feito manualmente. Portanto, é lento e, em parte, subjetivo. Neste trabalho, um software foi escrito em MatLab® para processar imagens do phantom de CT Catphan500®, aperfeiçoando a rotina do programa de controle de qualidade de CT. Com pouca interferência do usuário, o software mede a espessura de corte, incremento entre cortes e tamanho de pixel, avalia a linearidade do número CT, estima a Função Transferência de Modulação (MTF), o ruído e o Espectro de Potência do Ruído (NPS). Para a validação do software, conjuntos de imagens do phantom foram obtidas em 10 equipamentos de CT diferentes, com 27 protocolos diferentes. Cada conjunto foi analisado pelo software, e os resultados obtidos foram comparados aos resultados previamente obtidos pela rotina normal do programa controle de qualidade. Para essa comparação, dois testes de hipótese foram empregados: o teste t de Student (para os valores de espessura de corte, incremento entre cortes, tamanho de pixel e os coeficientes da avaliação de linearidade do número CT, adotando um valor-p de 0,01) e o teste F de Fisher (para o ruído, valor-p de 0,05). As funções MTF e NPS atualmente não são medidas na rotina do controle de qualidade, portanto não há resultado prévio para fazer esta comparação. Ao invés disso, o NPS foi ajustado em função da MTF (através da relação teórica que há entre os dois) e a qualidade do ajuste foi avaliada pelo teste de qui-quadrado. Dos 101 valores de t e 25 valores de F calculados, 2 e 1 respectivamente estavam fora do intervalo de aceitação. Este resultado está de acordo com os valores-p escolhidos e, portanto, os resultados obtidos pelo software estão de acordo com os resultados da rotina de controle de qualidade convencional. Os ajustes de NPS e MTF obtiveram incertezas grandes nos parâmetros de ajuste (incertezas da mesma ordem de grandeza dos próprios parâmetros). Porém, a avaliação do qui-quadrado reduzido indica que os ajustes foram aceitáveis (com exceção de um, que mostrou uma anomalia no NPS medido e foi desconsiderado). Portanto, o NPS e MTF obtidos estão de acordo com a expectativa teórica. / Since the introduction of the CT scanner as a diagnostic imaging modality, the scientific community has seen new and more complex CT technologies. These improvements brought the need for new and improved techniques to evaluate the safety and performance of these scanners. Nowadays, the interpretation of images generated during the implementation of CT quality control procedures are done visually in much of the cases. Therefore, it is slow and partially subjective. In this work, a software was written in MatLab to process images of the Catphan500 CT phantom, in order to improve the CT quality control workflow and its accuracy. The software evaluate the slice thickness, slice increment, and pixel size, calculates the CT number linearity, and assesses the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF), the noise and the Noise Power Spectrum (NPS). Image sets of the phantom were obtained from 10 different scanners using 27 different protocols in order to validate the software. Comparative results correlating the software output and corresponding data previously obtained by the current quality control program routine were used to conduct this validation. For this comparison, two statistical tests were employed: the Students t-test (for slice thickness, slice increment, pixel size, and the coefficients of the CT number linearity evaluation, with a chosen p-value of 0.01) and the Fisher F-test (for the noise, with chosen p-value of 0.05).The functions MTF and NPS are not currently measured by the quality control routine, so there was no previous result for comparison. Instead, the NPS was fitted as a function of the MTF (using the theoretical relationship between both functions) and the quality of the fit was evaluated using the reduced chi-square. From 101 t values and 25 F values calculated, 2 and 1 were outside the acceptance interval, respectively. This result agrees with the chosen p-values, and therefore the software results are in good agreement with the traditional quality control routine results. The fits of NPS and MTF presented large uncertainties in the fitting parameters (uncertainties of the same order of magnitude as the parameters themselves). However, the reduced chi-square evaluation indicates a good fit (with the exception of one fit, which showed an anomaly on the measured NPS and was unconsidered). Therefore, the obtained MTF and NPS were in agreement with the theoretical expectations.

Radiotherapy planning involves the calculation of dose deposition throughout the patient, based upon quantitative electron density images from computed tomography (CT) scans taken before treatment. Cone beam CT (CBCT), consisting of a point source and flat panel detector, is often built onto radiotherapy delivery machines and used during a treatment session to ensure alignment of the patient to the plan. If the plan could be recalculated throughout the course of treatment, then margins of uncertainty and toxicity to healthy tissues could be reduced. CBCT reconstructions are normally too poor to be used as the basis of planning however, due to their insufficient sampling, beam hardening and high level of scatter. In this work, we investigate reconstruction techniques to enable dose calculation from CBCT. Firstly, we develop an iterative method for directly inferring electron density from the raw X-ray measurements, which is robust to both low doses and polyenergetic artefacts from hard bone and metallic implants. Secondly, we supplement this with a fast integrated scatter model, also able to take into account the polyenergetic nature of the diagnostic X-ray source. Finally, we demonstrate the ability to provide accurate dose calculation using our methodology from numerical and physical experiments. Not only does this unlock the capability to perform CBCT radiotherapy planning, offering more targeted and less toxic treatment, but the developed techniques are also applicable and beneficial for many other CT applications.

Orientador: Ana Lia Anbinder / Banca: Luana Marotta Reis de Vasconcellos / Banca: Denise Pontes Raldi / Resumo: A diabetes mellitus, doença caracterizada pelo aumento da glicemia no sangue, é um dos mais importantes problemas de saúde pública do mundo, com incidência crescente, sobretudo em países em desenvolvimento. Novas terapias medicamentosas para controlar os níveis de glicose no sangue têm sido desenvolvidas, entre elas, os inibidores da enzima dipeptidil peptidase-4 (DPP-4) como a sitagliptina. Pesquisas atuais mostram que este medicamento, além do controle da glicemia, contribui na estimulação da formação e inibição da reabsorção óssea e possui ação anti-inflamatória. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da sitagliptina no tecido ósseo em ratos diabéticos e não diabéticos. Foram utilizados 38 ratos machos, divididos em 4 grupos: Grupo diabético tratado com sitagliptina (GDS- 10 mg/Kg/dia); Grupo diabético (GD); Grupo normoglicêmico tratado sitagliptina (GNS-10 mg/Kg/dia); Grupo normoglicêmico (GN). Para indução da diabetes os animais receberam solução 10% de frutose na água de beber por 14 dias, após o quê receberam 40 mg/Kg de estreptozotocina via intraperitoneal. Quatro semanas depois, avaliou-se a glicemia e iniciou-se o tratamento com sitagliptina nos grupos GDS e GNS, que continuou por mais 4 semanas, quando ocorreu a eutanásia. A glicemia e a resistência à insulina (HOMA-IR) foram avaliadas também no dia da eutanásia. As tíbias foram removidas e avaliadas a porcentagem de volume ósseo (BV/TV), espessura trabecular (Tb.Th), número de trabéculas (Tb.N) e a separ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Diabetes mellitus, a disease characterized by increased blood glucose levels, is one of the most important public health problems in the world, with a growing incidence, especially in developing countries. New drug therapies to control blood glucose levels have been developed, including dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors such as sitagliptin. Current research shows that this drug, in addition to glycemic control, contributes to stimulate the formation and inhibition of bone resorption and has an anti-inflammatory action. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of sitagliptin on bone tissue in diabetic and non-diabetic rats. Thirty-eight male rats were divided into four groups: Diabetic group treated with sitagliptin (GDS-10 mg / kg / day); Diabetic group (GD); normoglycemic group treated with sitagliptin (GNS-10 mg / kg / day); normoglycemic group (GN). For induction of diabetes the animals received 10% solution of fructose in the drinking water for 14 days, after which they received 40 mg / kg streptozotocin intraperitoneally. Four weeks later, glycemia was evaluated and sitagliptin treatment was started in the GDS and GNS groups, which continued for another 4 weeks, when euthanasia occurred. Blood glucose and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were also evaluated on the day of sacrifice. Bone volume (BV/TV), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), number of trabeculae (Tb.N) and trabeculae separation (Tb.Sp) of the tibial metaphysis were evaluated by computerized microtomog... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Este trabalho é uma proposta e uma implementação de um sistema de banco de dados para ser utilizado no armazenamento e gerenciamento dos dados resultantes da operação de tomógrafos de ressonância magnética nuclear. O objetivo é obter tecnologia na área de sistemas de arquivamento e comunicação de imagens médicas. O trabalho insere-se em um esforço maior do grupo de ressonância do IFSC/USP-São Carlos na pesquisa e desenvolvimento de tecnologias na área de imagens por ressônancia magnética. A motivação para a utilização de sistemas digitais de bancos de dados para o armazenamento e gerenciamento de imagens médicas é o crescente aumento do volume gerado deste tipo de imagem nas instalações médicas. Quando comparado com o sistema de armazenamento tradicional, baseado em filmes, os sistemas digitais prometem ser mais seguros, eficientes e eficazes, além de proporcionar novas possibilidades na área de diagnóstico médico. Os principais resultados do trabalho são um modelo de dados conceitual elaborado com o modelo Entidade-relacionamento Estendido; um modelo de implementação relacional; e um sistema de banco de dados desenvolvido para uma plataforma computacional baseada em microcomputador e sistema operacional da família Windows. A metodologia utilizada no desenvolvimento do trabalho é baseada em conceitos básicos da disciplina de engenharia de programação. O sistema de banco de dados foi desenvolvido utilizando um sistema de gerenciamento de banco de dados comercial, o Microsoft Acess Versão 2.0. O trabalho também apresenta o padrão industrial DICOM 3,0 e destaca as partes que são específicas para a modalidade de imagens médicas por ressonância magnética e que foram implementadas neste trabalho. / This work is a proposal and an implementation of a database system for archiving and management of data related to the operation of magnetic resonance imaging systems. The objective is to acquire technology in the area of medical image archiving and communication systems. This work is part of a broader effort of the IFSC/USP-São Carlos magnetic resonance group in the research and development of technologies in the area of magnetic resonance imaging. The reason for using digital database systems to archive and manage medical images is the growing volume of this kind of images in medical institutions. When compared to the traditional film based archiving systems, digital systems claim to be more secure, efficient and effective, besides giving place to new possibilities in medical diagnoses. The main results of this work are: a conceptual data model built with the Enhanced Entity-relationship model; a relational implementation model; and a database system to run in a PC-Windows computational platform and operational system. The methodology used throughout the development of this work is based on some basic concepts of the software engineering discipline. The database system was developed using a commercial database management system, the Microsoft® Access® Version 2.0. This work also presents the industrial standard DICOM 3.0 and highlights those parts that are specific for the magnetic resonance imaging modality and were implemented in this work.